SUBMITTED TO :-PROF. SARITA,

M.D.USUBMITTED BY :-GUNJAN VERMA

AN ASSIGNMENT ON CAUSES OF ORTHOPEDIC

IMPAIRMENT .

Introduction:- Physical impairment means certain type of

dysfunction and disturbance in the body resulting into its malfunctioning .

Under federal law an orthopedic impairment means a severe bodily impairment that adversely affects a child’s education & performance . An orthopedic impairment involves the skeletal system , bones , joints and limitation of associated muscles .

Meaning :- Also known as Physical Disability . It is a

significant physical limitation that impairs the ability to move or to complete motor activities .

All orthopedic impairment fall in the definition or category of physical impairment , the reverse is not true .

Orthopedic children suffer from impairments of their muscles , skeletal or nervous system that may interfere with their natural functioning .

Definition:- Tver & Tver(1991), “ An orthopaedic

impairment is an impairment that interfers with the normal functioning of bones , muscles or joints”.

Samuel & Romaine stated- “ The child may be considered handicapped, if his physical condition prevents full participation in childhood activities of a social, recreational , educational and vocational nature”.

Characteristics :-Average or

above average intelligence .

Have shorter attention span .

Dependent on adults .

High anxiety , frustration .

Inaccurate coordination of

limbs .

Deformity .

Paralysis .Jerky movements .

Difficulty in walking , grasping

Causes :-

Hereditary factors .

Congenital factors .

Environmental factors .

Hereditary factors:-

Dislocation of hip . Clubfoot.

Marfan syndrome .

Achondroplasia.

Osteogenesis imperfecta . Spinabifida .

Cleft palate . Cleft lip .

Cerebral palsy.

Development of poor muscle & curvature of spine .

MARFAN SYNDROME :-

A deformed foot which is twisted so that sole can not be placed on ground .

CLUBFOOT :-

Osteogenesis imperfecta:- Children have brittle bone and are prone

to fracture . Also known as ‘ Lobestien Syndrome’.

Spinabifida:-

Also known as ‘ Split Spine’ . It occurs when mother lacks folate or folic acid during pregnancy .

Cerebral palsy :-Cerebral:- the presence of a causative lesion or damage to the brain .Palsy:-consequences of such lesion in terms of loss or impairment in motor functioning .

Causes of lack of amniotic fluid in the womb of the mother , breech presentation (at delivery baby born with its hips) & family history of the condition .

Dislocation of hip :-

Caused by gene mutation .Shown to be associated with advanced paternal age .Gene mutation affect bone formation .

Achondroplasia:

Congenital defects :- This condition occurs at birth or before birth

or develops during 1st month of life , regardless of causation .

A congenital disorder may be the result of genetic abnormalities , the intrauterine environment , errors of morphogenesis , Infection or a chromosomal abnormality .

Congenital defects may cause missing bones , webbed fingers , cleft lips etc .

Infections.Lack of child

immunization .

Various diseases.

Doses of drugs .

Rubella .German measles .

Microcephalia .

Hydrocephalia.

Cataract

Polio :-Also called infantile paralysis , is an acute , infectious disease spread from person to person . Virus enters the central nervous system & cause motor problem .

Environmental factors :-

Are those which affects an individual externally or are not related to genetic

level .

Pre – natal environmental factors

.

Para-natal environmental

factors.Post-natal environmental factors

.

1)Pre-natal environmental factors:- Oxygen deprivation . Rh-incompatibility . Intoxication. Toxemia. Viral infection for the expectant mother . Brain damage , brain fever . Malnourished mother . Drug addiction of mother . exposure to radioactive rays. Smoking & tobacco products .

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome :-FAS or foetal alcohol syndrome is a pattern of physical & mental defects that can form in a Fetus because of high level of consumption of alcohol during pregnancy .

During pregnancy can have serious implications for the child resulting into severe orthopedic impairment .

STD’s & AIDS :-

2) Post –natal environmental factors :- Caesarian cases . Infection with chronic disease . Unhygienic conditions . Oxygen deprivation . Improper use of forceps or Anesthesia . Accidental & incidental factors . TB of joints , Sinus , certain fever after birth

. Prolonged labor .

3) Para – natal environmental factors :- Poverty & socio-economic conditions. Child abuse . Accidental & incidental factors . Lead poisoning . Polio, burns & injuries . Malnutrition . Vein blocking . Spinal injury . Lack of vitamin D or calcium . Intoxication . Inhalation of heavy metals . Hypoxia .

Spinal cord injury occurs when a traumatic event results in damage of spinal cord or severs the nerves that rely signals up & down the spinal cord.

Accidental & incidental factors :-

CHILD ABUSE :- Beaten , burned,

sexually molested ,neglected by parents

These can result in :- Facial disfigurement . Skeletal deformity . Muscular damage. Disabilities . sensory impairment . Neurological damage.

POVERTY & LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:-

Child marriage :- child mothers can deliver pre-mature babies .

Illiteracy . Unhealthy living :- are damaging to

the normal growth & development which results in physical deformities .

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS :-MS is a disease in which our immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers the nerves .

Effect of infection & diseases :-

Greek word Arthro- Joints , Inflammation- Arthritides .Is a joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints

ARTHRITIS :-

Conclusion :- Orthopedic impaired children are those

who suffers from defects, deformities & disturbances related to muscles, joints & skeletal system . These impairment can occur because of various causes . But it is possible to treat these impairments but they can’t be cured . Caution is must if we want to avoid these impairments .