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The Block, The Street & The BuildingA Comprehensive Set of Design Principles
November 2010
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
p
Design Principles
The Charter of the New Urbanism
19. A primary task of all urban architecture and landscape design
is the physical definition of streets and public spaces as places
of shared use.
The Block, The Street & The Building
20. Individual architectural projects should be seamlessly linked to their surroundings. This issue transcends
style.
21. The revitalization of urban places depends on safety and
security. The design of streets and buildings should reinforce safe
environments, but not at the expense of accessibility and openness.
22. In the contemporary metropolis, development must adequately
accommodate automobiles. It should do so in ways that respect the
pedestrian and the form of public space.
23. Streets and squares should be safe, comfortable, and interesting to the pedestrian. Properly configured, they encourage walking and enable neighbors to know each other and
protect their communities.
24. Architecture and landscape design should grow from local climate,
topography, history, and building practice.
25. Civic buildings and public gathering places require important sites to reinforce community
identity and the culture of democracy. They
deserve distinctive form, because their role is
different from that of other buildings and
places that constitute the fabric of the city.
26. All buildings should provide their inhabitants with a clear sense of location, weather and
time. Natural methods of heating and cooling can be more resource-efficient than mechanical systems.
27. Preservation and renewal of historic buildings, districts, and
landscapes affirm the continuity and evolution of urban society.
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
p
Design Principles
The Transect
Rib
aut Rd.
5 min. wa
lk
10 m
in. wa
lk
Boundary St.
Downtown Beaufort
Bladen St. Neighborhood
Bellamy Curve
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
p
Design Principles
Integration
Design
Implementation
Service
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
p
Design Principles
Block & Building DesignCivitas: The Complete City
Beautiful Streets
Civic Spaces
Meaningful Architecture
Livable Places
Principle:
Block design is an important, collaborative effort between the master plan of the neighborhood
and the architectural design. This level of design links the macro-
concepts with the micro-engineering needed to implement great urbanism.
The design process should be a seamless collaboration between
planner, architect, and engineer to ensure that the greatest spatial and experiential needs of a project are upheld by all parties involved.
Process:
–Determine the transect and design accordingly.
–Understand regional building traditions and climatic responses and
incorporate when possible.
–Incorporate local building materials such as timber, stone, brick, etc, when
available.
–Understand product mix and incorporate maximum diversity and flexibility into the buildings to promote sustainability over time.
Practice:
–Assess the natural amenities of the site and incorporate when possible.
–Determine best building for site and develop using local
materials,building traditions, and climatic responses. (ie - tall windows,
deep eaves, porches, etc)
–Provide for flexibility in work spaces and allow for agriculture/craftspaces to be incorporated into
the site.
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
p
Design Principles
Principles of Block & Building Design
Public RealmDiversity
AccessibilityContext
FlexibilityFormal Typologies
SecurityEnvironment
Food
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
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Design Principles
Public RealmCreation of Civic Value
Public Spaces
Streets
Semi-Public Spaces
Private Gifts to the Street
Principle:
An authentic and meaningful public realm is a prerequisite for a true place. The ideal public realm is
defined by well designed landmarks, buildings, streets and spaces, and the sequences of interaction between them. The public realm encourages social interaction, creates economic value, and helps to organize everyday
life. True communities cannot exist without this public realm.
Process:
–Carve out spaces within each block while considering the different
functions each space might accommodate. These spaces should be designed to provide a sense of security and comfort to the user
–Consider the relationship between realms: private public/semi-public/
private realm
–Consider the elements that make up the experience of the public realm
(spaces, landmarks, etc)
–Consider foreground and background relationships and the spatial
qualities each require
Practice:
–Strive for meaningful axial relationships which engages the pedestrian to a greater whole.
–Design unique spaces which add to the experience of each place.
–Incorporate a meaningful water features to engage the pedestrian
when possible.
–Apply intentional micro design components (street furniture,
water features, infrastructure) – consider regional methods and materials to create a sense of
identity
–Incorporate appropriate local vegetation into the landscape design
(transect dependent)
–Incorporate buildings based upon appropriate form, scale, and
proportion to space, not use.
–Encourage and design -Gifts to the street- as appropriate to each
building and the spaces they define.
