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VOLUME 6 ISSUE 04 | July 2010 |

your CAD / CAM highway

CADDZOOM Monthly Newsletter

Geographic Information Systems – An Overview

The acronym GIS refers to Geographic Information Systems .......p1

Top Five Benefits of GIS

GIS benefits organizations of all sizes and almost every industry. There is ............p2

GIS Application in Various Industries

In energy exploration, GIS application is the primary way in which oil ............p3

When is GIS Day? GIS Certification Institute Do you know?

GIS Day plays a powerful role in creating geographic awareness throughout the world. GIS Day provides an international forum for users of GIS technology to demonstrate real-world applications that make a difference in our society. GIS Day is held each year in the third week of November, on the Wednesday of the Geography Awareness Week, a geographic literacy initiative sponsored by the National Geographic Society. GIS Day is principally sponsored by the National Geographic Society, the Association of American Geographers the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science, the United States Geological Survey, The Library of Congress, Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and ESRI.

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The GIS Certification Institute (GISCI) is a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization that provides the GIS community with a complete certification program. GISCI offers participants from the first early years on the job until retirement a positive method of developing value for professionals and employers in the GIS profession.

Courtesy: www.gisci.org / www.gisinindia.com/index.php?n=Learn.CareerThe more modern version of GIS used precipitation at various places in the same today emerged in the 1980s when ESRI area can be seen in the second. Through a (Environmental Systems Research GIS analysis, patterns about elevation and Institute) and CARIS (Computer Aided the amount of precipitation then arise.Resource Information System) created a The use of rasters and vectors is important commercial version of the software that to the functionality of GIS. A raster is any incorporated the methods of CGIS, but also type of digital image, such as an aerial included newer “second-generation” photograph. The data itself is, however,

he ac ronym GIS re fe r s to techniques. Since then it has undergone a depicted as rows and columns of cells with Geographic Information Systems – a number of technological updates, making it each cell having a single value. This data is Ttool that allows geographers and an efficient mapping and informational then transferred into GIS for use in

analysts to visualize data in several tool. making maps and other projects.different ways in order to see patterns and

A common type of raster data in GIS is relationships in a given area or subject. called the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) These patterns generally appear on maps and is simply a digital representation of but they can also be found on globes or in

GIS is important today because it can bring topography or terrain.reports and charts. GIS systems are used in together information from multiple sources cartography, remote sensing, land A vector is the most common way of so that various types of work can be done. s u r v e y i n g , u t i l i t y m a n a g e m e n t , showing data in GIS. In ESRI's version of In order to do this though, the data must be photogrammetry, geography, urban GIS, called ArcGIS, vectors are referred to tied to a specific location on the Earth's planning, emergency management, as shapefiles and are made up of points, surface. Latitude and longitude are usually navigation, and localized search engines. lines, and polygons. In GIS, a point is the

used for this and the locations to be viewed location of a feature on the geographic The first truly operational GIS emerged in are attached to their points on the grid, such as a fire hydrant. A line is used Ottawa, Ontario in 1962 and this was geographic grid. to show linear features like a road or river developed by Roger Tomlinson of Canada's and a polygon is a two-dimensional Department of Forestry and Rural In order to then do an analysis, another set feature that shows an area on the earth's Development in an effort to use map of data is layered on top of the first one to surface such as the property boundaries overlays for analysis of various areas in show spatial patterns and relationships. For around a university. Of the three, points Canada. This early version was called example, elevation at specific locations can show the least amount of information and CGIS. show up in the first layer and then rates of polygons, the most.

How Does GIS Work?

GIS Geographic Information Systems

– An Overview

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transportation, which can optimize customer satisfaction.

Strong GIS skills with two or more I n e n e r g y p i p e l i n e s , G I S GIS packages applications enable petroleum

Strong Macro/C/C++/Visual Basic organizations to manage data with a programming skillsgeographic component. With the help of

GIS applications, the pipeline operator is Understanding of and/or willing to provided with better capability to manage learn math and statistical analysis the integrity of the pipeline.

