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Revision materials with images including the authors suggested for Selectivity exam.
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Avant-garde after 1945
Abstract expressionism
• It developed between 1940 and 1960. • It was a movement after WWII. • After seeing the images and photographs of the
war, artists decided to explore colour and forms.• American artists wanted to compete with the
European ones and now the World Art Centre passed from Europe to the United States.
• In the avant-gardes developing in the US there were many European refugees.
Abstract expressionism
• Artists combined emotional intensity with the individualism of expressionists and created an art full of anti-figurative images.
• They can be divided into two groups: – Action Painting and – Colour Field and Hard-Edge.
• These movements found parallelism with other European movements.
Abstract expressionism
• Action Painting term was used for the first time to refer to Jackson Pollock’s work.
• This artist, the same as Franz Kline or Willem de Kooning, used his psyke as the dynamic energy of his works.
• The canvas was considered as a field and painting was something irrational, instinctive, impulsive.
Abstract expressionism
Pollock
De Kooning
Kline
Jackson Pollock
• He made works of great format using the “dripping” technique.
• In doing that kind of works, he was influenced by the surrealists.
Jackson Pollock
• He used to put the canvas on the floor and with a brush he started dripping painting or, sometimes, he could throw the paint directly from the container.
• The canvas was not in tension.
• Huge formats required a great control of the work.
Number 1
Jackson Pollock
• These paintings required certain gestures and this is why it is considered that through dripping the artist represented his sensations and due to this the name given to this movement: abstract expressionism.
Jackson Pollock
• After 1950 he changed his style to begin doing figuration in black and white in a virtuous way.
• When he knew Peggy Guggenheim this was essential for his career.
• He died in a car crash.
DeepnessOcean Grayness
Colour Field and Hard Edge
• At the beginning of the 60s there were two different trends in American abstraction.
• Colour Field used big colourful surfaces, without any other element that could be distinguished by the eye.
• Colour was used without perspective, giving the impression of enormity.
• The shades of the colours dissolved on the canvas.
Colour Field and Hard Edge
• Hard-Edge is the term coined to describe some works in which atmospheres of colour are reinforced.
• The works have lines and limits well defined, to clarify the compositions.
• The most representative artists of this movement are:– Rothko, – Barnet Newman, – Ellsworth Kelly, – Morris Louis, – Kenneth Nolan.
Colour Field and Hard Edge
Ellsword Kelly
Morris Louis
Kenneth Nolan
Mark Rothko
• American painter of Russian origins
• Autodidact• At the beginning he
did works connected with social realism
• He received the influence of surrealism.
Mark Rothko
• He based his inspiration in primitive religions.
• His most representative works are abstract: big rectangles, without a clear definition, with a dark colour combined with a light or vivid one. The combination was made to provoke feelings.
Number 10
Mark Rothko
• The colour areas always have non defined contours and they are not cut on the canvas.
• The main composition is horizontal as long as lines are concerned, and vertical in the orientation of the canvas.
Mark Rothko
• In his works the horizon line does not appear and any reference to a landscape is completely eliminated.
• The colour areas represent an atmosphere that is not in contact with reality and does not depict any space.
Mark Rothko
• Lan ilunenetan ere argiaren kezka duela dirudi, bai era fisikoan zein sinbolikoan.
• Irudia mundu traszendente batetara irekitzen den leiho bat da.
• Argia goraipatzen du era kontenplatibo eta erreligioso batean.
Pop Art
• It is a passive conception of social reality. • It does not represent the creation of the popular
classes but their lack of creativity. • The beginnings of this movement can be found
in the work of these authors: – Rauschenberg and– Jasper Johns,
who are considered as neo-Dadaist. • Painting becomes again something that remains
something else.
Pop Art
• The fact of taking a real thing and put it into a painting is a way of manipulating reality.
• Being a urban art, images appear in the canvas as in jail, acquiring a phantasmagoria image.
• These artists, the same as the Dadaist before, take elements from reality and they incorporate them into their works.
• In their work we can find glued things and photos combined with painting.
Pop Art
• The language is that of publicity: easy to be understood.
• The most representative artist is Warhol and in addition to him the following artists: – Rosenquists, with elements of daily life; – Tom Wesselman, he incorporates other elements,
creating installations; – Roy Lichtenstein, he represents the world as a comic;– Claes Oldenburg, huge sculptures of daily objects; – Christo, he wraps up buildings and natural elements.
Pop Art
Lichtenstein
Rosenquist
Wesselman
Andy Warhol
• He made of art a product of social mass consumption
• He is not famous just because he portrayed myths but because his work became a myth for people.
Andy Warhol
• He used techniques of industrial production.
• He created “The Factory” in which actions, films and other ways of expression were organised.
• Consumption things became the target of his work.
Andy Warhol
• He understood people from the stardom at the same level as objects.
• He created series of politicians and artists and he treated them in the same way.
Andy Warhol• He used serigraphy
techniques.• He resourced to
brilliant and fluorescent colours even when he was depicting dark scenes.
• Many times repeated series with characters using them as things.
Minimalism
• Minimalism appeared in art in the 1950s and it developed in the following two decades.
• It is a term to describe painting and sculpture when there are characterised by their simplicity in both content and form, and they lack of any sign of personal expression.
• Minimalism aims at the spectator feeling their work in an intense way, without distracters such as composition, theme or other similar elements.
Minimalism
• Some of the works of Malevich and Duchamp of the 1920 are considered as minimalist.
• The most famous artists of this movement are American:– Dan Flavin, – Carl Andre, – Ellsworth Kelly and – Donald Judd
appeared against abstract expressionism with their canvases of particular shape, sculptures and installations.
Minimalism
• Minimalism is also linked to other movements:– Conceptual art because when the work is finished
is to create a theory,– Pop Art with its fascination for the impersonal – and Land Art which produces simple forms.
• Minimalism was successful and influential in the 20th century.
• Representative authors are:– Frank Stella eta– Ellsword Kelly .
Minimalism
Judd
Frank Stella
Ellsworth Kelly
Donald Judd
• He started as a painter to begin with low relieves in the 1960s and later to other kind of relieves.
• Later he started doing elements to be put in the wall or on the floor being always geometrical elements, without any basis.
• The first works were made of wood but them he started using metal and sometimes in colours.
Dan Flavin
• He made sculptures of neon light.
• His aim was to create atmospheres.
• He provoked changes of visual perception.
