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Chapter 8 Workshow for PSY 1400
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Mick NeedhamJason Otto
39 Questions. Approximately 40 minutes to complete.
Shaping Homework
Alright. You must have pushed the enter key or the right arrow key.When you push the key you advance through the show. Push it now.When you’re prepared to go on, push the key. When you see a button or multiple choice question, you will left click to select your answer.
A. Left-click me
Alright. You must have pushed the enter key or the right arrow key.When you push the key you advance through the show. Push it now.When you’re prepared to go on, push the key. When you see a button or multiple choice question, then you will use the TAB key to select your answer.
When you get the right answer, you will continue by hitting the key again. Do this now.
Good.
you will mark your answer on thepaper form for this homework.
There’s one more thing or two.
When you see a question and this picture,
Form
Questi
on #1
You will mark your answer before you click the answer here on the screen.
So when you see this picture, you mark your paper form first, then you click your answer on the screen second. (This time you won’t mark your homework.)A. TrueB. False Form
Questi
on #Left-click your
answer
So when you see this picture, you mark your paper form first, then you click your answer on the screen second. (This time you won’t mark your homework.)A. TrueB. False Form
Questi
on #
So when you see this picture, you mark your paper form first, then you click your answer on the screen second. (This time you won’t mark your homework.)A. TrueB. False Form
Questi
on #
Right on. Now dive in by
hitting the right arrow key.
Welcome to the Computer-based
Programmed Instruction on
This program will help you increase your knowledge and understanding of behavior analysis and SHAPING.
You may have already read about Andrew in Elementary Principles of Behavior, but we’re going to use his story to give you some practice and to integrate some terms you’re already familiar with.
In the nineteen years that Andrew lived in Big State Hospital he hadn’t spoken a single word.
He attended group therapy sessions where he was typically unresponsive to the external environment.
One day at therapy, Dawn, the group therapist dropped a piece of gum.
Andrew took immediate notice of the piece gum, which was a rather unusual reaction for him.
Dawn was shocked by Andrew’s reaction.
She thought that gum might be a reinforcer for Andrew.
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately follows a response and the frequency of the response.
A. DecreasesB. IncreasesC. Has no effect on
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #1
#1
(38 total)
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A. DecreasesB. IncreasesC. Has no effect on
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
Good effort! Give it another try.
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately follows a response and the frequency of the response.
Question #1
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answer
A. DecreasesB. IncreasesC. Has no effect on
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
Left-click your
answer
Nope, presenting a reinforcer does have an effect on the frequency of the response.
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately follows a response and the frequency of the response.
Question #1
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately follows a response and the frequency of the response.
A. DecreasesB. IncreasesC. Has no effect on
Let’s keep going!
Nice Job!
Question #1
Dawn gave Andrew a piece of gum each time he looked at the gum she was holding near her face. We know the sight of the gum was a reinforcer for Andrew because it increased the frequency of looking at the gum.
Before:
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew looks at the gum near Dawns Face
After:
Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum?
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
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answer
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answer
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answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
#2
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answerLeft-click your
answer
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum?
No. Punishment is used to
decrease the frequency of a
response
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum?
No. Escape is the response contingent
removal of an aversive
condition .
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum?
No, try again.
A. PunishmentB. EscapeC. ReinforcementD. None of the above
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Question #2
What procedure was Dawn using when she presented Andrew with a piece of gum immediately after he looked at the gum?
That’s Right!! Dawn was using reinforcement
to increase Andrew’s
looking at the gum!
Dawn had established a reinforcer to begin shaping Andrew’s behavior.But what behavior should she choose to shape?
She should choose a behavior that will hopefully increase Andrew’s quality of life, happiness, and ability to interact with other people!
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
She picked speaking as the goal.
What do we call the goal
of the shaping
intervention?
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
Question #3
#3
Write your first choice on your homework now
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
She picked speaking as the goal.
What do we call the goal
of the shaping
intervention?
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
No, the initial behavior is the
current behavior
occurring at some minimal
frequency.
Question #3
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
She picked speaking as the goal.
What do we call the goal
of the shaping
intervention?
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answer
Left-click your
answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
No, the intermediate
behavior in the behavior that more closely
resembles the goal
(speaking).
Question #3
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
She picked speaking as the goal.
Yes. The goal of the
shaping intervention
is the terminal behavior.
