Categories of Brain Categories of Brain ResearchResearch

Examining the Effects of Examining the Effects of Brain DamageBrain Damage

Examining the Effects of Examining the Effects of Stimulating Some Part of Stimulating Some Part of the Brainthe Brain

Recording What Happens Recording What Happens in the Brain During Some in the Brain During Some Kind of BehaviorKind of Behavior

Correlating Brain Anatomy Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behaviorwith Behavior

Effects of Brain Effects of Brain DamageDamage

Broca Discovered An Broca Discovered An Area Associated with Area Associated with Speech ProductionSpeech Production

No 2 People Have the No 2 People Have the Same Kind of DamageSame Kind of Damage

Methods:Methods:Working with Brain Damaged PeopleWorking with Brain Damaged People

Temporarily inactivating part of the brain & Temporarily inactivating part of the brain & studying behaviorstudying behavior

Implanting electrodes into animal brains or Implanting electrodes into animal brains or injecting chemicalsinjecting chemicals

Effects of Brain Effects of Brain StimulationStimulation

With Animals, With Animals, Electrodes can be Electrodes can be ImplantedImplantedWith Humans, With Humans, Magnetic Fields on the Magnetic Fields on the Scalp will StimulateScalp will StimulateStimulation can also Stimulation can also be caused by Injecting be caused by Injecting a Chemical that a Chemical that Stimulates a Stimulates a Particular ReceptorParticular Receptor

Recording Brain Recording Brain ActivityActivity

Positron Emission Positron Emission Tomography Tomography (PET)(PET)Regional Cerebral Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)Blood Flow (rCBF)Functional Functional Magnetic Magnetic Resonance Resonance Imagery (fMRI)Imagery (fMRI)Problem with non-Problem with non-invasive methods invasive methods is interpreting the is interpreting the imagesimages

The Organization of the Nervous The Organization of the Nervous SystemSystem

Nervous SystemNervous System

Central Nervous System(Processes, interprets &

Stores information; issuesOrders to muscles,

Glands, organs)

PeripheralNervous System

(Transmits information to& from the CNS)

BrainSpinal CordSpinal Cord

(Bridge between the brain& peripheral nerves)

Somatic Nervous System(Controls skeletal muscles)

Autonomic Nervous System

(Regulates glands, bloodVessels, & internal organs)

Sympathetic NervousSystem

(Mobilizes body for action,Energy output)

ParasympatheticNervous System(Conserves energy,

Maintains quiet state)

Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms

DorsalDorsal Ventral Ventral Anterior AnteriorPosteriorPosterior Superior Superior Inferior InferiorLateralLateral Medial Medial Proximal ProximalDistalDistal Ipsilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral ContralateralCoronal PlaneCoronal Plane Saggital Plane Horizontal Plane Saggital Plane Horizontal PlaneLaminaLamina Column Column Tract TractNerveNerve Ganglion Ganglion Gyrus GyrusSulcusSulcus FissureFissure

The Spinal The Spinal CordCord

Part of the CNSPart of the CNSCommunicates with the sense organs & muscle Communicates with the sense organs & muscle below the level of the headbelow the level of the head

Sends & receives sensory information to the brain Sends & receives sensory information to the brain & receives commands from the head& receives commands from the head

Bell-Magendie LawBell-Magendie LawDorsal roots enter the spinal cord carrying Dorsal roots enter the spinal cord carrying information from the sensory organsinformation from the sensory organs

Ventral roots exit the spinal cord carrying motor Ventral roots exit the spinal cord carrying motor information to the muscles & glandsinformation to the muscles & glands

Dorsal Root Dorsal Root GangliaGanglia

Gray MatterGray Matter

White MatterWhite Matter

Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem

2 Divisions:2 Divisions:Sympathetic Nervous SystemSympathetic Nervous System““Fight-or-flight” system that prepares Fight-or-flight” system that prepares the body for actionthe body for action

Parasympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic Nervous SystemSystemBrings the body back to normal after Brings the body back to normal after an emergencyan emergency

