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Age of ShakespeareClass 2
School ClosedOpen
The second age of man
Then, the whining school-boy with his satchelAnd shining morning face, creeping like snailUnwillingly to school.
As You Like It
Elizabethan Education
What is your legacy from the vestarian controversy?
Archbishop of Canterbury, 1588=1604
Latin biretta with pompom
Responsibility of Children
• Respect even if the parents were of lower social class
• Admonish parents who stray from biblical concepts
• Support for parents in need
Literacy – Ability to sign one’s name
Men Women
1500 10% 1%
1558 20% 5%
1600 27% 8%
Additional Evidence – Surviving Letters from Women30% from aristocracy60% from gentry10% from middling (wives or widows of lawyers, clergymen, merchants and wealthier tradesmen)
Ability to sign - men
• Aristocrats, gentry, rich merchants ~100%
• Yeomen 65%
• Husbandmen 21%
• Laborers 15%
Needs of Society for Education
• End of clerical monopoly on access to administrative positions
• Increased need for vocational literacy
• Church control lay control
• Decline of idea that education should be class restricted
– Register at Rivington, Lancashire shows level from knight to husbandman
Philanthropy
• 31% for schools during Elizabethan period
– Continued and expanded, particularly for grammar schools in early Stuart period
• 7% for religion
• 4% for hospitals (1480-1660)
Philanthropy – Bristol (1480-1660)
• Poor relief 48%
– Doles, almshouses, plans to prevent or relieve poverty
• Education 21%
• Religion 13%
• Municipal improvement 12%
Jordan, Wilbur Kitchener. "The forming of the charitable institutions of the West of England: a study of the changing pattern of social aspirations in Bristol and Somerset, 1480-1660." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (1960): 1-99.
Changing distribution of charity
Bittle, William G., and R. Lane. "Inflation and Philanthropy in England: A Re‐Assessment of WK Jordan's Data." The Economic History Review 29.2 (1976): 203-210.
Humanist Basis
• Colet – St. Paul School – Latin by imitation
– Latin training to produce gentlemen
• Magdalen School – Latin by grammar
• Vives
– Latin training to turn the beast into the man
• Education as a cure for social problems
– Thomas Cromwell – priests to arrange basic religious and vocational education for all children
Public Education
“all may learne to write and read [English] without daunger”
But all may not to learn Latin because so many “gaping for preferment, as no goulfe hath stoore enough to suffise” is dangerous to the state
Richard Mulcaster, headmaster, Merchant Taylors’ School,
1581
Changes
Medieval
• Church control
• Church finance (often from benefactors)
• Fees
Early modern
• Secular control
• Finance by benefactors
• Generally free
Petty School
• Start at 4 or 5 years old
• ABC’s; spelling, punctuation
• Lord’s prayer
• Virtues
• Numeration (as letters or figures): addition
• Casting of accounts
Casting of accounts
£4999, 18s, 10¾d,
The Hornbook
ABC, 1561 Next steps Primer, 1570
Admission to Grammar School
• Seven years old
• Know how to read the New Testament in English
• Know accidences (inflections)
• Every town should have a school where a man or woman teach children these elements
– Advocated by Brinsley in Ludus literarius: or, the grammar schoole 1612
Paying for school
• Shrewsbury had a sliding scaleten shillings for a lord’s son; four pence for the youngest son of a local burgess.
• AlmondburyAll such poor children born in the parish of Almondbury whose parents receive weekly or other constant alms of the parish or other charity or by reason of their poverty pay no taxes to the Church or King, shall be taught in the school the Latin and Greek tongues gratis, but such poor children shall be obliged to get moss for the roof of the school and clean the desks and school without neglect to their learning.
Who went to school
From Norwich Census of the Poor – 1570
• Oldest identified at 15
• Oldest son in family
• Where indicated, daughters of ~6
• About 1/3 of poor families with school age children had a child in school
Guildhall, Stratford
King Edward VI [Grammar] School (King’s New School) First teacher in 1553, William Smart
Edward VI School, courtyard
Uppingham, Archdeacon Johnson’s Grammar School, 1584
Curriculum
Train a child in the way he should go.
Proverbs 22.6 (Hebrew)
Suffer the little children to come unto me.
Matthew 19.14 (Greek)
Remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth.
Ecclesiastes 12.1 (Latin)
Custodes or asini
• Designation for
– Talking in English
– Three mistakes in rules of grammar
– Three misspellings in written work
Question for Demosthenes
What was the Chiefe Part of an Oratour?
Demosthenes: Action
What next?
Action
What next again
Action
Francis Bacon “Of Boldness”
Student declaiming from memory, 1573
“The schoolhouse should be in deed . . . The house of play and pleasure, and not the house of fear and bondage.”
