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Mobilizing Learners As Never Before: Educational Implications of the Mobile Scene
HARRIETTE L. SPIEGEL, Ph.D.Instructional Specialist IIThe University of Tennessee at Martin
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WHAT IS THE MOBILE SCENE?
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Buzz words: mobility
Learning anywhere, anytime Activity-centered Student expectations Data collected,
processed within minutes Tweaking rules of educational researchM-education Freely used in space
and time learner perspective Personal learning communities Facebookasynchronous student engagement Impact on learning ubiquitous learning-on-the-goLinked InTraditional changes in education: slow; today’s developments: rapid
M-learning communicate with peersportable, personal v. shared and static Google Docs
instant communicationDigital Learning Environment Twitter Cloud
lifelong learningLearning on demand in your hand behaviorist
constructivist CSCLsituated learning
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Brief history
• Mobile devices appear in 1990’s – Apple Classroom of Tomorrow
• In Europe in 2000, the European Commission funded projects
• 2010 Chicago Public Schools conducting a trial project to use iPads in the schools.
• Surveys throughout the years in various situations
• Key studies from 2005 – 2010: proving more interesting and more capable with each passing year (NMC Horizon Project Short List, 2012) – we are now learning more about the benefit and the challenges
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Brief history
18 key studies from 2005 – 2010:
• mobile learning as a field of its own, rather than a subsidiary of elearning: native apps v. mobile web
• Most studies – focus on types of projects, the nature of research questions, and type of activities supported by mobile technologies
Need research in:
• Student perception
• Ease of use
• Usefulness
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Numbers
• One-sixth worldwide subscribe to cell phones
• Wi-fi everywhere
• One-half of American adults own smart phones (outnumber users of basic cell phones)
• Among 65 and over usage not high
• Mobile phones – dominant mobile platform
• 15 billion SMS messages sent every month (Europe)
• Africa fasted growing mobile phone market
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• Many learners on tablets but never used desktop computer
• Africa fasted growing mobile phone market
• Personal mobile technology-changed classroom scene more in the last 5 years than in previous century
• One-sixth of the student population using mobile phones; two-thirds have smart phones
• Wi-fi - ubiquitous
Numbers
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• Less than half of students age 12 – 19 carried phones
• Among 8 to 10 year-olds, 20% owned a cell phone – double that of two years previously
• Scandinavia and Asia – nearly 100% cell phone ownership
Usage:
• Rutgers – among 20-year-olds, 41% used during class to check for calls/messages;
• 34% for distraction in a boring class;
• To answer calls – 29%
Numbers
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Usage:
• Talk to a friend – 23%
• To download – 6%
• Found others’ usage distracting – 50%
• Thought it ok to speak into a phone in class – 4%
• Thought texting (45%) and game playing (30%) were ok
Numbers
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Pedagogical points
• Integrating use of tools into model of instruction
• Capturing learning moments – store for future use, distribute over Internet or other devices
• Moving resources, interactive exchanges out of classroom into the student’s hands.
• Interaction happens anytime, anywhere, with anyone or anything (course materials, outside resources, experts)
• Collaboration based on ideas, not just information (move students thinking forward in a collective and inclusive effort
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• Room for creativity; all work as part of course content; encourage students to exchange, build, and apply ideas in course
• Integrate learner and tools more effectively
• Immediate feedback
• Learners and the technology will drive the process rather than teachers and the content
• Self-direction – central learning skill
• Holistic assessment essential to capture learning over time
Pedagogical points
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• Need: strong connectivity across campus, demands of high volume of users
• Digital fees (Cornell Univ.)
• Separate networks for students and faculty
• Security: refuse access to any unauthorized devices
• Questions of infrastructure
Administration
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Mobile Devices in Education
• Differentiate instruction according to individual needs
• Adjust mindsets: explore the realities of capture and distribution, student-driven processes and changed outcomes
• Shift from traditional delivery to individualized learning
• Raise questions about how to evaluate
• Threat to traditional institutions of learning delivery?