Also known as Also known as Craniosacral System Craniosacral System because it consists of cranial nerves & because it consists of cranial nerves & nerves from the sacral spinal cordnerves from the sacral spinal cord

11stst Major Division Major DivisionHindbrainHindbrainMedulla, Pons, Reticular Formation & Medulla, Pons, Reticular Formation & CerebellumCerebellum

Medulla controls breathing, heart rate, Medulla controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing & other vital reflexes vomiting, coughing & other vital reflexes through the cranial nervesthrough the cranial nerves

Pons job is sensorimotor control and with Pons job is sensorimotor control and with the medulla deals with blood pressure, the medulla deals with blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, and breathingtemperature, heart rate, and breathing

Cerebellum controls speech production, Cerebellum controls speech production, learning skills, walking, unconscious learning skills, walking, unconscious movements, & coordinates reflexesmovements, & coordinates reflexes

Reticular Formation is involved in alertness, Reticular Formation is involved in alertness, sleep & wakefulness, & is a censor of sleep & wakefulness, & is a censor of incoming informationincoming information

22ndnd Major Division Major DivisionMidbrainMidbrainTectum, Tegmentum & the Substantia Tectum, Tegmentum & the Substantia NigraNigra

Tectum is made up of the Superior & Tectum is made up of the Superior & Inferior Colliculus, both involved in Inferior Colliculus, both involved in processing sensory informationprocessing sensory information

Tegmentum includes part of the Tegmentum includes part of the Reticular Formation, part of the Reticular Formation, part of the Substantia Nigra & the Red Nucleus Substantia Nigra & the Red Nucleus which processes rewarding stimuli & which processes rewarding stimuli & sensorimotor controlsensorimotor control

Substantia Nigra contains dopamine Substantia Nigra contains dopamine neurons in the reward circuit & which neurons in the reward circuit & which deteriorate in Parkinson’sdeteriorate in Parkinson’s

33rdrd Major Division Major DivisionForebrainForebrainCerebral Cortex & several Subcortical Cerebral Cortex & several Subcortical AreasAreasLimbic System consists of the Limbic System consists of the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus & Olfactory BulbsHippocampus & Olfactory BulbsBasal Forebrain includes the Nucleus Basal Forebrain includes the Nucleus Basalis & is key in arousalBasalis & is key in arousalBasal Ganglia includes the Caudate, Basal Ganglia includes the Caudate, Putamen, & Globus Pallidus & Putamen, & Globus Pallidus & deterioriates in Parkinson’s & deterioriates in Parkinson’s & Huntington’s DiseasesHuntington’s DiseasesPituitary Gland is an endocrine gland Pituitary Gland is an endocrine gland that is involved secreting vasopressin that is involved secreting vasopressin and oxytocinand oxytocin

The VentriclesCentral CanalCentral CanalFluid-filled channel in the center of the Fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cordspinal cord

Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal FluidClear fluid found in the ventricles & Clear fluid found in the ventricles & central canal formed by the choroid central canal formed by the choroid plexus cells in the ventriclesplexus cells in the ventricles

MeningesMeningesThin membranes surrounding the brain Thin membranes surrounding the brain & spinal cord& spinal cord

HydrocephalusHydrocephalusObstruction & accumulation of CSF in Obstruction & accumulation of CSF in the ventricles or subarachnoid spacethe ventricles or subarachnoid space

Cerebral Cerebral CortexCortex

Consists of the 2 Consists of the 2 HemispheresHemispheres

Divided into 4 LobesDivided into 4 LobesOccipitalOccipital

ParietalParietal

TemporalTemporal

FrontalFrontal

ForebrainForebrainEach Hemisphere Each Hemisphere Receives Contralateral Receives Contralateral Sensory Information & Sensory Information & Controls Contralateral Controls Contralateral Motor MovementMotor Movement

Cerebral Cortex is the Cerebral Cortex is the Cellular Layers on the Cellular Layers on the Outer Surface of the Outer Surface of the Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres

Organization of the Organization of the Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex

LaminaeLaminaeUp to 6 distinct Laminae or Up to 6 distinct Laminae or layerslayers

