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Πρόγραμμα Comenius με θέμα "Gender Role Inequalities" Ενότητα: "Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων" Comenius project: " Gender Role Inequalities" Topic: "The biological differences between the sexes"
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GreeceGreeceand and
22ndnd Vocational High School of Giannitsa Vocational High School of Giannitsa presents:presents:
The term of sex refers to the biological and social differences between men and women. The biological sex
of a person is genetically determined, while gender is culturally and socially constructed.
From the beginning of the world: From the beginning of the world: “Another creature was Adam & other Eve …”“Another creature was Adam & other Eve …”
The difference in woman’s – man’s bodies The difference in woman’s – man’s bodies captured centuries ago ...captured centuries ago ...
These male and female forms display distinct These male and female forms display distinct some different characteristicssome different characteristics
These differences start from the These differences start from the beginning of human life…beginning of human life…
All cells in human body other than reproductive cells contain 46
chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. 22 of these pairs are matched (chromosomes are very
similar) The other pair are the sex chromosomes, which are similar in
females (XX), and dissimilar in males (XY)
Reproductive cellsReproductive cells
These are: eggs for the female & sperms for the male and contain 22 autosomes plus one sex chromosome.
Egg cellsEgg cells will have: 22 autosomes and 1X chromosome
Sperm cellsSperm cells will have: 22 autosomes and either 1X or 1Y chromosome.
FertilizationFertilization
During fertilizationDuring fertilization, , egg and sperm fuse, producing a cell
with 46 chromosomes.
The sperm determines the sex of the embryo:The sperm determines the sex of the embryo: If the sperm that fertilizes the egg has an X chromosome, the
embryo will be XX (female) If the sperm that fertilizes the egg has a Y chromosome, the
embryo will be XY (male)
22+X
22+XXXXX
22+X
22+Y
XYXYXX YY
Differentiations of reproductive systemDifferentiations of reproductive system
Sex hormonesSex hormones
Produced by gonads and secreted into bloodstream.Ovaries produce:Ovaries produce:
Estrogens Progesterone
Testes produce:Testes produce:Androgens (testosterone)
Note:Note: adrenal glands also produce estrogen and androgens in both sexes.
BonesBones Women have less bone mass than men, but their pelvic structure
is wider, which is necessary when giving birth. Males have denser ,stronger bones, tendons and ligaments and
“Adam’s Apple ” due to larger vocal cords.
MusclesMuscles Males are physically taller and stronger than females.
Females have less total muscle mass than males
Fat and FlexibilityFat and Flexibility
Women carry about 10%points more body fat than do men. Men accumulate fat primarily in the back, chest, and abdomen; women gain fat in the buttocks, arms, and thighs. Women generally are more flexible than men.
Hair and Skin Hair and Skin Men have more bodily hair than women do, especially on the
face, chest and extremities.The baldness is much more common in males than in females.
Men’s skin has more collagen and sebum , which makes it thicker and oilier than women’s skin.
Brain Brain The male brain is typically about 10% larger and heavier
than female brain, because male have a larger body. That means that the extra brain mass doesn’t make men more intelligent.
According to studies, female brains are more compact.
Language:Language: Women often excel at language-based tasks for two reasons: two brain areas that deal with language are larger in
females, and also females process language in both hemispheres while males favor a single brain half.
Emotions:Emotions: Since women have a larger deep limbic system than men, they’re more in touch with their feelings.
Spatial abilities:Spatial abilities: A special brain area (parietal region) is thicker in the female brain, so that women often report difficulty with spatial
tasks, in contrast with men.
The woman has the biological role of the The woman has the biological role of the birth of childrenbirth of children
Woman is pregnant for 9 months and subsequently for a few months breastfeed the baby
The body is affected physically, psychologically and emotionally and the pace of life is changing
Male and FemaleMale and Female
The most obvious differences between males and females
include all the features related to reproductive
role and their physiological and behavior effects ,
including internal and external genital and
differentiation of breast , of muscle mass , height
and hair distribution.
Studies on this topic explore the possibility of social influences on how both sexes perform in cognitive and
behavioral tests. Stereotypes about differences between men and women have been shown to affect a person's behavior.
Men and women can use different roads to get to the same place.
Supervisors:Supervisors:
Goula Athina
Nikou Evangelia
Students participated in this project:Students participated in this project:
Karakatsani Anthi
Thomaidou Maria
Vairamidou Evmorfia
Vardikidou Aggeliki
Kamtsi Konstantina
Kiriakidou Despina
Latsari Elsa
Lina Panagiota
Melikidou Alexandra
Baxevani Petroula
Daule Joanna
Panagiotidou Emanuella
Raskaki Antigoni
Rode Kisian
Tzahalaki Christina
Tsehou Vaso
Hatsaturova Anna
BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY
Birke , Lydia. The Gender and Science Reader ed. Muriel Lederman and Ingrid Bartsch . New York, Routledge , 2001. (306-322)
Miller, AE; MacDougall, JD; Tarnopolsky, MA; Sale, DG (1993). "Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics". European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology 66 (3): (254–62).
Arnold, A. P. (2004). "Sex chromosomes and brain gender". Nature Rev. Neurosci 5 (9): (701–708).
Haier , R.J.; Jung, R.E.; Yeo , R.A.; Head, K.; Alkire , M.T. (September 2004). "Structural brain variation and general intelligence" (PDF). Neuroimage 23 (1): (425–33).
Frost, P. (2007). Sex linkage of human skin, hair, and eye color
Fausto -Sterling, Anne “Of Gender and Genitals” from Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000, [Chapter 3, pp. 44-77]
Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology, Technical Issues In Reproductive Health, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health
Glucksman , A. (1981) Sexual Dimorphism in Human and Mammalian Biology and Pathology (Academic Press, 1981), (pp. 66-75)
Gustafsson A & Lindenfors P (2004). "Human size evolution: no allometric relationship between male and female stature". Journal of Human Evolution 47 (4): (253–266)