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Cell BiologyCell Biology
S. Rahgozar,PhD
University of IsfahanFaculty of Science
3. The nucleus
3.1. The nuclear envelope and nuclear traffic
1392-93
Structure of the nuclear envelope
The space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes is directlyconnected with the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Nuclear membrane Compared to ER membrane is
Similar in Functionhaving ribosomes bound to its surface)
Different in composition (outer membrane contains proteins that bind to cytoskeletonand
inner membrane carries specific proteins(ie; those bound to nuclear lamina)
Nuclear membranes are permeable to small non polar molecules.
Small polarmolecules
Macromolecules
Ions
May passthroughpores
Nuclear lamina
Contains 60-80kd fibrous proteins calledlamins
Function: structural support of the nucleus
Model of lamin assembly
At least 7 distinct proteins of lamins are coded from 3 lamin genes of A, B and C
LBR (lamin B receptor) and Emerin
Nuclear proteins that function in DNA synthesis, transcription orchromatin
Nuclear pore complex
Diameter: 120 nm
Molecular mass: 125,000 kd
Composed of 30 proteins (nucleoporins) inmultiple copies
(~30×the size of a ribosome)Molecular traffic through nuclearpore complexes
(20-40 kd)
Model of the nuclear pore complex
o A structure with 8fold symmetry organised around a large central channel
Nuclear localization signals (1984, Smith, Cell. studying SV40 T Ag)
Selective transport of proteins
o Nuclear localization signals (specific aa sequences)
o Nuclear transport receptors (importins)
Involved inreplication
Involved inchromatinassembly
bipartite
Distribution of Ran/GTP across the nuclear envelope
Examples for Small GTP binding proteins: Ran, Rab, Rac, Rho, Cdc42, Arf,
Ran GAP: RanGTPase activatingprotein
Ran GEF: Ranguanine nucleotideexchange factor
Protein import through the nuclear pore complex
NLS: nuclear localizationsequence
Transportproceeds bysequentialbinding tospecificnuclear poreproteinslocatedfurther andfurthertoward thenuclear sideof the porecomplex.
FG-proteins
After release of importin Ran/GDP is transported back to the nucleus by NTF2 receptor
Nuclear export
NES: nuclear exportsequence
exportins and importins are members of afamily named karyopherins
Ran/GTP promotes the formation of stablecomplexes between exportins and their cargoproteins
Whereas
It dissociates the complexes between importinsand their cargos
Regulation of nuclear protein import
Inhibition by binding to a cytoplasmic inhibitory factor which masks its NLS
ubiquitin-mediated
Cell stimulation
Inhibition by direct phosphorylation of NLS
Transport of RNAs
Transport of a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) of 35-40kb from the nuclear pore in the salivary glandof an insect (A), and unfolding of the RNA during its translocation to the cytoplasm
N
C
Transport of tRNAs, rRNAs, miRNAs and snRNAs is through Ran/GTP
Transport of mRNAs in through mRNA exporter (a complex of two proteinsincluding NTF2)