Introduction to BioenergyEnergy derived from BIOMASS

What is Bioenergy?What is Bioenergy?

• Bioenergy is energy contained in living or recently living biological organisms

• Organic material containing bioenergy is known as biomass

• Biofuels are renewable transport fuels including:– Bioethanol – Biodiesel– Biogas– Biobutanol

BiomassBiomass• Biomass is the largest renewable energy source

in use todayThere are two main forms of biomass:

• Raw biomass consists of forestry products, grasses, crops, animal manure, and aquatic products, such as kelp and seaweed.

• Secondary biomass is material that comes from raw biomass, but has undergone significant changes. These would include items such as paper, cardboard, cotton, natural rubber products and used cooking oils.

The methods for extracting the energy

Liquid Biofuels

• Bioethanol� Fuel ethanol is a form of alcohol, fermented

and distilled from a wide range of plant life such as molasses, wheat, corn or woody material

• Biodiesel� produced by chemically upgrading oils

obtained from the pressing of oil plant.

Electricity generation from biomass

• Electricity from sugarcane bagasse in India:

• Cogeneration at sugar factory using high pressure boilers that burn bagasse as fuel to produce steam which produces electric power and condenses in juice Evaporators giving up latent heat.

Gas biofuels

• Biogas: Contains mostly Methane & Carbon dioxide. Useful as fuel, can be purified before being used in engines.

• Synthetic natural gas (SNG)Pure methane for deriving hydrogen for use with Fuel Cells.

Solid biofuels

• Wood

• Charcoal• Biomass pellets produced by briquetting agro

residues, MSW

Solid biofuel in rural areas

• The usage:– To burn for village industrial applications.

– To cook.

• Ration of the elements to produce ‘Fuel Bricks’:– Wood Waste: 60%– Sugar Cane waste: 40%

Facts about Facts about bioenergybioenergy

• Worldwide, biomass is the fourth largest energy resource after coal, oil, and natural gas - estimated at about 14% of global primary energy (and much higher in many developing countries).

• In the U.S., biomass today provides about 3-4% of primary energy

• Biomass is used for heating (such as wood stoves in homes and for process heat in bioprocessing industries), cooking (especially in many parts of the developing world), transportation (fuels such as ethanol) and, increasingly, for electric power production.

Facts about Facts about bioenergybioenergy

• Installed capacity of biomass power generation worldwide is about 35,000 MW, with about 7,000 MW in the United States derived from forest-product-industry and agricultural residues

• Much of this 7,000 MW capacity is presently found in the pulp and paper industry, in combined heat and power (cogeneration) systems

Enumerate benefits & challenges for Enumerate benefits & challenges for Bioenergy SystemsBioenergy Systems

Bioenergy – Key Benefits and Challenges

Key Benefits Key Challenges

•Sustainability: a clean and renewable energy source• Availability: bioenergy development can increase access to energy in rural areas• Flexibility: bioenergy can deliver power, heat and transport• Energy Security: bioenergy can contribute to diversifying the energymix; there are a wide variety of feedstocks (raw material) for bioenergy and all countries can rely on some domestic sources

Ensuring sustainability –

environmental, social and

economic

• Safeguarding food security –

ensuring that increased demand

for biofuels does not adversely

affect the hungry

• Protecting biodiversity

Enumerate benefits & challenges for Enumerate benefits & challenges for Bioenergy SystemsBioenergy Systems

Key Benefits

• Mitigation of climate change –bioenergy can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions • Diversification of rural livelihoods – in the energy sector, and utilising newly available energy services - facilitating rural development

• Reduction in land degradation especially through planting of perennial bioenergy feedstocks

Key Challenges

• Managing competition for land and water

• Controlling pollution of air, water and soils

• Removing barriers to biomass andbioenergy trade

QuizQuiz

• What are the differences between Bio-energy and

biomass?

• What impact will biofuels have on food prices?

• What are the environmental advantages to biofuels?

• Can bio-diesel help to reduce 'global warming?

Biogas by anaerobic microbial Biogas by anaerobic microbial DigestionDigestion

• Biogas is produced by using the excreta of animals as the source material. In most of the countries where biogas is produced, the excreta of the cattle and other farm animals are used in rural areas.

• In India gobar or cow dung is used for the purpose of making biogas. The percentage of the inorganic dust particles is brought down by combining water with the excreta in a 1:1 ratio. The rate of feeding of any biogas manufacturing plant that is based

on dung is 3,500 kilograms per day.

Briquettes & Pellets: Form of solid biofuelBriquettes & Pellets: Form of solid biofuel

• Pellets are usually made out of waste (sawdust and wood shavings).

• The pellets are made in presses, andcome out 1-3 cm long and about 1 cm wide.

CakeCake

• It is made from Cow dung.

• Cow dung is collected and given shape of disc and it is dried of on the sun.

• Used only for cooking• Easy alternative of Coal in villages in South Asia

and some parts of South East Asia

Bio diesel

• Bio-diesel is manufactured from vegetable oils, recycled cooking greases or oils or animal fats.

• It can be used either as a blended fuel with petroleum diesel or as a pure fuel.

• Blended biodiesel can often be used without any engine modification.

• Biodiesel reduces the level of several diesel pollutants including sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

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