Upload
lhurlburt
View
505
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
EGYPTAncient Civilizations
EGYPT
How is Egypt divided?
The biggest struggles were over water.
Why would water control and usage lead to such conflict?
Mesopotamia experienced more change than Egypt. Why?
GEOGRAPHY More security and peace
Isolated
Sea and cataracts (large waterfalls)
Desert
Natural resources to sustain itself
THE PHARAOH
Ruled by a pharaoh
Term means “great house” or “palace”
No codified set of laws
nomarchs = Egyptian governors
RELIGION DOMINATED EGYPTIAN LIFE
Polytheistic
740 gods in Egypt; “blended” or combined gods
Egyptian gods took various forms
Animals, humans, nature forms (sun, moon, etc.)
Pharaoh: gods’ spokesman – or deity himself
EGYPTIAN ERASOLD KINGDOM
OLD KINGDOM Royal power
unchallenged
Pharaoh ruled through family lines
Pharaoh appointed leaders
Pharaoh considered a god
THE PYRAMIDS
EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS
Tombs for pharaohs
Took over 100,000 people over 20 years to build
A POSITIVE VIEW OF THE AFTERLIFE?
Archaeologists believe the ancient Egyptians had positive beliefs about the afterlife.
What is it about the pyramids that leads to this conclusion?
MUMMIFICATION
EGYPTIANS BELIEVED THE DEAD NEEDED THEIR BODIES IN THE NEXT LIFE.THEY PRESERVED BODIES THROUGH MUMMIFICATION.
THE PROCESS TOOK ABOUT 70 DAYS. THE BRAIN WAS HOOKED AND THEN PULLED OUT THROUGH THE NOSE.
OTHER ORGANS WERE STORED IN CANOPIC JARS. THE HEART WAS LEFT IN THE BODY SO IT COULD BE WEIGHED IN THE NEXT LIFE.
INSIDE THE PYRAMID
INNER WALLS OF THE PYRAMIDS COVERED WITH PICTURES ABOUT PHARAOH BURIED THERE
HIEROGLYPHS “SACRED CARVINGS” – TERM COINED BY GREEKSOVAL-SHAPED DESIGNS: CARTOUCHES REFER TO PHARAOH OR ROYAL FAMILY
IMHOTEP
DESIGNED THE FIRST PYRAMID
Priest
Served Pharaoh Djoser
Egypt’s most famous architect
Designed the stepped pyramid
THE STEPPED PYRAMIDThe first pyramid – designed by Imhotep
THE GREAT PYRAMID
PHARAOH KHUFU (CHEOPS)WORLD’S OLDEST STRUCTURE,BUILT DURING OLD KINGDOM
2,300,000 STONE BLOCKS (EACH 2 ½ TONS!)
KHAFRE
PYRAMIDS AT GIZA BUILT THE PYRAMIDS AT GIZA
THE SPHINX
KHAFRE ALSO BUILT THE SPHINX, WHICH IS PART LION - PART HUMAN.THE GREEKS NAMED THIS CREATURE THE “SPHINX.”
MENES
MENES
Founded first Egyptian dynasty
Unified Upper and Lower Egypt
Founded Memphis; became his capital
Reigned 62 years
Killed by a hippopotamus
MENES’ UNIFIED CROWN
Created new crown when he ascended to the throne
How did this crown represent a “unified” Egypt?
How would this help Menes to rule his people?
HATSHEPSUT
HATSHEPSUT
Female pharaoh
Ruled for approximately 22 years
Co-regent with Thutmose III
Wore a false beard
HATSHEPSUT’S ACHIEVEMENTS
Extended Egyptian trade
Sent delegates to Punt
Sailors returned with myrrh and frankincense trees
Led successful military campaigns
HATSHEPSUT THE BUILDER
COMMISSIONED 100S OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
LATER PHARAOHS CLAIMED PROJECTS AS THEIRSTHE TEMPLE OF KARNAK
AMENHOTEP IV
AMENHOTEP IV
Opposed priests who worshipped Amon-Re
Monotheistic
Worshipped Aton (sun’s physical disk)
Changed name to Akhnaton (“It pleases Aton”)
Moved capital from Thebes to Akhaton
AMENHOTEP IV:AN INTOLERANT RULER
Amenhohtep IV worshipped Aton.
The people worshipped him.
How would this arrangement serve his purpose as a ruler?
NEFERTITI
QUEEN NEFERTITI
Wife of Amenhotep I (Akhnaton)
One of the world’s most beautiful women
Worshipped Aton; people worshipped her and husband
KING TUT
TUTENKHAMEN
Replaced Akhnaton’s successor
“The boy king”
Married daughter of Akhnaton and Nefertiti
Restored old religion – erased memory of Akhnaton
Moved capital back to Thebes
KING TUT
THIS MODEL, MADE FROM TUTENKHAMEN’S MUMMY, SHOWS
WHAT HE MAY HAVE LOOKED LIKE IN REAL LIFE.
TREASURES FROM KING TUT’S TOMB
RAMSES II
RAMSES II:THE PHARAOH OF THE BIBLE?
Believed to be Pharaoh referred to in Exodus
Lived during the New Kingdom
ANOTHER GREAT BUILDER
RAMESSEUM ABU SIMBEL
EGYPTIAN ERASMIDDLE KINGDOM
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
Upper and Lower Egypt reunited
Capital moved from Thebes back to Memphis
MIDDLE KINGDOM: A NEW KIND OF PHARAOH
FUNERARY MASK
More directly concerned with his people
Unlike earlier pharaohs (absolute, distant, god-king)
Art shows change in pharaoh’s attitude
More careworn, brooding
EGYPTIAN ERASNEW KINGDOM
NEW KINGDOM
LION TEMPLE IN SUDAN
Foreign expansion
Temples built in Sudan (1,300 miles away)
Egypt’s economic, political power at its height
Luxury, cosmopolitanism in royal court
NEW KINGDOM: FAME & WONDER
63 TOMBS IN VALLEY OF THE KINGS
Reign of famous pharaohs:
Hatshepsut Amenhotep IV Tutankhamen Ramses I and II
Many pyramids built
Valley of the Kings
NEW KINGDOM: HYKSOS INVADE EGYPT
Name means “chief of foreign lands”
Ruthless invaders from the East
Conquered Nile Delta
Probably Amorites
NEW KINGDOM: WAR AND DEVASTATION Hyksos brought new
weapons and military techniques
Egyptians more militaristic
after contact with Hyksos
Egyptians probably drove out Hyksos during Moses’ time