century of peace and progress (EUROPE 19TH CENTURY)

A CENTURY OF PEACE AND PROGRESS

SOCIAL PROGRESS

GROWTH OF HUMANITARIANISM

EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN

POPULAR EDUCATION AND

HIGHER LEARNING

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS

ROLE OF SCIENCE IN MODERN PROGRESS

GEOLOGY

PHYSICS

MEDICINE AND SURGERY

EXPLORATION


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SOCIAL PROGRESS SCIENTIFIC PROGRESSPROGRESS OF ARTS

AND LETTERSMOVEMENT OF WORLD PEACE



POPULAR EDUCATION AND HIGHER

LEARNING


GEOLOGY

EVOLUTION

CHEMISTRY

PHYSICS


EXPLORATION

LITERATURE

PHILOSOPHY

HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

EARLY ADVOCATES OF WORLD PEACE

THE HAUGE CONFERENCE (1899

AND 1907 )


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B A C K

The awakening of man’s humanitarian spirit in the

19th century, the barbaric practices and cruel customs

of former centuries were abolished. As early as 1815,

the congress of Vienna agreed to abolish the

inhuman slave trade which had long desolated of

Africa and degraded Europe and America. Britain

liberated its slaves in 1833.


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B A C K

The 19th century, a woman’s position in European

society was the same as the middle ages. Were a

mere housewife and mother, without formal education

and political rights. With the French Revolution , the

field of business, politics, and education were

gradually opened to women. Suffrage were granted

to women.

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POPULAR EDUCATION AND HIGHER LEARNING

B A C K

The rise of democracy led to establishment of public

schools. In France, the idea of popular education was

conceived by the leaders of the French revolution.

The great contribution to education was kindergarten,

which was conceived by Friedrich Froebel(1782-

1852). Higher learning also developed during the 19th

century


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B A C K

The 19th century was marked by

scientific achievements. In no other

period of world history did mankind

make such extraordinary advances in

the natural science.


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GEOLOGY

B A C K

Charles Lyell (1797-1859). Contended that the

earth’s surface came to existence, not by

means of the convulsions of nature, but as

result of slow and gradual changes through the

ages. This theory became the accepted

explanation of the changes in the earth’s

surface.


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EVOLUTION

B A C K

The most sensational scientific-theory of the century

was the evolution theory of Charles Darwin. That life

is the result of evolution (gradual development)

through successive forms. The idea of evolution was

suggested by the ancients. In 18th century Buffon and

Lamarck, foretold it. However popularized by Charles

Darwin.


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CHEMISTRY

Progressed during early part of the 19th century after

the discovery by John Dalton (1766-1844) that matter

is composed of minute atoms. Joseph Louis Gay-

Lussac discovered in 1809 that gases, when

combined, form new chemical components. Dimitri

Mendeleev propounded the “periodic law” in

chemistry.


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LOUISE PASTUER

B A C K

FRIEDRICH WOHLER

JUSTUS VON LIEBIG


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PHYSICS

ALESSANDRO VOLTA

MICHAEL FARADAY

THOMAS EDISON


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B A C K

HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ

HEINRICH RUDOLF HERTZ

DR. PIERRE AND MARIE CURIE

ALBERT EINSTIEN


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ELIEMETCHNIKOFF

ROBERT KOCH

EMIL VON BEHRING

LOUISE PASTUER


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B A C K

DR. JOHN C. WARREN

JOSEPH LISTER


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B A C K

ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLT

HENRY MORTON STANLEY

DR. DAVID LIVINGSTONE

SVEN ANDERS HEDIN


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B A C K

A. W. GREELY

ROBERT E. PEARY

FRIDTJOF NANSEN

ROALD AMUNDSEN

https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1922/nansen-facts.html


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LITERATURE

LORD ALFRED TENNYSON“ THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE, CROSSING THE BAR, IN MEMORIAM “ ROBERT BROWNING

“ THE RING AND THE BOOK“

LAKE DISTRICT POETS“ WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, JOHN KEATS,

