TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGNBUILDING CONSTRUCTION II (BLD 60703)PROJECT ONE: TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER

NG LEK YUENNG PUI YANSARAH BINTI MOHAMED ESAMELISA BINTI FAISALARINA NADIA BINTI FARID

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SKELETALCONSTRUCTION.

INTRODUCTIONSKELETAL STRUCTURES

A skeletal structure is a skeletal frame used to resist vertical and lateral forces. It works alongside the foundation, providing

strength and stability for the structure. The framing transfers all load gravity, uplift, and lateral loads to the foundation; by

transferring loads from structural elements to the foundation, and then to the ground. For this project, in a group of six, we are required to design and construct a temporary bus shelter in a 1:5

scale as well as perform load-testing, to demonstrate ourunderstanding on how a skeletal structure reacts with load, and

skeletal construction as a design solution. Our bus shelter was constructed using a mix of steel and timber as the materials. The

floor is covered by timber decking; and the framing is made by steel.

01.

TABLE OF CONTENT

01INTRODUCTION

02TABLE OF CONTENT

03DESIGN PROCESS- Inspiration and Case Studies

- Proposed Designs

08TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

12DETAILS AND

JOINTS

15MATERIAL

SELECTION

17CONSTRUCTION

PROCESS- Assembling process

- Construction process

23FORCE

ANALYSIS

26WEATHER

CONSIDERATION AND

ACCESSIBILITY

02.

28CONCLUSION

30REFERENCES

DESIGNPROCESS

Design Inspirations -Proposed Designs -03.

DESIGN INSPIRATIONS // TIMBER STRUCTUREOur initial ideas were to design the bus shelter by using grids formation as we found the form interesting to explore on in terms of construction. We have looked into several design inspirations and analysed their construction details with emphasis on joint connection methods.

Timber joint connections inspration

04.

PROBLEMS:

- materials used are not really suitable and the proposed ideas have too many unneccessary collumns

- collumns and raft-er joint sizes are not suitable to be used

PROPOSED DESIGN // INITIAL IDEA (Rejected)We came up with our initial design of our bus shelter whereby we took account of important factors such as weather durabillity and undergroundconsiderations like moisture and termite control.

05.

Rough sketch of the connection of the collumns and bench

Tilted roof to channel the rainwater away from the seating area.

collumnarrangement

DESIGN INSPIRATIONS // METAL STRUCTUREWe eventually changed our form from being grided into a simple geometric form. We also ammended our choice of materials from being full timber to being partially timber. As for the collumns and the rest of the roof elements, we have decided to use steel instead.

06.

PROPOSED DESIGN // FINAL IDEA For the final idea, we have improved the design and construction of our bus shelter to overcome the problems faced by the previous design.

07.

Here, we have ammended the position of the roof to be more stable and also by adding the roof details.

elevation view of the bus stop perspective view of the bus stop

We came up with the roof details and the method of construction

We have also looked into the column and foundation contruction as well as the load transmission throughout the bus stop.

TECHNICALDRAWINGS08.

09.ROOF PLANSCALE 1:25

SIDE ELEVATIONSCALE 1:25

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

10.FRONT ELEVATIONSCALE 1:25

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

ROOF

PURLIN

ROOF RAFTER

ROOF BEAM

COLUMN

SEATING

FLOORING

FLOOR JOIST

PADFOUNDATION

1 1 .

PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS

DETAILS AND JOINTS12.

1 3 .

PAD FOUNDATIONWe used a shallow foundation for our proposal. The pad foundation is suitable where the bearing capacity of ground is sufficient at relatively low depths. Not much excavation is needed; hence why it was chosen.

WOODEN FLOORING

Reinforced Concrete Foundation

Timber Block

Steel Column Connector

Timber block is embedded into the concrete.

Timber was used as the base as it isresistant to moisture from the ground.

floor to joist connection

joist to header joist connection

floor

joist

header joist

14 .

STEEL COLUMN ROOFThe roof of the bus shelter is slanted. It sits on a roof frame that is supported by a purlin and rafter, which are welded together and attached to two supporting columns using nuts and bolts.

A steel pipe is used for the columns

The column is welded onto the beam. To further strengthen the connection, brackets are bolted to the rafters and welded to the columns as well

The base plate is connected to the lifted concrete footing via nut and bolt connection is to avoid getting rust

The columns are welded onto a metal base plate

Rafter-to Column Connection

Column-to-FloorConnection

Welded to Rafters and Purlins

Steel Socket Bolts and Nuts

MATERIALSELECTION15.

MATERIAL USED

STEEL STRUCTURESteel structure is used as the framing as it is able to withstand extreme forces or harsh weather conditions, such as strong winds, earthquakes, and hurricanes.

They are also unreceptive to rust and are not affected by termites, bugs, mildew, mould and fungi. In addition, they are more fire-re-sistant compared to wooden frames.