Question #3
In deciding the goal of the shaping intervention,Dawn had to figure out the physical properties of speaking.
A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
What are the physical properties
called?
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answer
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answer
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answer
When we talk about the individual physical properties of moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking we are talking about what?
Question #4
#4
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A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
No, with a response
class we’re talking about the response necessary for reinforcement
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answer
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answer
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answer
When we talk about the individual physical properties of moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking we are talking about what?
Question #4
A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
Yes, the dimensions
of a response are the physical
properties.
When we talk about the individual physical properties of moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking we are talking about what?
Question #4
When we talk about moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking all resulting in gum, we are talking about what?
A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
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answer
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answer
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answer
Question #5
#5
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A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
No, a response
dimension is talking about
just the physical
properties of a response.
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answer
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answer
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answer
When we talk about moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking all resulting in gum, we are talking about what?
Question #5
A. Response dimensionsB. Response class
Yes, the response
class shares the effects of reinforcement
.
When we talk about moving lips, making small croaking sounds, and speaking all resulting in gum, we are talking about what?
Question #5
Response dimensions can involve the
• form, sequence or location of a response (topography), •the time from the beginning to the end of a response (duration),
•how often a response occurs (rate), or
•how much effort the response requires (force or intensity),
•and several other physical properties.
Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
What’s the
response dimension
?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
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answer
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answer
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answer
Question #6
#6
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
No, if Dawn were shaping intensity or force she’d
be reinforcing higher and
higher volumes of
speaking, for example.
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Question #6
Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
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answer
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answer
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answer
No, if Dawn were shaping rate she’d be reinforcing faster and
faster speeds of speaking, for example.
Question #6
Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Left-click your
answer
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answer
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answer
No, if Dawn were shaping
duration she’d be
reinforcing longer and
longer speech
sounds, for example.
Question #6
Along what response dimension is Dawn shaping?
Remember she is shaping Andrew’s speaking behavior, or how he moves his lips and vocal cords, not how fast or loud or long he speaks.
Correct. Dawn
reinforces the form
of Andrew’s speech.
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Question #6
Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.
Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.
What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
What’s the
response dimension
?
Question #7
#7
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.
Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.
What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
No, shaping
rate would be
shaping often he
says gum.
Question #7
Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.
Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.
What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
No, shaping
topography would
be shaping
how clearly he says gum.
Question #7
Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.
Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.
What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
No, duration would be
the amount of time
from the beginning to the end the word “gum.”
Question #7
Just for fun, let’s say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks really quietly.
Dawn, in this case, wants him to speak loudly.
What response dimension would be shaped in this situation?
A. Intensity or forceB. RateC. TopographyD. Duration
Correct. It’s important to know what response
dimension along which you are
shaping because if you aren’t
changing behavior along a
response dimension then
you are not shaping.
Question #7
Let’s also say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks only with Dawn and others living with him.
Dawn then works with him so that he speaks with all sorts of people (i.e., in the presence of other stimuli)
Is this shaping?
A. YesB. No
#8
Let’s also say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks only with Dawn and others living with him.
Dawn then works with him so that he speaks with all sorts of people (in the presence of other stimuli)
Is this shaping?
A. YesB. No
The stimuli and contingencies present when Andrew speaks may change, but speaking isn’t changing
along some response dimension, so it’s not
shaping.
Let’s also say that Andrew can already speak but he speaks only with Dawn and others living with him.
Dawn then works with him so that he speaks with all sorts of people (in the presence of other stimuli)
Is this shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct, the stimuli and contingencies present when Andrew speaks may change, but speaking isn’t changing
along some response dimension, so it’s not
shaping.
After several weeks of reinforcing Andrew’s behavior of looking at the gum near her face,
one day he slightly moved his lips.Dawn immediately gave Andrew a piece of gum.
BeforeBefore BehaviorBehavior
AfterAfter
? Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew doing now that resembles speaking?
A. Andrew looks at the gumB. Andrew moves his lipsC. Andrew speaks
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answerLeft-click
your answer
#9Write your first choice on
your homework now.
BeforeBefore BehaviorBehavior AfterAfter
? Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Andrew looks at the gumB. Andrew moves his lipsC. Andrew speaks
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answerLeft-click
your answer
Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew doing now that resembles speaking?
No, that’s a prerequisite to
training; but it’s not similar to
speaking in the response
dimension.
