4 g technology safal

4G Wireless Technology

Submitted By Safal Agrawal

Bhujbal Knowledge City

MET's Institute Of Engineering

Adgaon, Nashik - 422003.

ACADEMIC YEAR 2009-2010

A SEMINAR

ON

““44GG TTEEHHNNOOLLOOGGYY””

SUBMITTED IN

DEPARTMENT OF MCA

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ROLL NO. ..



4G

The Next Generation Wireless Network Technology



INDEX

1. Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 04

2. Wireless Area Networks -------------------------------------------------------- 05

2.1 Major components and elements of a wireless network

2.2 Classifications

3. 4G Wireless Evolutions ---------------------------------------------------------- 07

3.1 History

3.2 1G (First Generation)

3.3 2G (Second Generation)

3.4 3G (Third Generation)

3.5 Two Distinct 3G Families

3.6 4G (Fourth Generation)

3.7 Two Characteristics of 4G

4. Beyond 3G --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

5. 4G Wireless Technology ----------------------------------------------------------- 12

5.1 Features of the 4G systems

5.2 Fourth Generation Development

6. 4G Architecture --------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

6.1 4G Wireless Standards

6.2 Wireless Networks

6.3 Advantages of 4G Networks

6.4 Disadvantage of 4G

7. 4G Network Systems ------------------------------------------------------------- 17

7.1 Potential “4G” Network Ideas

7.2 Self-organizing Ad-hoc networks for 4G

7.3 4G Networks Advances

7.4 4G Investment Hotspots

8. 4G Design Challenges ------------------------------------------------------------- 20

8.1 Key Challenges



9. The Impact of 3G & 4G Wireless Technology on Carriers

Network Development Strategies ---------------------------------------------- 23

9.1 Objectives

9.2 Principle Technologies

9.3 Impact of 3G and 4G

10. 4G Mobile Computing Applications ----------------------------------------- 25

10.1 4G Mobile Network Features

10.2 Future Outlook

11. Technology - Parameters of 3G Vs 4G -------------------------------------- 28

12. 4G Air Interfaces ----------------------------------------------------------------- 29

12.1 4G Forums

13. Summary -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

14. Glossary --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

15. Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32

16. Bibliography ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 33



1. INTRODUCTION

The use of G, standing for generation in mobile technology covers the major advances of the

past 20-30 years. Since the first generation of so-called “analogue” mobile radio networks

was created in 1980, the mobile telephone has seen many upheavals. 1G technology involved

the first widely available mobile phones. 2G technology, which began in the early 1990s,

switched to a digital format and introduced text messaging. In 1991, with the appearance of

GSM, second-generation (or 2G) mobile telephony, it became a veritable phenomenon.

Gradually, almost everyone started to have a mobile phone. 2002 saw the arrival of UMTS,

and 3G was born. 3G technology improved the efficiency of how data is carried, making it

possible to carry enhanced information services such as websites in their original format. The

latest iPhone is the best known example of 3G technology.

To define a new generation of mobile systems that would see the

light of day by 2010, the notion of 4G was introduced in the early 2000s. The idea was to

perpetuate the logic of replacing one mobile generation with another every 10 years.4G

mobile is yet established as increasing data transfer speeds, 4G mobile should use enhanced

security measures. Another goal is to reduce blips in transmission when a device moves

between areas covered by different networks. 4G mobile networks should also use a network

based on the IP address system used for the internet.



2. WIRELESS NETWORK Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is commonly

associated with a telecommunications network whose interconnections between nodes is

implemented without the use of wires. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally

implemented with some type of remote information transmission system that uses

electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, for the carrier and this implementation usually

takes place at the physical level or "layer" of the network.

2.1 Major components and elements of a wireless network:

1. Different range of wireless towers

Cellular towers

Base stations

Access points (APs)

a) These antennae transceivers communicate with all types of wireless devices,

exchange data or voice with them.

b) They transmit that information through relays and cables eventually back to the

wires of the Internet.

c) Different types of wireless devices - based on radios.

