Dr. V. RAMESHAssistant ProfessorDept. of BotanyVivekananda CollegeTiruvedakam WestMadurai, Tamil NaduIndia – 625 234.

BIOFERTILIZERNutrient inputs of biological origin for plant growth

Rhizobium

Azospirillum

Azatobactor

Pseudomonas

Phosphobacteria

Cyanobacteria Anabaena Nostoc &Tolypothrix

Azolla , Mycorrhizae &

Green Manure

PRIME OBJECTIVETo build the knowledge of Biofertilizers

Plants are the source of food for all most all living creationsIMPORTANCE OF PLANTS

IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS

NUTIRENTS FOR PLANT GROWTH

N2

N2 - Unusable form

NO3-, Ammonia & ProteinsUsable form

Any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to tissues of the plants for the supply of one or more nutrients which helps the growth of the plant.

FERTILIZER

It gives good yieldIt is non eco-friendly, destroy microbes, Leached out & ExpensiveReduces the conventional energy resources Like coal

CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER

BIOFERTILIZERNutrients inputs of biological origin for plant growth

N2

Subba Rao, 1982

Eco-Friendly

Increase soil fertility

Increase the crop yield

Low cost and easy to grow

Farmers can grow BGA & Azolla

Resistant to plant Pathogens

BENEFITS OF BIOFERTILIZERS

Biofertilizer

Nitrogen Fixer Phosphate Solubilizers Green Manuring

Rhizobium Azatobactor, AzospirillumCyanobacteria Azolla

Pseudomonas, Micrococcus & Aspergillus Sesbania aegypticaLathyrus sativusTephrosia purpurea

Mycorrhizae

Symbiotic Asymbiotic

SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXERSymbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs between Leguminous plantsand Rhizobium

Association between leguminous Plants and Rhizobium

ASYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXERS

Microbes in soil N2

NH3

Asospirillum, Azatobactor, Cyanobacteia & Azolla

PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS

Rock Phosphates Soluble PhosphateMicrobes

Isolation

ExamplesPhosphobacteria, Pesudomonas, Micrococcus

ISOLATION AND CULTIVATION OF BACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZERS

Instruments Required

Incubators

Controlled conditions

 Aseptic Environment

Laminar air flow chamber Autoclave

Sterilization

Bioreactor

Large scaleCultivation

ISOLATION OF BACTEIRAL BIOFERTILIZERS

Root Nodule

Sterilization

70 % ethanol For 1 min

0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s

Washed water for 3 min

Dried with sterilized filter paper

Inoculation

Growth of RhizobiumSterile H2O Contains Cells

Overnight culture

MASS CULTIVATION OF BACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZERS

QUALITY CONTROL UNIT

Rules and Regulations

Inoculants should be carrier based

Inoculants should be contamination free

Contain 108 viable cells /Gram within 15 d Manufacture

Contain 107 viable cells /Gram within 15 d Before the expiry

Pocket should contain Name of the host plantsName of the Manufacture Date of manufacture and expiryNet quantity & storage instructions

FIELD APPLICATION

Top dressing or Soil Applications

Seed Treatment

Seedling Treatment

BLUE GREEN ALGAE

Photoautotrophic, Prokaryotic algae, free livingFix atmospheric nitrogen in moist soils

Examples Anabaena, Nostoc, Plectonema, Tolypothrix Aulosoria & Cylindrospermum etc.

Isolation of BGA

MASS CULTIVATION OF CYANOBACTERIA

Preparation of small pits lined with polythene sheets

Water the pit

Add some amount of soil with superphosphate ( pH 7.0)

Mix well and allow to settle

Inoculation mother culture

Appearance of algal mat within a week ( 35-40 ◦C)

Drying, Packing & Marketing

FIELD APPLICATION After transplantation of rice seedlings

BGA

AZOLLAMicroplot 20 M2

Incubation (14-30 ◦C)

WaterP2 O5

Mother culturepH 8.0

Formation of Mat

Harvesting, Dried

MycorrhizaeFungi + Roots of higher plantsBjorkman (1949) - Development of Mycorrhizae – P & N Scarcity

Types Vesicular arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM)Ecoto, Ectendo, Arbutoid Monotropoid, Ericoid, Orchidaceous

Gigaspora, Entrophospora, GlomusScutellospora & Scleocystis etc.

Role

Increase the absorption Nutrients

Enhance the water uptake,

Increase the resistant power

Decrease transplant shocks to seedlings

1

2

3

4

5

6

1.Acaulosora elegans 2.Gigaspora margarrita 3.Glomus fasciculatum 4.Glomus mosseae 5.Glomus pansiholus 6.Glomus radiatum

Lakshmanan et al., 2001

MASS CULTIVATION

Tank for mass cultivation Sprinkling soil with VAM & Making of furrows

Sowing the seedsMaize sown VAM pit

AM infected maize plants

http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm

Mycobeads

Roots with Mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae infected root

GREEN MANUREPractice of ploughing of undecomposed living plant tissues Contain bacteria in root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogenRoleTo add N,P & K To add organic matter.Increases water holding capacity

Tephrosia purpurea

COMMERCIAL PRODUCERS OF BIOFERTILIZER

INDIAN COMPANIES Bacfil, LucknowMicrobes india, CaluttaBharat Lab. & Biol. House Agri.Delhi.Indian organic chemical Ltd, Bombay,SKS bioproducts Ltd, AP

FOREIGN COMPANIES

Union Chemique, BelgiumLaboratorie de Microbiologie, FranceRadiana Institute, GermanyAbbott Laboratories, USA

BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION UNITS IN TAMIL NADUDept .of Agri Microbiol, Agriculture College and Research Institute,Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.Coimbatore & Madurai.

Green Peace Associates - Erode,AVM Org. & Bio Fertilizers Co. Covai

Name of Biofertilizers

Cost of BiofertilizersIn Rs

Availability

Azospirillum 40/Kg Professor and HeadDept. of Agri. MicrobiologyTamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatore 914226611294microbiology@tnau.ac.in

Liquid Biofertilizer 300/lit

Phosphobacteria 40/Kg

Rhizobium 40/Kg

Azotobacter 40/Kg

VAM 30/Kg

Azolla 5/Kg

COST AND AVAILABILITY OF BIOFERTILIZERS

MY BELOVED FARMERS… LET US REVIVE ORGANIC FARMING….

DEDICATED TO…………