BeforeBefore BehaviorBehavior AfterAfter
? Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Andrew looks at the gumB. Andrew moves his lipsC. Andrew speaks
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew doing now that resembles speaking?
No, that’s not occurring for Dawn to reinforce.
BeforeBefore BehaviorBehavior AfterAfter
Andrew moves his
lips
Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Andrew looks at the gumB. Andrew moves his lipsC. Andrew speaks
Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew doing now that resembles speaking?
Correct, it’s the behavior that’s
occurring at some minimal frequency
and resembles speaking in some
way.
BeforeBefore BehaviorBehavior AfterAfter
Andrew moves his
lips
Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
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answer
What do we call this behavior? Remember, eye contact was not in the speaking response class (so it wasn’t the initial
behavior, just a prerequisite).
#10
Write your first choice on your homework now.
BeforeBefore BehaviorBehavior AfterAfter
Andrew moves his
lips
Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
Left-click your
answer
No, we’ve just started shaping
speaking behavior.
BeforeBefore BehaviorBehavior AfterAfter
Andrew moves his
lips
Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
No, the terminal
behavior is the goal, speaking.
Left-click your
answer
BeforeBefore BehaviorBehavior AfterAfter
Andrew moves his
lips
Andrew has gum
Andrew has no gum
A. Initial behaviorB. Intermediate behaviorC. Terminal behavior
Right, Andrew’s moving his lips is the
first behavior resembling speaking.
Although lip movement is a long way from actually speaking
it was a behavior that resembled speaking in some way.
And it gave Dawn a place to begin shaping Andrews speech.
Saving the world with behavior
analysis
Remember that Dawn started out reinforcing Andrew’s looking behavior. This behavior does not resemble speaking like the initial behavior of moving lips.
Remember that Dawn started out reinforcing Andrew’s looking behavior. This behavior does not resemble speaking like the initial behavior of moving lips.
But she needed to start with looking because she needs Andrew’s attention (he must look at her) to begin shaping his speech.
Remember that Dawn started out reinforcing Andrew’s looking behavior. This behavior does not resemble speaking like the initial behavior of moving lips.
But she needed to start with looking because she needs Andrew’s attention (he must look at her) to begin shaping his speech.
Now when Andrew just looks at the gum, Dawn will not give him the gum because she wants to increase only behaviors that more closely resemble the terminal behavior (speaking).
So if Dawn wants to shape speaking but also keep Andrew’s attention, then what must Andrew do before she delivers the gum.
A. Look at the gum onlyB. Move his lips onlyC. Look at the gum and move his lips
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answer
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answer
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answer
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answer
#11
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A. Look at the gum onlyB. Move his lips onlyC. Look at the gum and move his lips
So if Dawn wants to shape speaking but also keep Andrew’s attention, then what must Andrew do before she delivers the gum.
No. Looking at the gum near Dawn’s face (being attentive) is necessary to train speaking, but it does not resemble the terminal
behavior.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. Look at the gum onlyB. Move his lips onlyC. Look at the gum and move his lips
So if Dawn wants to shape speaking but also keep Andrew’s attention, then what must Andrew do before she delivers the gum.
No. Looking at the gum near Dawn’s face (being attentive) is necessary to train speaking, even though it does not resemble the terminal behavior.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. Look at the gum onlyB. Move his lips onlyC. Look at the gum and move his lips
So if Dawn wants to shape speaking but also keep Andrew’s attention, then what must Andrew do before she delivers the gum.
Correct. Looking at the gum near
Dawn’s face (being attentive) is
necessary to train speaking, but it does
not resemble the terminal behavior.
When shaping behavior, it’s sometimes difficult to know when to stop reinforcing a particular response that approximates the terminal behavior.
Dawn needs to reinforce successive approximations to speaking, but she must be sure not to get stuck on an approximation.
Keep the procedur
e moving.
BeforeBefore
BehaviorBehavior
BehaviorA.
Andrew moves his lips
, and looks at the gum
B. Andrew only looks at the gum
BehaviorA.
Andrew moves his lips
, and looks at the gum
B. Andrew only looks at the gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the initial behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#12
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
BeforeBefore
BehaviorBehavior
Behavior
A. Andrew moves his lipsB. Andrew only looks at the gum
Behavior
A. Andrew moves his lipsB. Andrew only looks at the gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the initial behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
He must look at the gum, then move his lips. Dawn will reinforce lip movement now that looking at the gum is occurring at a high rate.
