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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Economic Reforms:

Nationalization, Govt. wanted to save people from adverse impact of

galloping prices. Govt. raised the wages and salaries which laid tremendous

inflationary stress on the economy. Nationalization programme could not

arrest inflation and also missed the corporatist element

Land Reforms (1st March 1972):

It was promised of fixing a low ceiling, abolition of absentees, landlordism

and promotion of cooperative farming.

Landholdings limited to 150 acres irrigated and 300 acres un-irrigated in

1972.

Landholdings later limited to 100 acres irrigated and 200 un-irrigated in

1977.

Rights of pre-emption were granted to the tenants for the area cultivated by

them, to ensure security to the tenancy rights.

In 1975, small landholders of 12 acre irrigated and 25 acres un-irrigated

were exempted from land revenue and cesses.

Generous tax deductions allowed for the purchase of agricultural

machinery, agriculture credit also channeled into financing mechanization.

Social or Educational Reforms:

1st Phase of Educational policy announced in Oct, 1972.

Education made compulsory up to class 8th.

In 2nd Phase Education made compulsory and free up to class 10 th.

Labor Reforms:

Labor Law Ordinance 1975, to satisfy the militant labor force.

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The industrialists & factory owners were made responsible for bearing the

expenditure of education of one child of every worker or labourer.

Constitution of 1973: (Key Features)

14 August 1973

Democratic Creation

Parliamentary System

Bi-cameral Legislature

Provincial Autonomy

Fundamental Rights granted.

Direct Elections

Independence of Judiciary

Protection of Rights of Minorities.

Socialist flavor

The guarantee of preserving the Constitution.

Solution of Qadiyani issue

The Separate Electoral system

Urdu as State language

Islamic Provisions:

o Objective Resolution in preamble.

o Sovereignty of Allah

o Islam as state religion

o Laws making in the light of Quran & Sunnah

o End of Usury

o Red Cross changed Red Crescent

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o Alcohol, gambling, and night clubs banned

o Sunday holiday were replaced with Friday.

o Establishment of Ministry of Religious Affairs.

o Copies of holy Quran placed in all the rooms of first class hotels.

o Enforcement of Zakat &Ushar.

o President & P.M must be Muslim.

o Definition of Muslim & the acceptance of Khatm-e-Nabuvvat in the

oath.

o The correct printing of Holy Quran

o The teaching of Arabic

o The formation of the Islamic Council

Simla Agreement or Accord:

29 June—2 July, 1972

Both countries shall respect each other’s borders, in line with the UN

Charter. In other words, the occupied territories shall be returned and the

troops shall be pulled back to the pre-war positions.

Both take gradual steps to normalize their mutual relations, which included

restoration of communication & transport, increase in the cultural,

economic ties & diplomatic relations.

Jammu & Occupied Kashmir’s cease fire line shall be respected.

Both countries agreed to continue their talks about Kashmir and the return

of the prisoners of war.