TIMBER DECKINGTimber decking is used for the floor as it is strong, durable, and biodegrada-ble, making it suitable for temporary structures. It is also able to withstand high temperatures, and lasts for a very long time. In addition, it is weather and stain resistant.

CONCRETE FOUNDATIONA concrete pad foundation is used as it has a high durability, adequate for foundation use. It provides the highest level of strength for foundations

1 6 .

Round Head Nailsfor wooden flooring

Round Screw Bolts and Nutsfor connectionof wooden seat on the metal

Bracketsfor connection of foundation to wooden header

Flat Head Screwsfor connection of foundation to wooden header

P0LYCARB0NATE R00fPolycabonate roofing sheets are used for the roof. it is a lightweightmaterial that has high durability, able to withstand harsh weatherconditions without discolouring. Because of this, it is suitable as it can withstand the weather outdoors and provide comfort to users by blocking out uv rays.

CONSTRUCTIONPROCESS17. Assembling process -

Construction process -

ASSEMBLING PROCESS

1 8 .

Our final design is composed of timber deck and steel structure.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSFOUNDATION

FLOOR JOIST

1 9 .

We have mixed the cement powder (to replace concrete) with suitable amount of water and the mixture is then poured into the formwork with reinforcement. After pouring the mixture, the foundation wall is added to be conneted to the floor jois once the mixture dries and hardens.

The floor joists is measured and cut to be attached to the header joists by nailing.

FLOORING

COLUMN, ROOF BEAM and ROOF RAFTER

20.

Timber wood pieces were cut piece by piece and screwed into place to create the wooden flooring ; two 100 x 100 mm holes were made on the flooring to allow the column to connect to the foundation.

Roof, roof beam and raftar: Firstly we have chosen the suitable metal to be used for our bus shelter. The dimensions for each elements are measured to be cut. After the cutting process comes the installa-tion process where we screw all the metal pieces together to form the complete structure of the roof.

COLUMN, ROOF BEAM and ROOF RAFTER

ROOFING

2 1 .The polycarbonate roof is screwed onto the purlin located above the rafter and roof beam.

Welding : The columns and beams are connected by welding. Once the welding is done, we spray painted the structure to make it look clean.

SEATING

FINAL PRODUCT

22.

Wooden panels are cut into two pieces of 700 x 80 mm and screwed to the column using bolts and nuts.

The overall final product of the bus stop consists of components from the foundation to the flooring, columns, rafters and roofings. All the parts are connected by welding and mostly screws, bolts and nuts to create a stable bus stop.

FORCEANALYSIS23.

24.

LOAD DISTRIBUTIONThe dead load acting on the structure is transferred from the roof, column, and floor to it’s foundation. The use of polycarbonate as the roof doesn’t exert much force due to it’s light weight as compared to the column and beam which uses steel. Live load is limited to the number of people the bus stop can shelter at any one time and the frequency of users.

Live Load

Dead Load

CONCENTRATED LOADS

25.

concentrated loads : concentrated loads are the force acting on two perpendicular components or a small area. When a beam transmits its load to a point of suppose which is typically a column, the perpendicular angle will cause one side to be under tension and the other in compression

WEATHERCONSIDERATION

ANDACCESSIBILITY26.

morning

noon

evening

The form of our roof is designed in such way that it reflects the sunlight outwards throughout the day. In terms of the roof materiality, we have used polycarbonated roof as it has the ability to reflect sun radiation on sunny days.

WEATHER CONSIDERATION // SUN

WEATHER CONSIDERATION // RAIN AND WIND

Floor Plannot to scale

ACCESSIBILITY

The roof incorporates a butterfly design where it is angledinwards. This design allows rainwater to easily flow off the roof through a gutter and prevents water buildup as well. The choice of material also plays a part as polycarbonate sheets have high resistance to weather which isnecessary for our tropical climate.

These roofs are also aerodynamic allowing the structure to have high wind resistance. Malaysia’s wind speed and frequency is relatively low on nor-mal days unless it is raining or experiencing storm.

27.

CONCLUSION28.

By doing this project, it has allowed us to explore and learn the actual construction methods of an actual bus stop. The different methods of putting the whole bus stop together mimicking the real life bus stop has taught us of the many different joints as well as the components that are needed to build a complete bus stop. Overall, the details of prepping the bus stop was not an easy task eg: creating a formwork to cast concrete, also making sure that the dried concrete does not crack. Furthermore, another difficulty was that we had to figure out the proper joining methods of the joints of the bus stop to ensure stability in the correct way. Throughout the process of building the bus stop, we learnt that the little details makes a huge difference during the construction processes. Lastly, by using the correct methods and joineries, the end product is a stable and functional 1:5 bus stop.

CONCLUSION

29.

REFERENCES30. 1. Chudley, R. 2006, Construction Technology. 4th edition. Pearson and Prentice Hall.

2. Seeley, Ivor H. 1995, Building Technology. 5th edition. Basingstoke, Hants : MacMillan

3. Ching, Francis D.K. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold.