Carol GilliganCarol Gilligan1936-1936-

Sarah HigginsSarah Higgins

Raquel KenleyRaquel Kenley

Jeff YoungJeff Young

BackgroundBackground November 28, 1936, in New York City. Swarthmore College, 1958 Radcliffe University, 1960 - Masters Harvard University, 1964 – Doctorate. Began teaching at Harvard, 1967 Lawrence Kohlberg – 1970 1982 - In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Developme

nt. Harvard Grad School of Education – 1986 England – 1992-94 Time Magazine's top 25 – 1996 Criticism stuff below

1960 St. Joan Of Arc1960 St. Joan Of Arc

InfluencesInfluences

Laurence KohlbergLaurence Kohlberg FreudFreud Erik EriksonErik Erikson Several decades of changing Several decades of changing

cultures and shifting viewscultures and shifting views Her students todayHer students today

TheoryTheory Stage- PreconventionalStage- Preconventional

Goal- Individual SurvivalGoal- Individual Survival Age- Not ListedAge- Not Listed

TransitionTransition Selfishness to ResponsibilitySelfishness to Responsibility

Stage- ConventionalStage- Conventional Goal- Self Sacrifice is GoodnessGoal- Self Sacrifice is Goodness Age- Not ListedAge- Not Listed

Theory Cont…Theory Cont…

TransitionTransition Goodness to Truth that she is a person Goodness to Truth that she is a person

tootoo

Stage- PostconventionalStage- Postconventional Goal- Principle of Nonviolence: do not Goal- Principle of Nonviolence: do not

hurt others or selfhurt others or self Age- Maybe NeverAge- Maybe Never

CritiqueCritique

Main critic Christina Hoff Sommers –

“Anecdotal evidence, can't be duplicated, samples too small, gender studies needs to be put to the test of people from fields such as neuroscience or evolutionary psychology rather than from the area of education, anti-male agenda hurts both males and females.

Classroom ApplicationsClassroom Applications

Gilligan’s work has contributed to an Gilligan’s work has contributed to an increased awareness that care is an increased awareness that care is an integral component of moral integral component of moral reasoningreasoning

Educational approaches based on Educational approaches based on Gilligan’s work have emphasized Gilligan’s work have emphasized efforts to foster empathy and care efforts to foster empathy and care responses in studentsresponses in students

ReferencesReferences http://tigger.uic.edu/~lnucci/MoralEd/overviewtext.html http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/gilligan.html http://www.stolaf.edu/people/huff/classes/handbook/Gilliga

n.html http://www.feminist.com/resources/artspeech/interviews/c

arolgilligan.html?gclid=CKWEscWrm5kCFRk_awodHQw-DQ

http://attitudesong.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!BB0401274A23D807!355.entry

http://www.fathom.com/feature/122100/index.htmlhttp://www.fathom.com/feature/122100/index.html http://www.springerlink.com/content/k81nvh1246kklp2v/http://www.springerlink.com/content/k81nvh1246kklp2v/

http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2245/Moral-http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2245/Moral-Development.html - Moral Development - Lawrence Development.html - Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development and EducationKohlberg's Theory of Moral Development and Education

www.fairview.ws/.../images/1960/1960_01.jpgwww.fairview.ws/.../images/1960/1960_01.jpg