Try Again
.
BeforeBefore
BehaviorA.
Andrew moves his lips
and looks at gum
B. Andrew only looks at the gum
BehaviorA.
Andrew moves his lips
and looks at gum
B. Andrew only looks at the gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the initial behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#13
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
BeforeBefore
BehaviorA. Andrew
moves his lips and looks at
gumB. Andrew only looks at the gum
BehaviorA. Andrew
moves his lips and looks at
gumB. Andrew only looks at the gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the initial behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#14
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#15
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#16
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew only looks at the
gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has no gum
After
Andrew has no gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Since Dawn had seen some lip movement she was able to differentially reinforce lip moving and stop reinforcing simply looking at the gum. She couldn’t stop reinforcing simply looking at the gum until there were some further approximations occurring at some frequency.
After Dawn reinforced lip movement for just a few minutes, she decided to stop reinforcing lip movements and wait for his first sounds. After all, Dawn knew he could do it, even though he has not made a sound in 19 years.
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing lip movements.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
?
Behavior
?
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to no longer reinforce lip movements and wait for croaking sounds?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
#17
Write your first choice on your homework now.
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing lip movements.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips and looks at gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to no longer reinforce lip movements and wait for croaking sounds?
After Dawn reinforced lip movement for a few minutes, she decided to stop reinforcing lip movements and wait for his first sounds. After all, Dawn knew he could do it, even though he has not made a sound in 19 years.
If Dawn hasn’t heard any sounds from Andrew lately, then she has to continue to reinforce what approximates it. If Dawn doesn’t continue to reinforce lip movement, she is even less likely to hear sounds.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing lip movements.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves hisLips and
looks at gum
Behavior
Andrew moves hisLips and
looks at gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to no longer reinforce lip movements and wait for croaking sounds?
After Dawn reinforced lip movement for just a few minutes, she decided to stop reinforcing lip movements and wait for his first sounds. After all, Dawn knew he could do it, even though he has not made a sound in 19 years.
Currently, Andrew is moving his lips only once in a while. He is not making any croaking sounds yet.
Before Dawn moves on to the next criterion, the current behavior must occur at a high frequency and the next step in the shaping procedure must occur at some minimum frequency.
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his lip movements and reinforce his making croaking sounds
B. Continue reinforcing his making lip movements while looking for croaking sounds to reinforce
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
#18
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Currently, Andrew is moving his lips only once in a while. He is not making any croaking sounds yet.
Before Dawn moves on to the next criterion, the current behavior must occur at a high frequency and the next step in the shaping procedure must occur at some minimum frequency.
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his lip movements and reinforce his making croaking sounds
B. Continue reinforcing his making lip movements while looking for croaking sounds to reinforce
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
No. If we stop reinforcing lip movements before we
see some further approximation to
speaking, then we will extinguish all behavior resembling speaking.
Currently, Andrew is moving his lips only once in a while. He is not making any croaking sounds yet.
Before Dawn moves on to the next criterion, the current behavior must occur at a high frequency and the next step in the shaping procedure must occur at some minimum frequency.
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his lip movements and reinforce his making croaking sounds
B. Continue reinforcing his making lip movements while looking for croaking sounds to reinforce
Correct. Since croaking sounds are not occurring at all, and lip movements are not very frequent, we can’t move on yet.
At the beginning of the fourth week Dawn held a piece of gum in front of Andrew.
Andrew looked at the gum. And Andrew moved his lips.
But Dawn did not give him the gum as she had before.
Then Andrew emitted a small croaking sound.
And Dawn immediately gave him the gum!
Because Dawn needed Andrew to speak, she required him to make a response that more closely resembled speaking.
Gum
“Uuh.”
What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
What behavior
is closer to the goal?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
#19
Write your first choice on your homework now.
A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
No. Croaking resembles lip
movement more than speaking
does.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
No. Looking at the gum is
a prerequisite behavior for
training.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
No. Lip movement
is the initial
behavior.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
A. Speaking B. Looking at the gumC. Lip movementD. Small croaking sounds
Correct. A small
croaking sound is the behavior that more closely approximates
speaking.
What behavior more closely resembles the goal of speaking than lip movements.
Left-click your
answer
The behavior of making small croaking sounds approximates the final behavior of speaking. What is this middle step called in a shaping procedure?
