Ch 14Ch 14

Human NutritionHuman Nutrition

14.1 14.1 There are 2 main types of food groups Macronutrients Micronutrients

Macro- fats, carbohydrates, lipids for energyMicro- vitamins & minerals small amounts- biochemical processes often these are “cooked “ out of foods- so don’tovercook your fruits & vegetables!

Macronutrients- energy output is measured inKilocalories (kcal or Cal)- a calorie is the amount of Heat needed to raise 1g of water 1 C

Which of the following is a macronutrient?

A) Vitamin A

B) Zinc

C) Carbohydrate

D) Vit. B-12

True or False

A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 10 grams of water 1 C.

A food calorie is

A) 100 calories

B) 1000 calories

C) 1kcal

D) Both b and c

Humans are ominvores ( eat plants & animals)

Food is used for life processes-growth, movement, repair of tissue, heat etc.

People need 2000-2800 People need 2000-2800 kcal/daykcal/day

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates - made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in - made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in

a 1:2:1 ratioa 1:2:1 ratio Sugars ( simple) and starches (complex)Sugars ( simple) and starches (complex) Used for energy sourceUsed for energy source 4Kcal/gram4Kcal/gram

Which of the following is a carbohydrate?

A) Sucrose

B) Vit A

C) Olive oil

D) meat

Carbohydrates have

A) 4 kcal/g

B) 9 kcal/g

C) 5kcal/g

ProteinProtein Large compound made of amino acidsLarge compound made of amino acids Provides construction materials for body-blood, Provides construction materials for body-blood,

muscle, skin, enzymes etc.muscle, skin, enzymes etc. N is in proteins ( C,H,O also)N is in proteins ( C,H,O also) 4kcal/g4kcal/g Made of 20 amino acids; 12 can be made by Made of 20 amino acids; 12 can be made by

body; 8 need to come from food ( 8 essential body; 8 need to come from food ( 8 essential amino acids)amino acids)

Meats, eggs, dairy, some plants-legumes Meats, eggs, dairy, some plants-legumes (peas, peanuts), beans(peas, peanuts), beans

What element is found in proteins, but not carbohydrates?

A) C

B) H

C) N

D) O

True or False

Proteins are used for energy.

Proteins have _____ of energy.

A) 4 kcal/g

B) 5kcal/g

C) 9kcal/g

How many amino acids are there?

A) 8

B) 20

C) 12

D) 24

FatsFats Lipids- 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol moleculeLipids- 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule Phospholipids- cell membrane ( contains P)Phospholipids- cell membrane ( contains P) Solid lipids- fats ( butter, lard); liquid liquids- oilsSolid lipids- fats ( butter, lard); liquid liquids- oils 9kcal/g9kcal/g Saturated- maximum number of H ( single bonds); Saturated- maximum number of H ( single bonds);

most animal fats are saturatedmost animal fats are saturated Unsaturated- one or more double bonds ( not saturated Unsaturated- one or more double bonds ( not saturated

with H)with H) Diets high in saturated fats can lead to heart disease, Diets high in saturated fats can lead to heart disease,

high blood pressurehigh blood pressure

Saturated fats

A) Are healthier than unsaturated fats

B) Have a double or triple bonds

C) Have as many H atoms as possible

D) Are found most commonly in oils

True or False

Solid fats are called lipids.

How many kcal/g are found in a fat molecule?

A)4

b) 8

c) 9

d) 2

Vitamins & MineralsVitamins & Minerals

Micronutrients- play important roles in Micronutrients- play important roles in biochemical reactions of the bodybiochemical reactions of the body

All can be obtained from plantsAll can be obtained from plants (although animals have some also)(although animals have some also)

Nutritional DeficiencyNutritional Deficiency People who receive less than 90% of their People who receive less than 90% of their

nutritional needs are nutritional needs are undernourished; undernourished; those those that receive less than 80%- that receive less than 80%- severely severely undernourishedundernourished

13 million die each year of hunger 13 million die each year of hunger (1 every 2.5sec )(1 every 2.5sec ) MalnutritionMalnutrition- lack of a specific nutrient in the - lack of a specific nutrient in the

dietdiet Scurvy ( Vit C), rickets (Vit D), beriberi ( Vit B1)Scurvy ( Vit C), rickets (Vit D), beriberi ( Vit B1) Kwashiorkor- lack of proteinKwashiorkor- lack of protein