2.2 Classifications

Types of wireless networks:

- Wireless analog network - based on analog circuit-built connections

- Wireless digital network - based on package-switched connections

Three types of Wireless Internet Networks:

- Wide Area Network (WAN)

- Wireless Local Area Network (Wireless LAN)

- PAN (Personal Area Network), such as Bluetooth, Infrared

Other classifications:

- large, public, cellular phone networks

- private in-building wireless networks

- room-wide networks



Figure: 1 Wireless Area Networks

Figure: 2 Wireless Personal Area Networks



3. 4G WIRELESS EVOLUTION

3.1 History

At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed

for users in cars to the public land-line based telephon e network. Then in the sixties, a

system launched by Bell Systems, called IMTS, or “Improved Mobile Telephone Service",

brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first

analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s. The

systems were called "cellular" because large coverage areas were split into smaller areas or

"cells", each cell is served by a low power transmitter and receiver.

3.2 First Generation (1G)

First generation analog cellular networks were built strictly for voice calls in the early

1980s.All 1G networks are based on Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), an air

interface that guarantees a dedicated frequency and circuit to each caller.

The Japanese began national service in 1979. The U.S. service, Advanced Mobile Phone

Service (AMPS), operates at 800 MHz’s each country has its own 1G air interface protocol.

Major features:

Circuit-switched network

Analog signals

Voice only

AMPS in U.S.

3.3 Second Generation (2G)

What is a 2G network?

- The 2G networks have digital cellular air interfaces.

- They were all brought to market in the early 1990s.

- The 2G network includes data services, fax, and email. Almost every wireless,

device sold in 2002 uses one of the second-generation air interfaces.



Major features:

Circuit-switched network

Digital signals

Voice or data overlay

9 kbps or 19 kbps

Dial-up service

TDMA, CDMA, PDC, or GSM air interfaces

3.4 Third Generation (3G)

3G networks are designed to support digital packet cellular.

What is a 3G network?

3G is the wireless Internet transmitting voice, data, photos, audio and video–all bits running

on a wireless packet-based cellular network.

Major features:

Packet switched, Transport roaming.

Dynamic allocation of voice or data.

Quality sound and video.

Data transmission at 2 Mbps.

Identification of caller location.

W-CDMA, CDMA 2000, TDD, UWC, FDD air interfaces.

Transparent roaming – The ability to continue a data or voice call over multiple networks

without dropping the call.

The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT Do Como in Japan. Although 3G

is relatively an infant, the technology is growing fast, with more and more wireless technology

companies developing devices with 3G capabilities, such as Nokia, Siemens and Sony Ericsson. With

coverage over all of Europe, the USA, China, Japan, and the rest of the world, with seamless

integration between all of these countries and more.



3.5 Two Distinct 3G Families:

3GPP and 3GPP2.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to foster deployment of

3G networks that descended from GSM. 3GPP technologies evolved as follows.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered speeds up to 114 Kbps.

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps.

UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink speeds up to 1.92 Mbps.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted the downlink to 14 Mbps.

LTE Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) is aiming for 100 Mbps.

GPRS deployments began in 2000, followed by EDGE in 2003. While these technologies are

defined by IMT-2000, they are sometimes called "2.5G" because they did not offer multi-

megabit data rates.

3.6 Fourth Generation (4G)

4G an acronym for fourth-generation wireless is a technology that will transform wireless

communications in a completely new way. It is also known as “beyond 3G," since it provides

a comprehensive and secure IP (Internet Protocol) solution. Users will enjoy high quality

streaming video and "anytime, anywhere" voice and data at a much higher speed than

previous generations.

Some possible standards for the 4G system are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDD,

UMTS, UMTS and future versions of UMTS and proprietary networks from ArrayComm

Inc., Navini Networks, Flarion Technologies, and 4G efforts in India, China and Japan.

The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

which is the key enabler of 4G technology. Other technological aspects of 4G are adaptive

processing and smart antennas, both of which will be used in 3G networks and enhance rates

when used in with OFDM. Currently 3G networks still send their data digitally over a single

channel, OFDM is designed to send data over hundreds of parallel streams, thus increasing

the amount of information that can be sent at a time over traditional CDMA networks.