A. Initial behaviorB. Terminal behaviorC. Intermediate behavior
Left-click your
answer
#20
Left-click your
answer
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
The behavior of making small croaking sounds approximates the final behavior of speaking. What is this middle step called in a shaping procedure?
A. Initial behaviorB. Terminal behaviorC. Intermediate behavior
No, the initial behavior is the first step not
the middle step in the shaping
procedure.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
The behavior of making small croaking sounds approximates the final behavior of speaking. What is this middle step called in a shaping procedure?
A. Initial behaviorB. Terminal behaviorC. Intermediate behavior
No, the terminal behavior is the
goal of the intervention and not the middle
step
Left-click your
answer
The behavior of making small croaking sounds approximates the final behavior of speaking. What is this middle step called in a shaping procedure?
A. Initial behaviorB. Terminal behaviorC. Intermediate behavior
Correct. Croaking sounds approximate
speaking.
After Dawn reinforced lip movement over several days, Andrew also began making croaking sounds as often as moving his lips alone.
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing just lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing just lip movement
s.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
?
Behavior
?
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to begin reinforcing croaking sounds and no longer reinforce lip movements without croaking?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
#21
Write your first choice on your homework now.
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing just lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing just lip
movements.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
?
Behavior
?
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to begin reinforcing croaking sounds and no longer reinforce lip movements without croaking?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
After Dawn reinforced lip movement over several days, Andrew also began making croaking sounds as often as moving his lips alone.
No. If we continue to reinforce only lip movements then they will be the behaviors that occur in the future. Remember Dawn wants Andrew to speak not just move his lips.
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing just lip movements.B. No, let’s continue reinforcing just lip movement
s.
BeforeAndrew has no
gum
BeforeAndrew has no
gum Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew moves his
lips
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
AfterAndrew has no
gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to begin reinforcing croaking sounds and no longer reinforce lip movements without croaking?
After Dawn reinforced lip movement over several days, Andrew also began making croaking sounds as often as moving his lips alone.
BeforeBefore
BehaviorBehavior
BehaviorA. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew makes croaking sounds while moving his lips
BehaviorA. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew makes croaking sounds while moving his lips
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the intermediate behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#22Left-click
your answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Write your first choice on your homework now.
BeforeBefore
BehaviorBehavior
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the intermediate behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
BehaviorA. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew makes croaking sounds while moving his lips
BehaviorA. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew makes croaking sounds while moving his lips
No, now that he is croaking while moving his lips, Dawn will stop reinforcing lip movements
occurring without sounds.
BeforeBefore
Behavior
A. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew speaks
Behavior
A. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew speaks
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the intermediate behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#23
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
BeforeBefore
Behavior
A. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew speaks
Behavior
A. Andrew only moves his lipsB. Andrew speaks
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the intermediate behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#24
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Before
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#25
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#26
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
Behavior
Andrew only moves his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
BehaviorAndrew makes
croaking sounds while moving his
lips
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has no gum
After
Andrew has no gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Nice job!
Here’s the differential reinforcement diagram you just completed for the intermediate behavior.
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
#27Write your first choice on
your homework now.
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
No, differential punishment
involves punishing one response
class allowing the other to recover!
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
No, escape is the contingent removal of an
aversive condition!
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
No, this is not plain vanilla
reinforcement!
A. Differential PunishmentB. EscapeC. Differential ReinforcementD. Reinforcement
By the way, what do we call the procedure of reinforcing one response class while not reinforcing another response class?
Nice Job! This procedure is
called differential
reinforcement!
After several days of differentially reinforcing Andrew’s behavior of making croaking sounds he was frequently making croaking sounds each time he moved his lips.
“Small croaking sounds.”
When shaping behavior it’s sometimes difficult to know when to move on to the next behavioral criterion and no longer provide reinforcers for the previously reinforced response.Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds (while moving his lips) but has not said gum.
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and start looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
#28Write your first choice on
your homework now.
When shaping behavior it’s sometimes difficult to know when to move on to the next behavioral criterion and no longer provide reinforcers for the previously reinforced response.
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and start looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds (while moving his lips) but has not said gum.
What should Dawn do?
No. Even though, croaking sounds are occurring at a high frequency Andrew has not said ga or gum yet and we need have Andrew saying ga or gum at a minimal frequency before we no longer reinforce croaking sounds .
