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What is adaptation of learning contents about and why is it so relevant when having to deal with intercultural issues and or wanting to transfer educational materials from one to another context? Presentation held at the 2007 KCTOS conference in Vienna
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J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
Adaptation of e-Learning Environments: Determining National Differences through Context Metadata
KCTOS, Vienna, December 2007
Authors: Thomas Richter
Korean German Institute of Technology, Korea University of Duisburg Essen, Germany
Jan M. Pawlowski University of Jyväskylä, Finland
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
The Basic Idea:
Reuse existing Contents:
Context B
Rewrite Contents For Single
National Contexts
Context A
Learning Objects as v Full Courses
v Course Modules v Pictures
v Multi Media Files v etc.
‚Classical‘ Content Development in
A National Distribution Situation
Future Approach For Content
Development in an Intercultural
Distribution Situation
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
The Context of e-Learning (1): National and Intercultural Context Provide Different Problems
National Context
v Known technological standard v Common learning strategies v Common sensibilities (pol, rel) v Single law (e.g. curricula) v Similar learning preferences v Similar educational basis v Same historical experiences v Common social behavior v Similar picture of the world
Intercultural Context
v may differ v may differ v may be opposite v different laws v may strongly differ v may strongly differ v may be opposite v may strongly differ v may strongly differ
Adaptation of contents is needed!
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
Adaptation: a process of high complexity Complicated processes take time, cost money and include a high failure risk
Questions: What information is needed?
What has to be changed? How to change?
The Context of e-Learning (2): Differences Between Contexts Force Adaptation
How to describe the context?!
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
The Context of e-Learning (3)
Influence-Blocks: Describing Influence Factors by Context-Metadata
Culture
Companies
Rules, standards & agreements
Financial aspects Media richness
Internet security
Demographic development
Religion
Geography & education
infrastructure
Technical infrastructure
Rights
History
Politics
State of development
Human actors
Learner satisfaction
e-Learningenvironment
country / region
company
learner
author
Influences through culturerelated assisting style
Influences through different world-view
Influences through implying content related learning needs
Influences authorbuilding up
his world viewtutor
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
GID Id.-Nr. MD-Name Germany Republic of Korea 1 CM10001 Teacher‘s Role assistant on the way to know-
ledge person of respect, authority
2 CM1002 Value of Errors chance to learn failure
3 CM10003 Context Type of Soci-ety
low context high context
160 CM10040 Life-Style individual oriented group oriented
15 CM10015 Cultural Variable, Language
various dialects, high german cultural elements in understan-
ding
various dialects, korean cultural elements in understanding
45 DDM20005 Education Achieve- ment
regionally balanced, primary school (4yrs), mid. school (6yrs), high school (3yrs), free of charge, balanced between women and men; university 1st education free; duty middle school
concentrated on towns, prima-ry school (6yrs) and middle
school (3yrs) free of charge, high school (3yrs) and universi-
ty must fully be paid; duty middle school
65 TIM40010 Implemented Mobile Standard
high-speed mobile technology is only available in urban regions – about 30% of population
high-speed mobile technology seemless available for about
70% of population (urban) 129 HAM10039 Self Set Educational
Goals knowledge and interest carrier and social position
135 HAM11045 Way How to Give Feedback
direct feedback incl. critics direct critics can cause face loss
Context Metadata (1)
Context Metadata represent influence factors through attributes
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
Context Metadata (2) Durability and Dependencies of Influence Factors
The influence factor’s impacts depend on: v Intensity of the attribute’s characteristics
v Course subject
v Attribute characteristics of other influence factors
v Type of context
The Context’s characteristic: v Not permanent – changes are expectable
v Context elements don‘t react simultaneously
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
Context Metadata (3) Dependencies between influence factors
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
Context Metadata (4) Dependencies between influence factors
course- module Cx(A)
attached Referen- Ces to the database
attached personal metadata reg. to
the autor
e-Learning context metadata database
data collecion function
automatic comparison
manual comparison list of
differ- ences Cx(A), Cx(B)
valida- tion pro- cess
1
4
3
2
5 6 7
9
8
10b
10a
11
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
Collecting special data: v Special needs must be announced
v Data provided by those in special needs v Support (e.g. best practices) for those in special needs (knowledge) v Specific data regard. to Author’s and SME’s supported by themselves
Collecting general data: v As far as possible: automated gathering (e.g. CIA World Book)
v help through: Embassies, universities, other research institutions (a Wiki-like collecting system is faced)
Context Metadata (5)
Data storage: v Providing of a general database concept
v Providing of necessary storage and service applications v Providing of necessary transmission rates for data
v Providing strategies to divide the data
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
Research Results 2007
v Metadata:
v Isolated around 160 different influence factors
v Classified them in 16 classes
v Defined those as context metadata based on
DIN PAS 1032-2
v Developed strategies and procedure models:
v Automated gathering (basic data),
v Storage and collection of data
v A partly automated comparison process
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
v Additional developed v A test method to determine the attribute‘s character-
istics and the adaptation success (exploration phase 2008)
v A survey for v determining attribute values of user related
context data v finding new influence factors v ensuring cultural characteristic (first bicultural
test implementation in Dec 2007-Jan. 2008) of assumed influence factors
v verifying if learners in professional trainings behave similar and have similar expectations like university students
Research Results 2007
J. M. Pawlowski, T. Richter: Context & Culture Metadata
Any Questions?
Thank you for your attendance!
Contact: Thomas Richter
[email protected] KGIT e-Learning Research Center, South Korea