AON CENTRE , CHICAGOEFFORTS BY : DHRUMIL PATEL

(UC-1309)

School of Building Science & Technology, CEPT University

INTRODUCTION: The Standard Oil Building was constructed

as the new headquarters of the Standard Oil Company of Indiana, which had previously been housed at South Michigan Avenue and East 9th Street.

 When it was completed in 1974 it was the tallest building in Chicago and the fourth-tallest in the world, earning it the nickname "Big Stan".

It is the world’s tallest granite clad building so far.

But there is a story with this granites, in fact the costliest one..!!

The marble was cut to a width of only 1.25 inches. It didn’t take long to discover that the marble was cut too thin for Chicago’s extreme temperature changes. Heat causes permanent expansion in marble. While the exterior side of the marble was expanding, the side of the marble facing the building was not, and it began to bow. As it would eventually become a safety hazard, the marble was removed and replaced with granite 2 inches thick. The original cost of the building was $120 million. Replacing the stone cost somewhere between $60 and $80 million – more than half the building’s original price.

Where It Locate:Address 200 East Randolph Street

ZIP 60601

Zone New Eastside

Neighbourhood Loop

City Chicago

State Illinois

Country U.S.A.

Owner Jones Lang Lasalle

Architect Edward Darell Stone

Developer Standard Oil of Indiana

Main Contractor Turner Construction

Personnel Involved:

Structure in General:Building Type Skyscraper

Building status  existing [completed]

Structural system framed tube

Structural material Steel

Facade material granite

Facade system curtain wall

Facade colour white

Architectural style Modernism / International

Technical Data:Height (architectural) 346.26 m

Height (roof) 346.26 m

Height (main roof) 342.29 m

Length 59.13 m

Width 59.13 m

Floor area 3,34,451m2

Floors (above ground) 83

Floors (below ground) 5

Construction start April 1970

Construction end 1973

Floor-to-floor-height 3.86 m

Parking places 679

Architectural Plan:

Modern Architecture : Modern architecture is generally

characterized by simplification of form and creation of ornament from the structure and theme of the building.

Gaining popularity after the Second World War. Architectural modernism was adopted by many influential architects and architectural educators, and continues as a dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings into the 21st century.

In simple word modern architecture is : simplicity and clarity of forms and elimination of

"unnecessary detail“. visual expression of structure (as opposed to

the hiding of structural elements). the related concept of “Truth To Materials",

meaning that the true nature or natural appearance of a material ought to be seen rather than concealed or altered to represent something else.

use of industrially-produced materials; adoption of the machine aesthetic.

particularly in International Style modernism, a visual emphasis on horizontal and vertical lines.

Frame Tube System The framed tube is one of the most

significant modern developments in high-rise structural form.

The frames consist of closely spaced columns, 2 - 4 m between centres, joined by deep girders. The idea is to create a tube that will act like a continuous perforated chimney or stack. The lateral resistance of framed tube structures is provided by very stiff moment resisting frames that form a tube around the perimeter of the building.

The gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior columns. This structural form offers an efficient, easily constructed structure appropriate for buildings having 40 to100 storeys.

When lateral loads act, the perimeter frames aligned in the direction of loads act as the webs of the massive tube cantilever and those normal to the direction of the loading act as the flanges.

Even though framed tube is a structurally efficient form, flange frames tend to suffer from shear lag.

This results in the mid face flange columns being less stressed than the corner columns and therefore not contributing to their full potential lateral strength.

Aesthetically, the tube looks like the grid-like facade as small windowed and is repetitious and hence use of prefabrication in steel makes the construction faster.

Structural Details: The building employs a tubular steel-framed

structural system with V-shaped perimeter columns to resist earthquake, minimize column bending, and maximize column-free space. This construction method was also used for the World Trade Centre towers in New York City.

The Building is a 83 story building that consists of reinforced concrete foundations with poured concrete caissons, and reinforced below-grade columns, slabs and perimeter walls, and steel framed above-grade superstructure with steel deck upper floor slabs topped with concrete and supported by steel trusses.

The deck shown here has wider 'flats' on top than on bottom. For a simple span, this makes sense because the top is in compression while the bottom is in tension.

If you load the deck upward, the reverse is true. The bottom is stressed in compression. The narrower effective width makes local buckling less likely to occur. If local buckling does occur, it will be in the bottom plate, not the top. Buckling is never the result of axial tension.

Curtain Walls: A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in

which the outer walls are non-structural, but merely keep out the weather. As the curtain wall is non-structural it can be made of a lightweight material reducing construction costs.

When glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light can penetrate deeper within the building. The curtain wall facade does not carry any dead load weight from the building other than its own dead load weight.

The wall transfers horizontal wind loads that are incident upon it to the main building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration, sway induced by wind and its own dead load weight forces.

curtain Wall Systems are typically designed with extruded aluminium members, although the first curtain walls were made of steel. The aluminium frame is typically in filled with glass, which provides an architecturally pleasing building.

Factors Affecting Curtain Walls: Dead load Wind load Snow load Air infiltration Water penetration Thermal load Deflection

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

GLASS

ALUMINIUM SUPPORT SYSTEM

TYPICAL 3D VIEW OF CURTAIN WALL

OVERALL STRUCTURE

Elevator System:

A double-deck elevator or double-deck lift is an elevator with two cars attached together, one on top of the other. This allows passengers on two consecutive floors to be able to use the elevator simultaneously, significantly increasing the passenger capacity of an elevator shaft. Such a scheme can prove efficient in buildings where the volume of traffic would normally have a single elevator stopping at every floor. An example, a passenger may board one elevator (which serves only odd-numbered floors) on the third floor while another passenger may board another elevator (which serves even-numbered floors) on the fourth floor. The elevator serving even floors is actually on top of the elevator serving odd floors in the same lift shaft. When a passenger disembarks from the even-floor-serving elevator at level 30, for instance, the passengers in the odd-floor-serving elevator beneath it are kept waiting until the elevator doors above close.

Architecturally, this is important, as double-deck elevators occupy less building core space than traditional single-deck elevators do for the same level of traffic. In skyscrapers, this allows for much more efficient use of space, as the floor area required by elevators tends to be quite significant.

Thank Youuuuu……………