Strong Oracle or related RDBMS skills to communicate. These products provide a including development skills visual framework for conceptualizing,

Excellent verbal/written understanding, and prescribing action. communication skills Examples include briefings about various

geographic patterns and relationships Genuinely excited and enthusiastic inc lud ing l and use , c r ime , the about learning and pushing technical environment, and defense/security limits/finding new solutions situations. GIS is increasingly being

Good writing skills – for implemented as enterprise information In f o res t r y, i n Ind ia , G IS documentation, training, processessystems. Geography is emerging as a new applications are an indispensable

w a y t o o r g a n i z e a n d m a n a g e method by means of which the total forest Formal training (e.g., Degree) or high organizations. Just like enterprise-wide area is measured. Digital mapping has level of experience with GISfinancial systems transformed the way brought about a revolutionary change in

“Hands-on” experience organizations were managed in the 1960s, GIS. The rudimentary method of 1970s, and 1980s, GIS is transforming the depending on paper maps has changed and Hands-on” experience way organizations manage their assets, currently one depends on digital maps,

Good analytical/problem-solving skillsserve their customers/citizens, make which in fact have been playing a decisions, and communicate. A basic understanding of the concepts significant role in the monitoring and

behind data management in a management of the forests.relational database

In real estate, GIS applications are Good IT technical skills used extensively by decision makers and

In energy explorat ion, GIS managers of real-estate enterprises in site The ability to think and solve application is the primary way in which selection for their projects. Urbanization is problemsoil potentiality in suitable locations is the order of the day and in order to build an evaluated. This service has become efficient urban structure, the infrastructure indispensable for petroleum industries to needs to be properly planned, designed, stay ahead in the competition with regard and maintained. GIS applications in real to the discovery of new sources of estate have increased the scope and access petroleum. It is with the help of GIS to a variety of information regarding land. applications that large petroleum With the increase in the volume of the data companies select the most suitable sites for collected by various organizations, the their retail outlets by evaluating the requirement to manage and distribute information on demography and these data effectively arises.

Technical Skills

GIS Application in Various Industries

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Governments are generally the biggest employer of GIS professionals in a country. Most GIS programs are directly or indirectly funded by government efforts. Several other companies engage in consulting who provide services to the private sector as well as to the government. Software development companies also employ GIS professionals for development of GIS software products. Careers in GIS come under the following three broad categories:

v GIS Technician: Involved in data conversion, digitizing, data processing

v GIS Analyst/GIS Specialist/GIS Consultant: Performs spatial analysis and data management

v GIS Developer: Develops software, writes and tests code Career in GIS

The number of GIS enterprise

solutions and IT strategies that

include GIS are growing rapidly

“”

The TIN or Triangulated Irregular Network the status and change of geography is a common type of vector data that is (geographic accounting). Cultural

GIS benefits organizations of all sizes and capable of showing elevation and other geography examples are zoning, almost every industry. There is a growing such values that change consistently. The population census, land ownership, and interest in and awareness of the economic values are then connected as lines, forming administrative boundaries. Physical and strategic values of GIS, in part because an irregular network of triangles to geography examples include forest of more standards-based technology and represent the land's surface on a map. inventories, biological inventories, greater awareness of the benefits environmental measurements, water flows, In addition, GIS is capable of translating a demonstrated by GIS users. The number of and a whole host of geographic raster to a vector in order to make analysis GIS enterprise solutions and IT strategies accountings. and data processing easier. GIS does this by that include GIS are growing rapidly. The

creating lines along the raster cells that GIS provides a strong framework for benefits of GIS generally fall into five basic have the same classification to create a managing these types of systems with full categories:vector system of points, lines, and polygons transaction support and reporting tools.

1. Cost savings resulting from which make up the features shown on the These systems are conceptually similar to greater efficiency. These are associated map. other information systems in that they deal either with carrying out the mission (i.e., with data management and transactions, as labor savings from automating or well as standardized reporting (e.g., maps) improv ing a workf low) or wi th of changing information. However, they improvements in the mission itself. are fundamentally different because of the

The first view is the database view. This 2. Better decision making. This unique data models and hundreds of consists of the “geodatabase,” otherwise typically has to do with making better specialized tools used in supporting GIS known as the data storage structure for decisions about location. Common applications and workflows.ArcGIS. Here, data is stored in tables, is examples include real-estate site selection, 5. Managing geographically. In easily accessed, and can be managed route/corridor selection, zoning, planning, government and many large corporations, and manipulated to fit the terms of the conservation, natural resource extraction, GIS is becoming essential to understand work being done. and so on. People are beginning to realize what is happening. Senior administrators

that making the correct decision about a and executives at the highest levels of The second view is the map view and is location is strategic to the success of an government use GIS information productsthe most familiar to many people organization.because it is essentially what many see

3. Improved communication. GIS-in terms of GIS products. based maps and visualizations greatly assist in unders tanding s i tuat ions and The final GIS view is the model view storytelling. They are a new language that which consists of tools that can draw improves communication between new geographic information from different teams, departments, disciplines, existing datasets. These functions then professional fields, organizations, and the combine the data and create a model public.that can provide answers for projects.

4. Better geographic information recordkeeping. Many organizations have the primary responsibility of maintaining authoritative records about

Top Five Benefits of GIS

The Three GIS Views

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Courtesy: www.gisdevelopment.net

customers

real world

raster

vector

land usage

elevation

parcels

streets