CHAPTER 10A CHANGING NATION

1815-1840

Section 1: Building a Nation The Era of Good Feelings

The War of 1812 resulted with the Republicans in control of the government.

Republican candidate, James Monroe, won the 1816 presidential election in a landslide!

This was a huge defeat for the Federalist Party and in a few years the party had disappeared.

President Monroe’s major belief was promoting national unity.

A local newspaper coined this new sense of national unity as the “Era of Good Feelings.”

Monroe was reelected in 1820.

Building the National Economy

There was a growing belief that the federal government should increase economic prosperity.

This belief came from different regions. Three major Congressional members who favored federal action were Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster.

Henry Clay Spoke for the people

located in the West. Better roads and canals

to transport goods from one region to another.

Wanted the three regions of the country to trade with one another

John C. Calhoun Spoke for the people in

the South Believed in the idea of

states’ rights. Opposed tariffs because

they raised the price of goods that southerners bought.

Daniel Webster

Spokesperson for the Northeast

A supporter of high tariffs as a way of protecting industry.

The Second Bank of the United States

Due to the Bank of the United States’ charter running out, the economy suffered.

In 1816, a second Bank of the United States was established.

This control of the money supply gave a boost to American businesses.

The Tariff of 1816 After the War of 1812, British

manufacturers wanted to sell their products to the United States.

The British had established factories to produce goods at a lower price than the American companies.

The British’s ability to sell goods below market price drove several American businesses out of business.

Congress answered the angry business owners with the Tariff of 1816.Protective tariffs on foreign textiles,

iron, leather goods, paper, and other products.

Even higher tariffs were passed by Congress in 1818 and 1824.

Popular in the North. Resented in the South.

Clay’s American System American System- high tariffs

and a federal program of public works that would help the three regions.

The wealth produced by tariffs would allow northerners to buy farm products from the West and South.

Government revenue would be used to build up the infrastructure in the South and West. Roads, bridges, and canals.

The South was not convinced.

Section 2: Dealing with other Nations Relations with Spain. At the time of the War of

1812, Spain controlled more territory in the Americas than any other European country. However, this power was steadily weakening.

Spain’s control was especially weak in Florida. They weren’t stopping of slave escapes to the Seminole Nation.

Andrew Jackson (soon to be 7th president) was sent by the U.S. to recapture the slaves.He captured the escaped

slaves, destroyed Seminole villages, seized two Spanish towns, and caused the governor to flee Florida.

It was clear that Spain could not protect Florida.

Spain ceded Florida to the United States in the Adams -Onis treaty of 1819.

Spanish Colonies win Independence The American and French revolutions

were inspiring movements in almost all Spanish colonies. There was an uncontrollable tension calling for change in Latin America.

In 1821 Spain agreed to Mexico’s independence.

By 1825, most areas in Latin America had thrown off European rule.

Monroe Doctrine President Monroe and his

Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, were concerned that several European powers would assist Spain to regain its colonies.

United States and Britain wanted to remain trading partners with Latin America.

The doctrine stated that European countries could not settle new colonies or try to regain previous colonies. Any attempt would be considered “dangerous to our peace and safety.”

The Monroe Doctrine boosted the influence of the United States in the region.

Section 3: The Age of JacksonJohn Quincy Adams and Jackson in Conflict Andrew Jackson was a

wealthy man when he became President. However, he began life with very little.

Nicknamed “Old Hickory”

He thought that ordinary people should participate in American political life.

I am tough as a

hickory tree!

The Election of 1824 Four people ran for President in 1824,

including: John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay William Crawford

NO candidate won a majority of electoral votes.

The choice was between Jackson and John Quincy Adams.

Election had to be decided in the House of Representatives.

Speaker of the House Henry Clay was accused of making a “corrupt bargain” with John Quincy Adams . John Quincy Adams became President. Clay became Sec. of State.

FYI: Another political party developed…The Anti- Jacksons (called the Whigs)

The Presidency of John Quincy Adams Although John Quincy Adams

had ambitious plans, he accomplished very little. Supported Clay’s American

System and wanted the federal government to play a larger role in supporting the economy

He lacked the political skill to push his programs through Congress.

John Quincy Adams only served one term due to the fact that he could never win the trust of the American people.

A New Era in PoliticsSuffrage

○The right to voteVoters chose the presidential electors

Democracy in the Age of Jackson Ordinary people should vote in elections

and hold public office. Did not trust the government Supporters called themselves

JacksoniansSuspicious of banks

Bell work:

Place the state http://

www.sheppardsoftware.com/states_experiment_drag-drop_Intermed_State15s_500.html

Click on the state http://

www.sheppardsoftware.com/USA_Geography/USA_G0_click_1024.html

Map movie http://

www.animatedatlas.com/movie-vers-e.html

New Political Party The two party system returned after ending briefly

during the Era of Good Feelings. Republican party was spilt:

- John Quincy Adams -> National Republicans - Jackson -> Democrats

Jackson v. ClayJackson was victorious! Two major political parties: Democrats and Whigs

○ The Whigs wanted the government to improve the country’s economy. These were the rich business people and southern farmers.

○ The Democrats included the average people, frontier farmers as well as factory workers.