LORD BYRON “

CHARLES DICKENS“ OLIVER TWIST, A TALE OF TWO CITIES“


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LITERATURE

ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON“ TREASURE ISLAND“ RUDYARD KIPLING

“ POET BRITISH IMPERIALISM, FIRST TO WIN NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE 1907“

VICTOR HUGO“ LES MISERABLES“

ALEXANDRE DUMAS SR.“ THE THREE MUSKETEERS“


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LITERATURE

ALESSANDRO MAZZONI“ BEST ITALIAN NOVELIST “

GIACOMO LEOPARDI“ THE EMINENT SCHOLAR-POET “

GIOSUE CARDUCCI“ GREATEST ITALIAN POET OF 19TH

CENTURY, A NOVEL PRIZE WINNER IN 1906“

ANTONIO FOGAZZARO“ NOTED NOVELIST AND REFORMER “


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LITERATURE

B A C K

GUSTAVE FLAUBERT“ MADAME BOVARY, GUY DE

MAUPASSANT “ EMILE ZOLA“ NANA “

ANATOLE FRANCE“ THE REVOLT OF THE ANGELS“

HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN“ DANISH AUTHOR OFMANY FAIRY TALES“


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PHILOSOPHY

The 19th century saw the end of the classical and

rationalist philosophies, and rise of empiricism.

Empiricism is the philosophy that truths can ONLY be

derived from CONCRETE experience and scientific

explanation rather than abstract reasoning or beliefs.


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HERBERT SPENCER

A British thinker

Who wrote “synthetic philosophy”

Explain the development of

universe from point of view of Darwinian

evolution.

ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER

Chief exponent

Of pessimism

A feeling or belief that bad things will happen

in the future

The doctrine that evil overbalance

happiness in life

WILLIAM JAMESFRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

Developed nihilism

and “ superman ” idea

The belief that traditional morals,

ideas, beliefs have no worth or value

A doctrine that denies any objective ground or

truth and especially moral truths

(useless and senseless)

American philosopher

Championed the cause of pragmatism

A practical approach to problems and affair

Doctrine, a reasonable and logical way of doing

things or thinking of problems that is based on

dealing with specific situation rather than ideas

or theoriesB A C K


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Historiography or writing of history, developed in 19th

century in harmony. It became more scientific, it was

studied in the light subjects, notably geography,

anthropology, ethnology, economics, political science,

and ethics.


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B A C K

GREAT HISTORIANS KNOWN AS CONTRIBUTIONS

LEOPOLD VON RANKE Father of scientific method of

historical writingscientific method of historical

writing

THEODOR MOMMSENFamous author of “History of

Rome”

LORD MACAULAYAuthor of “ History of England” popular book in English lang.

GUGLIELMO FERREROAuthor of the classic “The Rise

and Decadence of Rome”

WILHELM WUNDTFather of Experimental

Psychology

Conducted 1st scientific experiments of human

reactions.

FRENCHMAN AUGUSTE COMTEFounder of sociology and gave

social science its name.


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EARLY ADVOCATES OF WORLD PEACE

B A C K

After religious war in Europe, King Henry IV of

France advocate the notion called “Grand Design” for

preserving world peace.

In 19th century ,the peace movement was promoted

by private benefactors namely, Alfred Nobel (inventor

of dynamite) and Andrew Carnegie both gave millions

of dollars.


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THE HAUGE CONFERENCE (1899 AND 1907 )

• Attended by delegates of 26 nations• Conference failed its basic purpose to

limit armaments because of the strong opposition of the German delegates.

MAY 18 TO JULY 29, 1899

(1st Peace Conference)

CZAR NICHOLAS II of RUSSIA

Appeal, The 1st Peace Conference held in Hague, Netherlands

• Attended by delegates from 44 nations –21(EUROPE) , 19(AMERICAN), 4(ASIAN)

• The work of this conference was largely a repetition of the 1st Peace Conference

1907

(2st Peace Conference)

CZAR NICHOLAS II of RUSSIA and President THEODORE ROOSEVELT of

US

held in Hague, Netherlands


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Thank

you


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FINE ARTS

B A C K

Education

century of peace and progress (EUROPE 19TH CENTURY)