When shaping behavior it’s sometimes difficult to know when to move on to the next behavioral criterion and no longer provide reinforcers for the previously reinforced response.
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing croaking sounds (while moving his lips) and start looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds (while moving his lips) but has not said gum.
What should Dawn do?
Correct. We need to have Andrew saying gum at some minimal frequency before we no longer reinforce croaking sounds.
By differentially reinforcing Andrew’s croaking behavior for several days
he began frequently making croaking sounds.
One day after Andrew made a croaking sound
Dawn hesitated giving Andrew the gum reinforcer and said
“Say, ‘gum, gum’”.
“Say ‘gum’….
‘Gum’.”
At first the croaking sounds were like those heard before.
Dawn waited until the croaking sound slightly resembled the word gum
before she would give Andrew the reinforcer.
“Gaa
gaa…
mmmmm”
Next, Dawn waited until Andrew’s sound even more closely approximated gum,
and reinforced that response.
Finally, Andrew clearly said, “Gum” when Dawn asked him to and she immediately gave him the gum.
“Guummm…Gum”
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds and is saying the word gum at a moderate frequency.
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing his croaking sounds while looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
#29
Write your first choice on your homework now.
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing his croaking sounds while looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds and is saying the word gum at a moderate frequency.
What should Dawn do?
No. Now that Andrew is saying gum at a moderate rate we can stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce his speaking behavior.
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing his croaking sounds while looking for fragments of spoken words to reinforce.
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking sounds and is saying the word gum at a moderate frequency.
What should Dawn do?
Correct. Now that Andrew is saying gum
at a moderate frequency we no longer have to
reinforce his croaking sounds and we can
focus on reinforcing his speaking behavior.
Great Job at making those difficult decisions for Dawn, she appreciates your help!
Now that you’ve decided what to do, let’s get busy filling the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Thanks for your help!
BeforeBefore
BehaviorBehavior
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#30
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
BeforeBefore
BehaviorBehavior
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will result in the delivery of the gum reinforcer?
Complete the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
No, Dawn is not currently
trying to increase only
lip movements.
BeforeBefore
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#31
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
BeforeBefore
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a croaking soundB. Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
What behavior will no longer be reinforced?
Complete the diagram for the terminal behavior.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Before
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
Before
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#32
Write your first choice on the scan-tron form now.
Left-click your
answer
Before
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
Before
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the before condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
After
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#33
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
After
A. Andrew has gumB. Andrew has no gum
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
#34Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
After
A. Andrew has no gumB. Andrew has gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Complete the diagram for the after condition.
Please your answer on your answer sheet.
Left-click your
answer
Before
Andrew has no gum
Before
Andrew has no gum Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew makes a croaking
sound
Behavior
Andrew says gum
Behavior
Andrew says gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has gum
After
Andrew has no gum
After
Andrew has no gum
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
Nice job!
Here’s the differential reinforcement diagram you just completed for the terminal behavior.
Nice job! You have successfully completed the last successive approximation in the shaping procedure Dawn used to get Andrew to speak.
Thanks again for
your help!
Now, just a quick test to check your razor sharp behavior analytic skills at shaping.These next couple of questions may be tough, but hang in there because we want to be sure you don’t identify muscle-building, shaping-up examples as behavioral shaping.
We’re almost through with the training and on to bigger and more exciting things!
Jimmy, the scrawny kid in class, has just taken up weight lifting. Currently he can barely bench press 100 lbs. But when he’s finished training he’ll be much stronger and able to lift 300 lbs.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
#35
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Jimmy, the scrawny kid in class, has just taken up weight lifting. Currently he can barely bench press 100 lbs. But when he’s finished training he’ll be much stronger and able to lift 300 lbs.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
No, this is not an example of shaping
because we are talking about physically
building muscle tissue. This differs from
behavioral shaping which is used to
develop or improve an organism’s repertoire .
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Jimmy, the scrawny kid in class, has just taken up weight lifting. Currently he can barely bench press 100 lbs. But when he’s finished training he’ll be much stronger and able to lift 300 lbs.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct, this is not an example of shaping
because we are talking about physically
building muscle tissue. This differs from
behavioral shaping which is used to
develop or improve an organisms repertoire .
