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Concept of Air Traffic Control System
Created by :-Vinay dwivediB tech final year
Rama university(RU)
Theory and Fundamentals of Radar Operation
• Radar (radio detection and ranging)• In 1888, Heinrich hertz demonstrated
that radio waves were reflected by objects in the same manners light waves
Fundamentals of Radar
Components of Radar Systems
• Transmitter• Antenna• Receiver• Indicator
Components of Radar Systems
• Transmitter– Creates high-powered radio pulses – Operates in UHF band or higher– Radar pulse last about one microsecond
Components of Radar Systems
• Antenna– Antenna functions as both a transmitting and
receiving device– Pulses emitted by the transmitter are routed to
the antenna using a waveguide--a hollow metal channel that conducts the microwave energy to the antenna
Components of Radar Systems
• Receiver– Switched on as transmitter switches off– Upon receiving a reflection, the radar system
measures the time difference between the transmission and reception and uses this calculation to determine the objects distance from the antenna
– 12.36 microseconds is known as a radar-mile
Components of Radar Systems
• Indicator– Air traffic control uses a cathode ray tube
known as a plan position indicator (PPI) radar scope
Components of Radar Systems
• Indicator– Center of PPI known as the MAIN BANG
Components of Radar System
• Moving target indicator (MTI)– One way of eliminates ground clutter– Other way is to raise antenna a few degrees– Check pages 309 - 314 of textbook
Types of ATC Radar
• Precision Approach Radar (PAR)• Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)• Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR)• Airport Surface Detection Equipment
(ASDE)
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
• Used primarily by the Department of Defense as a precision landing aid.
• Developed in the 1940’s• Before ILS
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
• PAR consisted of a mobile facility thus making it most effective for the military
• Many PAR’s at airports were placed in the middle so that they could be turned
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
• PAR proved its effectiveness during the Berlin Airlift, landing aircraft every 90 seconds
• Some PAR’s still remain even though ILS is the landing air of choice
PAR Equipment (Inside)
PAR Antenna System MPN 13 Mobile System
New Stuff
Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)
• Primary short range radar used by FAA
• Most major civilian airports use ASR• Used in Approach and Departure
Control Facility• Range of about 100 Miles
Airport Surveillance Radar Antennas’
Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR)
• Long Range radar for Center use• Have range of about 250 Miles
Old Center Radar
Center Radar Display
CO 123350CB757 310
Slide courtesy of Prof. J. Hansman
New Center Radar
En Route Full Data Block
AAL278330C068 500
Position Symbol
Beacon Target
AircraftIdentification
Ground Speed
Mode ‘C’ AltitudeX100
Leader Line
Computer Identification Number
Vector Line
Histories
Airport Surface Detection Equipment
• Short range radar system to help controller locate the locations of moving, ground based aircraft and vehicles
Thank you!!!