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Key findings: mobile learning
• anywhere, anytime, personalized learning
• enlivens, adds variety to lessons or courses
• removes formality that is intimidating to non-traditional learners
• helps deliver "literacy, numeracy and language learning”
• helps learners and teachers recognize and build on existing basic literacy skills using text messages
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Key findings: mobile learning
• helps disconnected learners stay focused
• raises self-esteem - uncovering skills, enabling non-threatening, personalized experiences
• peer-to-peer learning and support
• need to develop learning materials for new and fast evolving technologies
• helps learners and teachers recognize and build on existing basic literacy skills using text messages
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Adapting Instructional Design Models
• Use mobile devices as adjuncts to instruction
• Examine assumptions about learner skills; know your learners
• Consider connection issues when planning use of media: data plans, Digital Divide
• Develop assessments to match student’s resources (bandwidth, speed; choose question types that do not present issues – m/c v. essay)
• Consider student responsibilities (stay on task, maturity in browsing on the Web)
• Conform to stated institutional technology policies.
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Always:
• Embrace the Chaos; welcome the disruptions cause by the unstoppable phenomenon of mobility!
• Up-front design with accessibility standards in mind
• Plan integration with institution’s enterprise systems
• Research must evolve with the technology
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Attewell, J. (2005). From research and development to mobile learning: Tools for education and training providers and their learners. Retrieved from http://www.mlearn.org.za/CD/papers/Attewell.pdf
Benedek, A. Mobile learning and lifelong knowledge acquisition. Retrieved from http://www.socialscience.t-mobile.hu/dok/10_benedek.pdf
Katz, J. E. (2004) Mobile phones and educational settings. Retrieved from http://ramhs.wikispaces.com/file/view/mobile+phones+in+educational+settings.pdf
Web sites and Resources
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Lenovo Group (2012). Mobility infrastructure success tips: Best practices for enabling anytime, anywhere learning in higher education. Retrieved from http://img.en25.com/Web/LenovoGroup/Best_Practices_for_Enabling_Anytime .pdf?elq_mid=1546&elq_cid=683850
Naismith, L., Lonsdale, P., Vavoula, G. & Sharpies,M. (2004). Mobile technologies and learning. Retrieved from http://archive.futurelab.org.uk/resources/publications-reports-articles/literature-reviews/Literature-Review203
NeilsenWire – Retrieved from http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/connected-devices-how-we-use-tablets-in-the-u-s/
Web sites and Resources
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NMC Horizon Project Short List: 2012 Higher Education Edition.
October 2011 Mobile Technology for Teaching and Learning Conference – 10/18/11 - http://www.memphis.edu/alc/mobilemem.php
Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Smartphone-Update-2012/Findings.aspx
Web sites and Resources
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Pollara, P. & Kee Broussard, K. (2011). Student Perceptions of Mobile Learning: A Review of Current Research. In Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2011 (pp. 1643-1650).Chesapeake, VA: AACE. http://lsu.academia.edu/PamelaPollara/Papers/329047/Student_Perceptions_of_Mobile_Learning_A_Review_of_Current_Research
Reynard, R. (2012). Understanding mobility and its impact on learning. Retrieved from http://campustechnology.com/articles/2012/06/07/understanding-mobility-and-its-impact-on-learning.aspx?sc_lang=en
Schaffhauser, D. (2012). Social media as a teaching tool. Retrieved from http://campustechnology.com/Articles/2012/03/12/Social-Media-as-a-Teaching-Tool.aspx?=CT21&Page=1
Web sites and Resources
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Wobbrock, J. (2012). The future of mobile device research in human computer
interaction. Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/wobbrock/pubs/chi-06-
wkshp.pdf
Additional resources:
Educause:
http://www.educause.edu/library/resources/7-things-you-should-know-about-mobile-app-
development
Top 10 IT issues over the last decade: http
://www.educause.edu/educause/visualizations/vis1/index.html
Resources
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