Ascham quoting Wotton in The scholemaster or plaine and perfite way of teachyng children, to vnderstand, write, and speake, the Latin tong, 1570
Student declaiming from memory, 1583
Failing the test!
A dialog on education (reported by Ascham)
Cecil: [I] Wishe, that some more discretion were in many Scholemasters, in using correction, than commonIie there is. Who many times punishe rather the weakeness of nature, than the fault of the SchoIer. Whereby, many Scholers, that might eIse prove well, be driven to hate Iearning, before they knowe what Iearning meaneth: and so, are made willing to forsake their booke, and be glad to be put to any other kinde of Iiving.
William Peter: . . . the Rodde onelie was the sworde that must keepe the SchooIe in obedience, and the SchoIer in good order.
Shakespeare’s School Scenes
• Merry Wives of Windsor, Act IV, Scene 1
• Love’s Labours Lost, Act V, Scene 1
Merchant Taylor’s SchoolList of students in first form, 1607
• Ages
• Admission dates
• Requirements for probations (thrice-yearly examinations)
• Only 2/40 make it to the 6th form
Following the entering class
Exercises
• 2nd form: recite the rules for the different noun declensions and six of Aesop’s fables
• 4th form: all the rules of Latin grammar, some of Cicero’s disquisition on fortitude from De Officiis, and the first seventy-six verses of Ovid’s De Tristibus. – Greek terminations for all the noun declensions and
verb conjugations.
– Afternoon: translate an English letter into Latin as a letter, a dialogue, and a poem
School Plays
Norwich – King Edward VI Grammar School
• Yearly performance of ‘ “learned dialogue” or comedy by the boys for and audience.
A playful time
Attitudes towards football
1576 Indict sixteen persons – husbandmen, yeomen, artificers, and the like – for that they did, "with unknown malefactors to the number of a hundred, assemble themselves and unlawfully play a certain unlawful game, called football, by reason of which unlawful game there arose among them a great affray likely to result in homicides and fatal accidents.”James I "From this Court I debarre all rough and violent exercises, as the football, meeter for lameing than making able the users thereof."
Education by Gender – The Willoughbys
Francis
• ABCs
• Latin grammar books
• Grammar school education
• Latin: Cato, Cicero, Vives' dialogues, Terence, Erasmus and Valla
• Some Greek
• Ciceronian rhetoric
• Humanist script
• Arithmetic
Margaret
• English: Bible, The Book of Common Prayer
• Using counters for arithmetic
The Value of Reading
Judicial record of the fate of two participants in a burglary in I6I3
• "The said Paul reads, to be branded;”
• “the said William does not read, to be hanged".
Writing
• Grammar schools emphasized reading and speaking
• Ascham [Scholemaster, 1570] required
– Paper book for written translations from Latin
– Paper book for translations of English back into Latin
– Paper book for recording usage by Lating authors
• Writing schools as stand-alone or adjuncts
Commercial Education
• Christ’s Hospital Writing School
– Connected with Christ’s Hospital Grammar School
– Founded 1577 by Dame Ramsay
– Teach poor children to write and cast accounts
• Later independents listed as “writing masters and accountants”
Learning to write, “secretary script”Jehan de Beau-Chesne, 1602 (original published 1570)
Learning to write
Learning to write, “Italic script”
Writing – To the instructor
[For the]… Scholler to learne, it may do you pleasure,
To rule him two lines iust of a measure:
Those two lines betweene to write very iust,
Not aboue or below write that he must:
The same to be done is best with blacke lead,
Which written betweene, is cleansed with bread.
Your pen from your booke, but seldome remoue,
To follow strange hand with drie pen first proue
School rules
2015 What happens if a student brings pen knife to school?
• At best, he/she gets sent home.
1580 What happens if a student doesn’t bring a pen knife to school?
• He gets sent home
Pangram, 1650“Job a Righteous man of uz waxed poor Quickly”Written by Stephen Poynting
Middle Class Women’s Education
• Religion
• Housewifery
– needlework, dressing meat and keeping accounts
• Music
• Reading
The School Day
Start 6 a.m.
Instruction, repetition, memorization
Break for breakfast
Instruction, repetition, memorization
Break for lunch Instruction, repetition, memorization
Break for supper
Instruction, repetition, memorization
Finish 7 p.m.
Estimate six hours of exercise/hour of instruction
Grammar school routine
• Given a selection from an ancient author to study
• Next day between 9 and 11
– Master calls on those selected “by fear or confidence in their looks
– Repeat the passage clearly without the book
– Commended of beaten
Commonplace book, An edited collection of striking passages noted in a single place for future reference.
Early 17th century
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University
Who went on to higher education
1575-1639
• 50% gentlemen and above
• 41% below gentleman
• 9% clergy of all levels
• Based on self-assessment at matriculation