Now, not only was Jimmy weak he also had very poor form while bench pressing. His hands and arms were located in the wrong spot when he pushed the weights up off his chest. His personal trainer began teaching him how to improve his bench pressing form. By the end of his training Jimmy looked like a weight training pro.
Is this an example of shaping?A. YesB. No
#36
Left-click your
answerWrite your first choice on your homework now.
A. YesB. No
Now, not only was Jimmy weak he also had very poor form while bench pressing. His hands and arms were located in the wrong spot when he pushed the weights up off his chest. His personal trainer began teaching him how to improve his bench pressing form. By the end of his training Jimmy looked like a weight training pro.
Is this an example of shaping?
No, this is and example of shaping
because we are improving the form
Jimmy uses to bench press weights. The
correct form of bench pressing is a skill that was not previously in Jimmy’s repertoire.
Left-click your
answer
A. YesB. No
Now, not only was Jimmy weak he also had very poor form while bench pressing. His hands and arms were located in the wrong spot when he pushed the weights up off his chest. His personal trainer began teaching him how to improve his bench pressing form. By the end of his training Jimmy looked like a weight training pro.
Is this an example of shaping?
Correct. This is and example of shaping
because we are improving the form
Jimmy uses to bench press weights. The
correct form of bench pressing is a skill that was not previously in Jimmy’s repertoire.
Sara, the slow jogger, wants to be able to run the mile in less than 7 minutes. Unfortunately, right now she can barely break the 10 minute marker. But by the end of this year, after lots of hardcore running, she’ll be able to race through the mile in less than 7 minutes. She just physically can’t get down to 7 minutes.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
#37
Left-click your
answerWrite your first choice on your homework now.
Sara, the slow jogger, wants to be able to run the mile in less than 7 minutes. Unfortunately, right now she can barely break the 10 minute marker. But by the end of this year, after lots of hardcore running, she’ll be able to race through the mile in less than 7 minutes. She just physically can’t get down to 7 minutes.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
No,this is not an example of shaping
because we are talking about Sera physically getting in shape which
consists of building muscle tissue and reducing body fat
which do not involve the altering of an
individuals behavioral repertoire.
Left-click your
answer
Sara, the slow jogger, wants to be able to run the mile in less than 7 minutes. Unfortunately, right now she can barely break the 10 minute marker. But by the end of this year, after lots of hardcore running, she’ll be able to race through the mile in less than 7 minutes. She just physically can’t get down to 7 minutes.Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct, this is not an example of shaping
because we are talking about Sera physically getting in shape which
consists of building muscle tissue and reducing body fat
which do not involve the altering of an
individuals behavioral repertoire.
Not only was Sara slow when she first started, she also ran like a chicken with its head cut off. Arms and legs flailing all over the place. Her form was terrible. The track coach was appalled by the sight of her and gave her some training. By the end of training Sara was running with the form of a world class runner.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
#38
Left-click your
answer
Write your first choice on your homework now.
Not only was Sara slow when she first started, she also ran like a chicken with its head cut off. Arms and legs flailing all over the place. Her form was terrible. The track coach was appalled by the sight of her and gave her some training. By the end of training Sara was running with the form of a world class runner.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
No,this is an example of shaping because we
are training Sera on the correct form of running, a skill that
was not previously in her repertoire.
Left-click your
answer
Not only was Sara slow when she first started, she also ran like a chicken with its head cut off. Arms and legs flailing all over the place. Her form was terrible. The track coach was appalled by the sight of her and gave her some training. By the end of training Sara was running with the form of a world class runner.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct,this is an example of shaping
because we are training Sera on the
correct form of running, a skill that
was not previously in her repertoire.
Amber is going to school to be a court reporter. In order to graduate she must be able to type 90 words per minute. Unfortunately, right now she can only type 20 wpm. But by the end of her training she’ll be typing away at speeds greater than 100 wpm. Amber’s finger muscles were always strong enough to type a string of random characters equal to 100 wpm, but now her typing has formed a specific response class.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
#39
Left-click your
answerWrite your first choice on your homework now.
Amber is going to school to be a court reporter. In order to graduate she must be able to type 90 words per minute. Unfortunately, right now she can only type 20 wpm. But by the end of her training she’ll be typing away at speeds greater than 100 wpm. Amber’s finger muscles were always strong enough to type a string of random characters equal to 100 wpm, but now her typing has formed a specific response class.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
No, this is an example of shaping because
Amber’s typing repertoire is being
improved. We are not building the tiny
muscles in her fingers but we are altering her
existing typing skill level (behavioral
repertoire).