Note:- Fourth generation (4G) wireless was originally conceived by the Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the same organization that developed the wired

Internet. It is not surprising, then, that DARPA chose the same distributed architecture for the

wireless Internet that had proven so successful in the wired Internet.

3.7 Two characteristics have emerged as all but certain components of 4G:

1. End-To-End Internet Protocol (IP) 2. Peer-To-Peer Networking

Let’s define “4G” as “wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networking.”

Figure: 3 Evolutions (1G to 4G)



4. BEYOND 3G

Affordable broadband communication everywhere and on the move

All-IP network for all applications - voice, messaging and multimedia

Figure: 4 Beyond 3G

The mobile phone has become a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, with far-reaching effects

on the way in which we communicate. Being connected any time, any place, anywhere has in

fact become an integral part of telephony. In addition, with the democratization of mass-

market broadband Internet and the ADSL access boom, everyone can now have access to

digital contents. It has also led to the development of associated uses (photo, music, video,

etc.).

At a time of 3G and questions on what tomorrow’s mobile telephony will bring, one may

wonder whether the joining of these two worlds is not irrevocable. Offering high speed

access no matter where, no matter when, seems to be the logical next step both in terms of

usage and technological opportunities.



5. 4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services like voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.

4G is an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next level of evolution in the field of Wireless communications. The technology called 4G has redefined the whole concept of today’s sophisticated communication. According to the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF),4G is a combination of wired and wireless networks in computer, consumer electronics and communication technology systems based on the internet technology that can merge applications like the Wi-Fi and WiMAX capable of transmitting at a speed ranging from 100 Mbps (in cell-phone networks) to 1 Gbps (in local Wi-Fi networks). This collection of technologies and protocols delivers high quality of service at both ends and high point security. Officially named by IEEE as Beyond 3G (B3G) it provides with the lowest cost wireless network.

Figure: 5 Future Technology 4G



5.1 Features of the 4G systems

Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other

broadband services.

High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit.

Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks.

Seamless switching, variety of services based on Quality of Service (QoS)

requirements

Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.

Ad hoc networks and multi-hop networks.

5.2 Fourth Generation Development

A Japanese company has been testing a 4G communication system prototype at

100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. Recently reached 5 Gbit/s

moving at 10 km/h, and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in

2010.

An Irish company has announced that they have received a mobile

communications license from Irish Telecoms regulator. This service will be issued

the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G Mobile

communications.

Sprint plans to launch 4G services in trial markets by the end of 2007 with plans

to deploy a network that reaches as many as 100 million people in 2008.



6. 4G ARCHITECTURE

Figure: 6 4G Architecture in Detail

6.1 4G Wireless Standards

WiMAX - 7.2 million units by 2010 (May include fixed and mobile)

Flash-OFDM - 13 million subscribers in 2010 (only Mobile)

3GPP Long Term Evolution of UMTS in 3GPP - valued at US$2 billion in

2010 (~30% of the world population)

UMB in 3GPP2

IEEE 802.20



Figure: 7 Inner Architecture

6.2 WIRELESS NETWORKS

Different type of wireless networks support mobile computing applications &

platforms

Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth, Sensors, UWB, Zig-bees)

Wireless LANs (802.11 family)

Fixed Wireless Local loops

Cellular networks (1G to 4G)

Satellite systems

Lower level issues (e.g., signaling, error correction, smart antennas)

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks



6.3 Advantages of 4G Networks

From user driven perspective, the user has freedom and flexibility to select the

service, at a reasonable price and QoS, anytime, anywhere.

Reconfigurability: Next-generation wireless network interfaces need to be able to

switch seamlessly between different communications standards, in order to provide

the most suitable level of service while the user moves across different environments.

Convergence: Network convergence is the key to the fourth generation.

Convergence is what 4G is about … Fixed, Cellular phone systems, WPANs,

WLANs, Broadcasting/Satellite Communication.

Hierarchy of wireless networks: 4G will consist of a hierarchy of quality/bandwidth

modes.

Seamless connectivity and global 7-8 across multiple networks.

4G will consist of a hierarchy of quality bandwidth modes.

Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks. Better scheduling and

call admission control techniques.

6.4 Disadvantage of 4G

Battery usage is more

Hard to implement

Need complicated hardware



7. 4G NETWORK SYSTEM

System issues

Selected 4G network ideas

Self-organizing ,Ad-hoc network for 4G

Figure: 8 4G System Issues (Protocol Evolution)



7.1 Potential “4G” Network Ideas

A few techniques for achieving the 4G design goals discussed earlier:

1) 3G/WLAN Hot-Spots Use of WLAN in hot-spots for lower system cost, better end-user performance and

more total capacity.

2) Self-organizing, ad-hoc wireless access networks Ad-hoc wireless network protocols which support multi-hop and peer-to-peer service

models, particularly for low-tier uses (in-home, sensors, etc.).

3) Content-based multicasting New network service paradigms for location- and person-aware information delivery

to mobiles.

7.2 Self-organizing Ad-hoc networks for 4G 1. 4G Mobile Network features

Some desirable new features for 4G networks are:

Unified IP-based protocol architecture with support for multiple radios

Multicasting, caching and security features, etc.

Hierarchical support of high-tier (cellular), med tier (WLAN) and low-tier

(personal area, sensor nets)

Self-organizing, ad-hoc wireless discovery & routing

2. 4G Mobile Networks: Hierarchy & Self-Organization

Hierarchical, self-organizing network concept currently under consideration,

based on:

3 service tiers (cellular, WLAN, personal area)

BS’s, AP’s, FN’s (forwarding radio nodes), user devices automatic discovery

and power management protocols hierarchical, ad-hoc multi-hop routing.



7.3 4G Networks Advances

1. Seamless mobility (roaming)

Roam freely from one standard to another

Integrate different modes of wireless communications – indoor networks (e.g.,

wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals; radio and TV; satellite

communications

2. 100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area)

3. IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and video

IP RAN(Remote Area Network)

4. Open unified standards

5. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

Successor to “SS7”; replacement for TCP

Maintain several data streams within a single connection

6. Service Location Protocol (SLP)

Automatic resource discovery

Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through IP-based

service and directory agents

7. Diameter

Successor to “Radius”

Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)

8. Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)

9. HSS

Unified Subscriber Information

10. Application developers, Service providers, and content creators



7.4 4G INVESTMENT HOTSPOTS 4G

8. 4G DESIGN CHALLENGES

1. Although 3G is an important first step, several basic issues still need to be

addressed for next generation wireless systems:

2. Fast/reliable broadband radios (PHY/MAC) with QoS ~100 Kbps 1-10 Mbps

with adaptively, link reliability & Qos.

3. Scalable system capacity for mass-market services high service penetration

implies ~ Gbps/Sq-Km

4. Integration of multiple radio technologies into single IP network unified mobility

architecture.

5. New networking modes, e.g. multicast, multi-hop & peer-to-peer, lower-cost

infrastructure, networks that grow organically.



8.1 Key Challenges

1. Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)

Base band process using parallel equal bandwidth sub channels

MC-CDMA; OFDM

Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude

Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

Add cyclic extension or guard band to data

Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to Average Ratio (PAVR)

2. Signal Processing and optimizations

Handling extremely large number of users

Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions

Orthogonally / correlation of large number of codes

Spectrum Pollution

Multi path re-enforcement / interference

Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference suppression techniques

(ISI and MAI)

3. Smart / Intelligent Antennas

Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI

Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays

Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)

4. Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)

Encryption Protocols; Security and “trust of information”

Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness, dynamic optimization of

scarce resources.



5. Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs

Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents

Web Adaptiveness – global database schemes, global error corrective feedback,

logic layer protocol, learning algorithms, Symbolic manipulation.

Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse information sources

6. More Efficient and Sensitive Trans-receiver Designs

Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity, tunable filters, spurious

rejection, power consumption

Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques

Tight closed Loop power control

Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments

Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios

Error Correction Coding

Perfect Synchronization / phase alignment between Sender and Receiver

7. All IP Network

Tunneling and Firewalls

Fast Handoff control, authentication, real time location tracking, distributed policy

management

Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic

Transcoders, echo cancellations, media conversions Planetary Interoperability

8. Integration across different topologies

Multi Disciplinary Cooperation

Adaptive digitization of speech and multimedia signals

A/D and D/A transformations



9. THE IMPACT OF 3G & 4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY ON

CARRIERS NETWORK DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

The Impact of 3G & 4G Wireless Technology on Carriers Network Development Strategies

concludes that WiMAX will have a significant role to play in the evolution of mobile

networks. A survey of manufacturers and network operators indicates that they are making

plans to incorporate 4G technology as a value-adding adjunct to existing mobile

infrastructure and services.

9.1 Objectives

4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming

applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video

chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services like

voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.

The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless

communication standard:

A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site).

High network capacity more simultaneous users per cell.

A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high speeds

relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively fixed

positions as defined by the ITU-R.

A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world.

Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks.

Seamless connectivity and global 7-8 across multiple networks

High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high

speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc)

Interoperability with existing wireless standards

And all IP, packet switched network.

In summary, the 4G system should dynamically share and utilize network resources to meet

the minimal requirements of all the 4G enabled users.



9.2 Principle Technologies:

1. Base band Techniques -

OFDM: To exploit the frequency selective channel property

MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency

Turbo Principle: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side

2. Adaptive radio interface

3. Modulation, spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO

4. Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), & the cooperative relaying concept

known as multi-mode protocol.

9.3 Impact of 3G and 4G

Data Speed – 70 mbps

Starting to invest serious time

Wireless technologies



10. 4G MOBILE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS

1. Enable the business initiatives by supporting mobility of

a) Customers

b) Suppliers and Businesses

c) Employees

2. Mobile computing applications

a) Wireless messaging (e.g. SMS)

b) Mobile ecommerce (M-Commerce) and its variants

Positional commerce (p-commerce)

Voice commerce (v-commerce)

Television commerce (T-Commerce)

c) Mobile ebusiness applications (MEBAs), e.g. M-CRM, M-portal, N-SCM

Specialized applications – Many areas of research

Location sensitive apps (E911)

Wireless sensor network apps

Mobile agent apps

3. Two views:

a) Mobile applications are fundamentally new applications.

b) Mobility is another dimension of the existing applications

4. Research in every aspect



10.1 4G Mobile Network Features

1 Some desirable new features for 4G networks are:

Unified IP-based protocol architecture with support for multiple radios

Multicasting, caching and security features, etc.

Hierarchical support of high-tier (cellular), med tier (WLAN) and low-tier

(personal area, sensor nets)

Self-organizing, ad-hoc wireless discovery & routing

2 4G Mobile Networks: Hierarchy & Self-Organization:

A. Hierarchical, self-organizing network concept currently under

consideration, based on:

3 service tiers (cellular, WLAN, personal area)

BS’s, AP’s, FN’s (forwarding radio nodes), user devices

Automatic discovery and power management protocols

Hierarchical, ad-hoc multi-hop routing

10.2 Future Outlook

4G is coming quicker

Wireless is cheaper



Global IP

Network (Internet)

Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) across wireless and

LAN

Handset

PCMCIA-Card

Phone

Personal Intelligent

Communicator

Notebook

Smartphone

End to

End IP

r

G

Figure: 12 4G Mobile Networks (Network of wireless networks)

Figure: 13 End-To-End (E2E) IP Mobile Network



11. TECHNOLOGY - PARAMETERS OF 3G Vs 4G

3G will be driven by services that offer better quality (e.g., voice, video, multimedia), more

sophistication in the association of a large quantity of information, and improved

personalization. 4G proponents will serve as complements or upgrades to advance the 3G

limitation to deliver video/TV and high speed Internet access. These are some of the

parameters which shows different attributes related to 3G Vs 4G: -

Attribute 3G 4G

Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data

as add-on Converged data and VoIP

Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid – Integration of Wireless LAN

(WiFi), Blue Tooth, Wide Area

Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz

Component Design Optimized antenna; multi-

band adapters

Smart antennas; SW multi-band; wideband

radios

Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz

Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps

Access WCDMA/CDMA 2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM

Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3;

turbo Concatenated Coding

Switching Circuit/Packet Packet

Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph

IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)