Election Changes Jacksonian Democracy

Jackson’s supporters wanted to make the voting system more democratic:○ Eliminated the caucus system

Political candidates chosen by Congressmen

○ Created nominating conventionsDelegates selected a party’s

candidate based on the people’s voteJackson did the best in the West and

South

Jackson’s InaugurationVictory for the “common man” “It was the People’s day, and the People’s

President, and the People would rule.”

The Spoils of Victory “To the victor go the spoils…” Jackson replaced some

government officials with his campaign supporters.

He believed that he was expanding democracy by these actions.

Section 4: Indian Removal Native American of

the Southeast100,000 Native

Americans still lived east of MS ○ Many were

farmers or lived in towns

Cherokees’ leader Sequoyah-created written language

Established a government based on written constitution (1827)

Conflict over land Native Americans lived on

fertile land Forced Movement

The Indian Removal Act (1830) carried out by President Jackson to help the U.S. expand westward

Remove Native Americans from land east of the Mississippi River

Relocate them to the “Indian Territory”—land west of the Mississippi River, present day Oklahoma

Removal of Choctaws ○ The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek of

1830 (Choctaws) ○ Unfair to Natives

Cherokee Removal ○ Still had their land in 1837 (Jackson’s

presidency)○ President Martin Van Buren forced the

Cherokees (and other eastern tribes) to move.

○ Trail of Tears- Lots of suffering and thousands died along the trips westward

Trail of Tears

http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/akh10.socst.ush.exp.trail/trail-of-tears/

Black Hawk WarApril-August, 1832

Who was involved? Native Americans(led by Black

Hawk)-chief of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo tribes against the U.S.

Where?Illinois and

Wisconsin

What happened? The Native Americans had land in Illinois and

Wisconsin. In the 1820’s, the U.S. took it away. They forced

Black Hawk’s people to sign treaties giving up their land.

Black Hawk began raiding white settlements. U.S. troops (General Henry Atkinson) pursued the

tribe. Black Hawk surrendered, but Atkinson's men opened

fire anyway, killing 200 women, children and warriors. Black Hawk was captured and imprisoned for a year.

Then he rejoined the remnants of his tribe on a reservation in Iowa.

Did you know… Abraham Lincoln

enlisted in an Illinois militia unit during the Black Hawk War. He became a captain, but did not see action.

Jefferson Davis (Confederate President) Also fought in the war.

Section 5: State’s Rights and the Economy The Bank War

The Second Bank of the United States earned strong support from business people.

On the other hand, many Americans disliked the Bank. They opposed the way the bank restricted loans made by state banks. This limited the amount of money the banks could lend, which angered farmers and merchants.

The Bank’s most powerful enemy was Andrew Jackson, who called the Bank “the Monster.”

In this cartoon, President Jackson battles the Bank of the United States and its branches.

The Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, was having Congress renew the Bank’s charter. “The Bank. . . Is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!” –

Jackson Immediate veto!

○ Although many Americans thought Jackson took too much power as President, most agreed with his veto of the bank, and he won reelection in 1832. John c. Calhoun ->VP

○ Shortly after he was reelected he decided to “kill the bank!”

○ He withdrew all government deposits and the bank was forced to shut down.

Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun were once friends. They became fierce opponents in a quarrel over states’ rights, or the right of the states to limit the power of the federal government.

The Nullification Crisis The South was still upset about the high

tariffs that were put into place in 1828. The South responded by trying to nullify

the tariffThey said states had a right to nullify, or cancel,

a federal law it considered unconstitutional.Some southern states wanted to secede, or

break away from the U.S.There was a conflict over how much power the

federal government should have.

Arguments for Nullification John C. Calhoun

○ The union grew from an agreement between the various states. Each state kept certain powers.

○ If the federal government could enforce this unjust law, could it also use its power to end slavery?

Arguments against Nullification Senator Daniel Webster

○ The Unites States had been formed by the entire American people, not states.

The Vice President Resigns Calhoun soon

afterward resigned his office of Vice President. Martin Van Buren became Jackson’s Vice President in 1833.

I am the new Vice-President

of 1833.

South Carolina Threatens to Secede Congress passed a new law to try to solve the

problem in the South.It was a lower tariff.It did not please the South.

South Carolina voted to nullify the tariffs. They also warned the federal govt. not to use force

to impose the tariffs. Jackson was furious. He issued a “Proclamation to

the People of South Carolina.” It said that the Union could not be dissolved.

Unable to win support from other states, South Carolina then repealed its tariff nullification.

The End of the Jackson Era Jackson retired from office after two terms. Martin Van Buren

Jackson’s choiceHe had been Jackson’s Secretary of State, and

later, Vice President. Elected in 1836 over the Whig party

○ The Whigs were a group of people who disliked Jackson and had tried to prevent any candidate from receiving a majority of electoral votes.

○ However, Van Buren received a majority of both the electoral and the popular vote.

The Panic of 1837During his term in office, a

depression occurred. ○ Hundreds of banks went bankrupt.

The people who had supported Jackson turned against Van Buren and the Whigs gained ground

The Election of 1840Van Buren vs. William Harrison

(Whig candidate) ○ Harrison won!○ Slogan: Tippecanoe and Tyler, too!

The Whigs were in power and the Age of Jackson was over.