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
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Design Principles
Public Realm in Beaufort
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
p
Design Principles
DiversityA Place For Everyone
Accommodate People of All Ages & Income
Levels
Accommodate Many Types of Families
Accommodate Many Types of Businesses
Allow Growth & Change while Remaining in the
Neighborhood
Principle:
Diversity of type is the appropriate integration of different uses and
dwelling types within a block. This diversity of type and size should occur on a block level rather than a neighborhood level. As a result,
the diversity of type will encourage diversity in others areas such as a broader user and inhabitant mix, thus fostering a more authentic and
true community
Process:
–Utilize different building types and sizes to avoid homogenous blocks
–Consider growth on lot or block with secondary units (infill/mother-
in-law)
–Consider overall project unit mix and its- relationship to the existing
neighborhood mix
Practice:
–Flexible lot lines or platting process
–Understand desired ownership models
–Understand parking requirements and configurations
–Develop the appropriate selection of flexible plans
–Consider functional requirements for added growth/density and plan
appropriately for it
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
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Design Principles
A mixture of unit types are arranged within this one block, including: houses, live-works, attached houses & carriage
houses.
Diversity in Beaufort
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
p
Design Principles
AccessibilityMultiple Ways to
Get Around
Allow Diverse Modes of Transportation:
Walking, Bikes, Cars, Busses
Accommodate Service & Fire in a Reasonable
Manner
Create Healthy Communities that
encourage physical activity
Principle:
Well designed circulation for both vehicular and pedestrian activity
is a key component to good urbanism. A friendly and safe environment
for scooters, bikes, and pedestrians is equally important if not more so than a well-planned connection for cars. At the block level, a
great network of connections should contribute to the experience of place
as well.
Process:
–Analyze block and masterplan to understand fine grained circulation
patterns
–Access to parking and service areas should be well thought through
–Understand and review street sections and design intent
–Review and understand FHA and ADA requirements
–Understand any specialized use requirements such as retail.
Practice:
–Create pleasant pedestrian experience through use of mid-block
passages – transect dependent
–Integrate alley closer design techniques
–Internalize parking/service or shield with elements
–Review life- safety requirements
–Contribute specific comments for final street design and calibration
including alleys
–Block sizes should be between 1200-3000- depending on transect
(perimeter measurement)
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
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Design Principles
Accessibility in Beaufort
The typical streetscape in this neighborhood should be
comfortable for walkers, bikers and cars. On-street parking provides a buffer between
people and cars.
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
p
Design Principles
ContextGrow Within
Beaufort's Existing Urban Fabric
Connect to the Existing Neighborhood
Use Historic Character as Starting Point DNA
Be Sensitive to the Existing Uses
Grow Appropriately According to Position
in the Region
Principle:
Blocks are pieces of a larger network of neighborhoods, streets, and
districts. Block design should be appropriate for its location within its overall context and transect.
Process:
–Understand the overall master plan in terms of hierarchy and sequence
of space.
–Understand any specialized use requirements such as retail.
–Analyze the building scale and transect of the surrounding area.
Practice:
–Determine appropriate foreground and background relationships.
-–Incorporate buildings into their appropriate place according to their spatial hierarchy and functional
requirements.
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
p
Design Principles
Rib
aut Rd.
5 min. wa
lk
10 m
in. wa
lk
Boundary St.
Downtown Beaufort
Bladen St. Neighborhood
Bellamy Curve
BOUNDARY ST
EN
SEA ISLA
UNDARY STNBOUNDANBO ND T Beaufort Historic Preservation Plan Update - Contributing Bldgs.
Beaufort, South Carolina
Figure 9
Contributing Building
Non-Contributing Building
Legend
N
LALA
NDADADDADARY SSSSSTTTNDUNN SNBOUNUUUUUUUUUUU DADADDADADNNNBO ND T
EEENNNEEENN EN
SEA ISLAS
AISLA
Beaufort Historic PreservatiPlan Update - Contributing B
Beaufort, South Carolina
Contributing Building
Non-Contributing Building
ggend
Northwest QuadrantOld Commons
The Point
Downtown
The Bluff
Context in Beaufort
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
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Design Principles
FlexibilityThe Ability to
Adapt
Buildings Change in Many Ways Over Time:
Size, Use, Spatial Definition
Blocks Can Infill Gradually
Multiple and Diverse Spaces and Buildings
Principle:
Blocks should be designed with flexibility for future growth,
use, and inhabitants. They should anticipate and allow for natural
evolution over time, while seeing the present needs of the community
Process:
–Understand expansion and growth opportunities
–Understand changing use requirements
–Analyze local historic towns to understand how they have changed
and evolved over time.
Practice:
–Place utilities in a way that does not impede growth
–Design access to allow for different uses and users
–Design service/access area to commercial standards
–Build in future service/trash area for conversion to commercial use
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
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Design Principles
Existing Buildings
Phase 1: Infill the edges of the block
Phase 2: Infill the middle of the block
Flexibility in Beaufort
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
p
Design Principles
Formal TypologiesSimple, Clear Forms allow Block Rhythm
& Heirarchy
Blocks & Spaces should be Defined by Building
Forms which have a Root in the Region:
eg. Charleston Sideyard, Beaufort "T"
Forms should Take Correct Proportion for
their Scale
Create Healthy Communities that
encourage physical activity
Principle:
Blocks are composed of building forms. These forms are derived
from rational, local, and regional typologies. A thorough
understanding of applicable forms should be achieved prior to block
and neighborhood design.