Operational ~2003 ~2010



12. 4G AIR INTERFACES

Higher bit rates than 3G (20 Mbps < peak < 200 Mbps)

Higher spectral efficiency and lower cost per bit than 3G

Air interface and MAC optimized for IP traffic

Adaptive modulation/coding with power control, hybrid ARQ

Smaller cells, on average than 3G

However, cell size will be made as large as possible via:

High power base station to boost downlink range

Adaptive antenna options

Higher frequency band than 3G (below 5 GHz preferred)

RF channel bandwidths of 20 MHz and higher

OFDM is promising for downlink

12.1 4G Forums

1. Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe

2. Next-Generation Internet (NGI)

Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA, NIH etc.)

High Performance networks: VBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA), DREN (DoD),

ESnet (DoE),

3. Internet 2

US Universities Initiated

Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (giga-PoPs)



13. SUMMARY

Mobile Intelligent Internet and multimedia applications

Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user bandwidth, customized

QoS, Intelligent and responsive user interface

Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas

Continued advances and challenges from 1G - 4G

Modulation techniques, Transreceiver advances, fast manipulations, user interfaces,

IP tunneling and firewalls

Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard, authentication and security,

multi disciplinary co-operation

Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical space, especially, User

Equipment (UE)

IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G

IP in the sky with diamonds.



14. GLOSSARY GPRS:

Global Packet Radio Service - This evolution of the GSM standard (which uses the same

frequency range as the latter) adds a packet system to the GSM circuit network, allowing data

sharing. GPRS, or the 2.5G network, gives bit rates of up to 40 Kbps in optimal conditions.

Bluetooth – 802.15: Bluetooth is the standard for wireless personal area networks or WPAN. It allows high speed

transmission of data over very short distances. Bluetooth is normally used for transferring

data between laptops, or in Internet Kiosk type applications where roaming is not needed.

EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution - An intermediary solution between GPRS (2.5G

network) and UMTS (3G), which is why it is sometimes called 2.75G.

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System - So-called “Third-generation” (3G) wireless

communication standard that allows peak bit rates of 2 Mbps in the CDMA Version.

ADSL: Asymmetric DSL - One of the first DSL technologies with asymmetric bit rates. ADSL is a

technique by which analogous phone services and high-speed services Can be transported

simultaneously on an existing telephone pair at up to 6-8 Mbps Downstream (exchange to

user) as opposed to 640 kbps in the upstream direction (user to exchange).

3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project - Collaboration agreement dating back to December 1998,

and which unites a number of telecommunication-standardizations bodies.

IEEE: Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers - American equivalent of ETSI, the European

Telecommunications and Standardization Institute.



15. CONCLUSION

Figure – 14 4G Model

4G is showing tremendous promise and has the capacity to revolutionize our world.

Migration to 4G networks will be evolutionary

Before the realization of the 4G wireless society, very difficult but interesting

technical challenges are waiting for us.

4G convergence of networks, technologies, applications and services,

will offer a personalized and pervasive network to the users.

Convergence is heading towards an advent of a really exciting and

disruptive concept of 4th generation mobile networks.

Scope of wireless networks is expanding.

Intelligent applications and user interfaces need to develop.



16. BIBLIOGRAPHY

‘Wikipedia’ – title: 4G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

www.networkworld.com

www.researchandmarkets.com/.../the_impact_of_3g_and_4g

Next-Generation Wireless, Ben May 2, 2003 4gwireless.pdf

http://www.slideworld.com/

Visit 4Gmobile.com

www.remon-4g.org.il

http://pdfdatabase.com/index.php?q=4g+wireless+system

URL: http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/gaojerry

4G Wireless Systems http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~jxie/4G

4G Wireless Standard http://www.nd.edu/~mhaenggi/NET/wireless/4G/

Motorola, etc. http://www.wireless-world-research.org/

www.mobilecomms-technology.com

www.ebookpdf.net

www.dxportal.com

www.pdf-search-engine.com/4g-pdf.html

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