Left-click your
answer
Amber is going to school to be a court reporter. In order to graduate she must be able to type 90 words per minute. Unfortunately, right now she can only type 20 wpm. But by the end of her training she’ll be typing away at speeds greater than 100 wpm. Amber’s finger muscles were always strong enough to type a string of random characters equal to 100 wpm, but now her typing has formed a specific response class.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. YesB. No
Correct,this is an example of shaping
because the Amber’s typing repertoire is
being improved. We are not building the tiny muscles in her fingers but we are
altering her existing typing skill level
(repertoire).
Another common mistake is to identify examples of behavioral chains as behavioral shaping.
Before
No treat
Before
No treat
Behavior
Spot lays down
Behavior
Spot lays down
Behavior
Spot rolls over
Behavior
Spot rolls over
After
Treat
After
Treat
After
No treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The process of teaching a dog to roll over is the best erroneous example of shaping—it’s actually a behavioral chain.
Why isn’t this an example of shaping? Because sitting, laying down and rolling over are separate behaviors that build on top of each other and occur one after the other.
Before
No treat
Before
No treat
Behavior
Spot lays down
Behavior
Spot lays down
Behavior
Spot rolls over
Behavior
Spot rolls over
After
Treat
After
Treat
After
No treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The process of teaching a dog to roll over is the best erroneous example of shaping—it’s actually a behavioral chain.
In the example with Andrew, moving lips, making croaking sounds and speaking don’t occur in a sequence. Moving lips and making sounds occur while speaking.
Before
No treat
Before
No treat
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 1 inch
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 1 inch
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
Treat
After
No treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#40
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Are these two responses in the same response class (similar along a meaningful response dimension)?
Before
No treat
Before
No treat
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 1 inch
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 1 inch
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
Treat
After
No treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#40
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Lifting farther and farther up involves almost the same topography.
Before
No treat
Before
No treat
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 1 inch
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 1 inch
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
Treat
After
No treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#40
A. YesB. No
Lifting farther and farther up involves almost the same topography. Good.
Before
No treat
Before
No treat
Behavior
Spot sits
Behavior
Spot sits
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
Treat
After
No treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#41
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Are these two responses in the same response class (similar along a meaningful response dimension)?
Before
No treat
Before
No treat
Behavior
Spot sits
Behavior
Spot sits
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
Treat
After
No treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
#41
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Lifting the paw and sitting are two different responses that occur in a sequence or chain. They aren’t similar on any response dimension.
Before
No treat
Before
No treat
Behavior
Spot sits
Behavior
Spot sits
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
Behavior
Spot lifts paw 5 inches
After
Treat
After
Treat
After
No treat
After
No treat
Reinforcement
No Reinforcement
The trick is to look at your whole response class, from the initial behavior all the way to the terminal behavior.
A. YesB. No
Lifting the paw and sitting are two different responses that occur in a sequence or chain. They aren’t similar on any response dimension.
Congratulations!
You have made it through the training session on shaping.
Now it’s time to get your creative juices flowing and put those finely sharpened behavior analytic skills to good use.
I hope you’re ready for some excitement because it’s time for you to put together your own original example of shaping. We’ll help you
out, don’t worry.
First, take a look at the diagram for Andrew. It includes the initial, intermediate and terminal behaviorsFill in your original example in your diagram just like the diagram for Andrew—unless you are using the PowerPoint Viewer (not the complete Program), which will not allow you to fill in answers on your screen.
BeforeBefore
BehaviorInitialN/A
BehaviorInitialN/A
BehaviorInitial
BehaviorInitial
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
Extinction
Intermediate
Terminal
Terminal
IntermediateClick me to
complete your original
example’s diagram.
BeforeBefore
BehaviorInitialN/A
BehaviorInitialN/A
BehaviorInitial
BehaviorInitial
AfterAfter
AfterAfter
Reinforcement
Extinction
Intermediate
Terminal
Terminal
Intermediate
Click me to review
Andrew’s diagram.
Arrow key forward when finished filling in your example.
Print out this slide or write out your answers onto your worksheet. Also, prepare a master transparency to show in the seminar.
Final diagram! Type each of your behaviors and stimulus conditions in the appropriate spots.
All done.
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