ColumnsColumnsCells in Cerebral Cortex Cells in Cerebral Cortex also arranged in Columnsalso arranged in Columns

Columns lie perpendicular Columns lie perpendicular to Laminaeto Laminae

Hemispheric Hemispheric CommunicationsCommunications

Corpus CallosumCorpus CallosumMain communications Main communications route between the route between the hemisphereshemispheres

Anterior CommissureAnterior Commissure22ndnd bundle of axons that bundle of axons that allows communications allows communications between the hemispheresbetween the hemispheres

Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain

Occipital Occipital LobeLobePart of the visual pathway Part of the visual pathway systemsystem

The The Primary Visual Cortex Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)(Striate Cortex) is the most is the most posterior of the Occipital Lobeposterior of the Occipital Lobe

Destruction of any part of the Destruction of any part of the Striate Cortex produces Striate Cortex produces cortical cortical blindnessblindness

Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain

Parietal Parietal LobeLobeBetween the Occipital Lobe and Between the Occipital Lobe and the the Central SulcusCentral Sulcus

Primary target for touch Primary target for touch sensations & information from sensations & information from muscle-stretch receptors & muscle-stretch receptors & joint receptorsjoint receptors

Monitors all information about Monitors all information about the eye, head, & body positions the eye, head, & body positions as it passes it on to the brain as it passes it on to the brain areas that control movementareas that control movement

Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain

Temporal Temporal LobeLobePrimary target for auditory Primary target for auditory informationinformation

In humans, involved in the In humans, involved in the comprehension of spoken comprehension of spoken language & contributes to language & contributes to complex aspects of vision, complex aspects of vision, including facial recognition & including facial recognition & perception of movementperception of movement

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome:Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: after after temporal lobe damage, lack of temporal lobe damage, lack of fear or anxiety respondingfear or anxiety responding

Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain

Frontal LobeFrontal LobeContains the Contains the Primary Motor Primary Motor CortexCortex & & Prefrontal CortexPrefrontal Cortex

Precentral Gyrus Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor (Primary Motor Cortex) is specialized for fine Cortex) is specialized for fine motor movements, primarily on motor movements, primarily on the contralateral side of the bodythe contralateral side of the body

Prefrontal CortexPrefrontal Cortex forms a large forms a large part of the brainpart of the brain

It receives information from all It receives information from all the sensesthe senses

Lobes of the Lobes of the BrainBrain

Viewing Viewing Prefrontal Prefrontal FunctionsFunctionsImportant in Important in Working MemoryWorking Memory

Damage to Prefrontal Cortex Damage to Prefrontal Cortex affects time-delayed memory affects time-delayed memory taskstasks

Important for Important for Context-Context-Dependent Behaviors Dependent Behaviors (State (State Dependent vs. Context Dependent vs. Context Dependent)Dependent)

Prefrontal Prefrontal LobotomyLobotomy

Pretty Much Pretty Much Abandoned at Abandoned at PresentPresentPrefrontal damage produces loss of Prefrontal damage produces loss of social inhibitions & impulsive acting social inhibitions & impulsive acting outout

Disconnecting the prefrontal cortex Disconnecting the prefrontal cortex from most of the brain to control from most of the brain to control psychological disorderspsychological disorders

Usually resulted in loss of the ability to Usually resulted in loss of the ability to plan, take initiative, memory disorders, plan, take initiative, memory disorders, distractibility, & loss of emotional distractibility, & loss of emotional expressionexpression

Today, drugs are in useToday, drugs are in use

The Binding The Binding ProblemProblem

How do Visual, Auditory, & other How do Visual, Auditory, & other areas of the brain influence one areas of the brain influence one another to produce a combined another to produce a combined perception of a single object?perception of a single object?

Early on, it was thought the Early on, it was thought the Association Areas were used for Association Areas were used for processing & linking information processing & linking information from several sensory modalitiesfrom several sensory modalities

Binding may depend on simultaneous Binding may depend on simultaneous activity in various areas of the brainactivity in various areas of the brain