Dr. V. RAMESHAssistant ProfessorDept. of BotanyVivekananda CollegeTiruvedakam WestMadurai, Tamil NaduIndia – 625 234.
BIOFERTILIZERNutrient inputs of biological origin for plant growth
Rhizobium
Azospirillum
Azatobactor
Pseudomonas
Phosphobacteria
Cyanobacteria Anabaena Nostoc &Tolypothrix
Azolla , Mycorrhizae &
Green Manure
PRIME OBJECTIVETo build the knowledge of Biofertilizers
Plants are the source of food for all most all living creationsIMPORTANCE OF PLANTS
IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS
NUTIRENTS FOR PLANT GROWTH
N2
N2 - Unusable form
NO3-, Ammonia & ProteinsUsable form
Any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to tissues of the plants for the supply of one or more nutrients which helps the growth of the plant.
FERTILIZER
It gives good yieldIt is non eco-friendly, destroy microbes, Leached out & ExpensiveReduces the conventional energy resources Like coal
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER
BIOFERTILIZERNutrients inputs of biological origin for plant growth
N2
Subba Rao, 1982
Eco-Friendly
Increase soil fertility
Increase the crop yield
Low cost and easy to grow
Farmers can grow BGA & Azolla
Resistant to plant Pathogens
BENEFITS OF BIOFERTILIZERS
Biofertilizer
Nitrogen Fixer Phosphate Solubilizers Green Manuring
Rhizobium Azatobactor, AzospirillumCyanobacteria Azolla
Pseudomonas, Micrococcus & Aspergillus Sesbania aegypticaLathyrus sativusTephrosia purpurea
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic Asymbiotic
SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXERSymbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs between Leguminous plantsand Rhizobium
Association between leguminous Plants and Rhizobium
ASYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXERS
Microbes in soil N2
NH3
Asospirillum, Azatobactor, Cyanobacteia & Azolla
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
Rock Phosphates Soluble PhosphateMicrobes
Isolation
ExamplesPhosphobacteria, Pesudomonas, Micrococcus
ISOLATION AND CULTIVATION OF BACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZERS
Instruments Required
Incubators
Controlled conditions
Aseptic Environment
Laminar air flow chamber Autoclave
Sterilization
Bioreactor
Large scaleCultivation
ISOLATION OF BACTEIRAL BIOFERTILIZERS
Root Nodule
Sterilization
70 % ethanol For 1 min
0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s
Washed water for 3 min
Dried with sterilized filter paper
Inoculation
Growth of RhizobiumSterile H2O Contains Cells
Overnight culture
MASS CULTIVATION OF BACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZERS
QUALITY CONTROL UNIT
Rules and Regulations
Inoculants should be carrier based
Inoculants should be contamination free
Contain 108 viable cells /Gram within 15 d Manufacture
Contain 107 viable cells /Gram within 15 d Before the expiry
Pocket should contain Name of the host plantsName of the Manufacture Date of manufacture and expiryNet quantity & storage instructions
FIELD APPLICATION
Top dressing or Soil Applications
Seed Treatment
Seedling Treatment
BLUE GREEN ALGAE
Photoautotrophic, Prokaryotic algae, free livingFix atmospheric nitrogen in moist soils
Examples Anabaena, Nostoc, Plectonema, Tolypothrix Aulosoria & Cylindrospermum etc.
Isolation of BGA
MASS CULTIVATION OF CYANOBACTERIA
Preparation of small pits lined with polythene sheets
Water the pit
Add some amount of soil with superphosphate ( pH 7.0)
Mix well and allow to settle
Inoculation mother culture
Appearance of algal mat within a week ( 35-40 ◦C)
Drying, Packing & Marketing
FIELD APPLICATION After transplantation of rice seedlings
BGA
AZOLLAMicroplot 20 M2
Incubation (14-30 ◦C)
WaterP2 O5
Mother culturepH 8.0
Formation of Mat
Harvesting, Dried
MycorrhizaeFungi + Roots of higher plantsBjorkman (1949) - Development of Mycorrhizae – P & N Scarcity
Types Vesicular arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM)Ecoto, Ectendo, Arbutoid Monotropoid, Ericoid, Orchidaceous
Gigaspora, Entrophospora, GlomusScutellospora & Scleocystis etc.
Role
Increase the absorption Nutrients
Enhance the water uptake,
Increase the resistant power
Decrease transplant shocks to seedlings
1
2
3
4
5
6
1.Acaulosora elegans 2.Gigaspora margarrita 3.Glomus fasciculatum 4.Glomus mosseae 5.Glomus pansiholus 6.Glomus radiatum
Lakshmanan et al., 2001
MASS CULTIVATION
Tank for mass cultivation Sprinkling soil with VAM & Making of furrows
Sowing the seedsMaize sown VAM pit
AM infected maize plants
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm
Mycobeads
Roots with Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae infected root
GREEN MANUREPractice of ploughing of undecomposed living plant tissues Contain bacteria in root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogenRoleTo add N,P & K To add organic matter.Increases water holding capacity
Tephrosia purpurea
COMMERCIAL PRODUCERS OF BIOFERTILIZER
INDIAN COMPANIES Bacfil, LucknowMicrobes india, CaluttaBharat Lab. & Biol. House Agri.Delhi.Indian organic chemical Ltd, Bombay,SKS bioproducts Ltd, AP
FOREIGN COMPANIES
Union Chemique, BelgiumLaboratorie de Microbiologie, FranceRadiana Institute, GermanyAbbott Laboratories, USA
BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION UNITS IN TAMIL NADUDept .of Agri Microbiol, Agriculture College and Research Institute,Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.Coimbatore & Madurai.
Green Peace Associates - Erode,AVM Org. & Bio Fertilizers Co. Covai
Name of Biofertilizers
Cost of BiofertilizersIn Rs
Availability
Azospirillum 40/Kg Professor and HeadDept. of Agri. MicrobiologyTamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatore [email protected]
Liquid Biofertilizer 300/lit
Phosphobacteria 40/Kg
Rhizobium 40/Kg
Azotobacter 40/Kg
VAM 30/Kg
Azolla 5/Kg
COST AND AVAILABILITY OF BIOFERTILIZERS
MY BELOVED FARMERS… LET US REVIVE ORGANIC FARMING….
DEDICATED TO…………