Process:
–A thorough precedent study should take place to determine relevant
types applicable to region, climate, and scale. Blocks are then composed
of forms based on choice of scale and proportion, not use.
Practice:
–Incorporate massing study as design tool whenever possible.
–Design rational, simple plans that function inside the chosen
forms. They should be flexible and expandable as necessary.
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
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Design Principles
House
Carriage House
Live-Work
Cottage
Attached House
Shopfront
Formal Typologies in Beaufort
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
p
Design Principles
Everyone Should Feel Safe Where
They Live
Eyes on the Street: Porches, Windows, Alley Units
Defined Spaces with Good Lighting
Boundaries: Fences, Walls, Hedges & Material Changes
Activity: People should be seen and be seen watching
Vertical Enclosure: via buildings, landscaped or
fences, with good proportions
Principle:
Safety and Security are vital to all people in all conditions. Spaces should provide this feeling whether
they are public or private.
Process:
–Understand and apply good closure proportion to streets and spaces.
–Public to Private realm transition and be willing to define each
clearly.
–Cultivate ways to promote people interacting and observing streets and
spaces. -Eyes on the Street-
–Understand the security is often achieved via openness and
transparency vs. closure.
Practice:
–Provide defined edges on spaces via design of fences, walls or hedges.
–Provide windows and porches to engage streets.
–Provide mixture of uses to promote people using spaces at all times.
–Provide Multiple low level human scale street lighting.
–Small Alley units often can help control sight into /from alleys.
Security
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
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Design Principles
The interiors of each block create safe places for children
and families. The lanes and internal spaces have buildings fronting on them to ensure they
are closely watched.
Security in Beaufort
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
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Design Principles
EnvironmentLive in Harmony with the Local
Climate
Provide Outdoor Rooms Landscaped with Local
Species
Allow Buildings to Rotate to Address Sun &
Wind
Water: Run-off/Retention/Capture
Building Form Designed to Ventilate & Shade
Principle:
Sustainability at the block level promotes integration of local
climatic conditions, topography, soil conditions, and available regional materials. The block composition should consider opportunities for local food, reuse/sharing
of resources, and orientation of building forms.
Process:
–Consider heating/cooling methods for building orientation and form.
–Consider block level technologies, resources, equipment, and
infrastructure.
–Understand regional building materials and construction
techniques.
–Consider Light Imprint toolkit for managing stormwater on a block
level.
–Consider ability for dwelling units to grow and/or process food.
–Understand alternative transportation options.
Practice:
–Consider solar control methods such as south facing porches and building heights. Understand available energy
technology options and apply as appropriate.
–Place hose bibs on porches, design closets for gardening tool storage
–Limit buildings to 10 minute vertical walking distance: not to
exceed 5 stories.
–Reduce parking requirements where possible for economic and
sustainability reasons.
–Proper placement of yards and gardens with regard to necessary
sun/light needs.
–Accommodate alternative transportation options by providing
block and neighborhood transit stops, bike storage, car charging
stations, etc.
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
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Design Principles
This typical lot shows a house oriented with a south or
west facing porch, an outdoor space defined by the rear
outbuilding, and a fountain to capture rain water.
Environment in Beaufort
A Comprehensive ApproAChNovember 2011
p
Design Principles
FoodEat Locally
Every Unit on a Block should have the Ability to Produce & Acquire
Local Food:
Window Box, Roof Garden, Kitchen Garden, Communal Block Garden, Neighborhood Community Garden, Farmer's Market
Principle:
All people should have direct access to local food and nourishment. This should be a multiple scales and at all locations with in a transect.
Process:
–Review Food and Garden strategies on a neighborhood level. Where
can food be grown? Where can it be sold and purchased with in walking
distance?
–Block or Neighborhoods may have communal gardens in addition to
individual gardens.
–Provide each unit with some type of garden or growing area.
–Understand climate and sun demands on growing areas.
Practice:
–Provide tool storage near community garden area.
–Provide water access near community garden area.
–Reclaim roof or grey water for
garden use.
–Provide civic spaces where food can be sold and purchased such as a farmer's market or produce stand
A Comprehensive ApproACh November 2011
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Design Principles
C
E
EF
F
F
E
Agricultural Plaza
A B
D
EE
E F
Plaza Key
A. Community GardenB. Market Square/parkingC. Market PlazaD. Market StoreE. Food/Craft-based Live-WorkF. Incubator food-based retail
Food in Beaufort