1Ms. Liliana Lo PreiatoMs. Liliana Lo Preiato

2

Reflecting telescope: Isaac Reflecting telescope: Isaac Newton, 1668 Newton, 1668

   The British scientist Isaac Newton created the reflecting telescope using a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal

secondary mirror. Newton’s first reflecting telescope was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope. The Newtonian telescope, as it is

known, uses a simple design that makes it very popular with amateur telescope makers.

3

Marine chronometer: John Marine chronometer: John Harrison, 1761 Harrison, 1761

A marine chronometer is a timepiece that is precise and accurate enough to be used as a portable time standard.

It can be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation. When first developed in the 18th

century, it was a major technical achievement, as accurate knowledge of the time over a long sea voyage is

necessary for navigation, lacking electronic or communications aids. The first true chronometer was the

work of one man, John Harrison, over 31 years of persistent experimentation and testing that

revolutionized naval (and later aerial) navigation.

4

Toothbrush: William Addis, c. Toothbrush: William Addis, c. 1770 1770

William Addis is believed to have created the first mass

produced toothbrush. In 1770, he was jailed for causing a riot. While in prison he decided that

common methods of the time were ineffective and they could be improved. After saving a small bone

from a meal, he drilled small holes into it and tied in tufts of bristles (that he had obtained from one of the guards), passed them through the holes in the

bone, and sealed with glue. After his release he became

very rich after starting a business manufacturing

toothbrushes.

5

Soda water: Joseph Priestley, Soda water: Joseph Priestley, 17721772Joseph Priestley discovered a method to

infuse water with carbon dioxide.  It actually happened on accident after he

left a bowl of water over a vat of fermenting beer at a distillery.  He found that the water had acquired a nice taste

(from the yeasty, beery air) an a fun bubbliness reminiscent of champagne, so

he started selling it to his friends as a beverage. 

6

Hydraulic press: Joseph Hydraulic press: Joseph Bramah, 1795 Bramah, 1795

Joseph Bramah is considered the father of hydraulic engineering.

The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's

principle, that pressure throughout a closed system is constant.

Bramah's hydraulic press had many industrial

applications and still does today. In those days the

field of hydraulic engineering was within

the province of an almost unknown science, and

Bramah together with William George

Armstrong were the two pioneers in this field.

7

Steam engine: Richard Steam engine: Richard Trevithick, 1801 Trevithick, 1801

Richard Trevithick was immersed in mining and engineering from an early age. He performed poorly in school, but went on

to be an early pioneer of steam-powered road and rail transport. His most significant contribution was the development of the first high-pressure steam engine. He

also built the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive. On 21 February 1804 the world's first locomotive-hauled

railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tranway in Wales.

8

Tin can: Peter Durand, Tin can: Peter Durand, 18101810Peter Durand had the idea of preserving food using tin

cans. He found a method of preserving animal food, vegetable food and other perishable articles using various

vessels made of glass, pottery, tin or other suitable metals. The preservation procedure was to fill up a vessel with food

and cap it. Vegetables were to be put in raw, whereas animal substances might either be raw or half-cooked. Then the

whole item was to be heated by any means, such as an oven or stove but most conveniently by immersing in water and

boiling it. The boiling time depended on the food and the tin size.

9

Modern fire extinguisher: Modern fire extinguisher: George William Manby, 1818George William Manby, 1818

He was an English author and inventor. He designed an apparatus the first modern form of fire-extinguisher.

This was the first portable

pressurised fire extinguisher. It

consisted of a copper vessel of 3 gallons of pearl ash (potassium carbonate) solution

contained within compressed air.

He also invented a device intended to save people who had fallen

through ice.

10

Cement: Joseph Aspdin, Cement: Joseph Aspdin, 18241824Joseph Aspdin experimented with cement

manufacture from 1817 to 1823 and in 1824 he was granted the British Patent

entitled An Improvement in the Mode of Producing an Artificial Stone, in which he

coined the term "Portland cement" by analogy with the Potland Stone an oolic

limestone that is quarried on the channel coast of England, on the Isle of Portlandin

Dorset. Almost immediately he set up a production plant for this product in

Kirkgate, Leeds. He obtained a second patent, for a

method of making lime, in 1825.The Kirkgate plant was closed in 1838 after compulsory purchase of the land by the Manchester and leeds

Railway Company, and the site was cleared. He moved his equipment to

a second site nearby in Kirkgate.

11

Passenger railway: George Passenger railway: George Stephenson, 1825 Stephenson, 1825

A civil and mechanical engineer and who built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use steam locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830. Renowned as the "Father of Railways", the people considered

him a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement with self-help advocate. His rail gauge is

sometimes called "Stephenson gauge“ and it is the standard gauge by name and by convention for most of the world's

railways.

12

Lawnmower: Edwin Beard Lawnmower: Edwin Beard Budding, 1827Budding, 1827

Budding had the idea of the lawnmower after seeing a machine in a local cloth mill which used a cutting cylinder (or bladed reel) mounted on a bench to trim the irregular nap from the surface of woollen cloth and give a smooth finish. Budding's

mower was designed primarily to cut the lawn on sports grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to

the scythe, and was granted a British patent on 31 August 1830.

13

Photography: William Henry Photography: William Henry Fox Talbot, 1835 Fox Talbot, 1835

Fox Talbot produced his first successful photographic images in 1834, without a camera, by placing objects onto paper

brushed with light-sensitive silver chloride, which he then exposed to

sunlight. By 1840, Talbot succeeded in producing photogenic drawings in a

camera, with short exposures yielding an invisible or ‘latent’ image that could be

developed to produce a usable negative.

This made his process a practical tool for subjects such as portraiture and was patented as the calotype in

1841. The calotype shown here is from 1842. Talbot’s negative-positive process formed the basis of almost all photography on paper up to the

digital age.

14

Electric telegraph: Charles Electric telegraph: Charles Wheatstone & William Cooke, Wheatstone & William Cooke,

1837 1837

The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph was an early electrical telegraph system dating from the 1830s invented by the

English inventor William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone. It was the first telegraph system to be put into commercial

service. The receiver consisted of a number of needles which could be moved by electromagnetic coils to point to letters on a board. This feature was liked by early users who were

unwilling to learn codes, and employers who did not want to invest in staff training.

15

Chocolate Bar: JS Fry & Sons, Chocolate Bar: JS Fry & Sons, 1847184718th century France produced pastilles (tablets) and bars. But

it wasn’t until Bristol company Fry & Son made a ‘chocolate delicieux a manger’ in 1847 that the first bar of chocolate

appeared, as we know it today.The first ever chocolate bar was made from a mixture of cocoa powder and sugar with a little of the melted cocoa butter that had been extracted from the beans. The result was a bar that

could be moulded. It was coarse and bitter by today’s standards, but it was still a revolution. Shaped into blocks and

bars, and poured over fruit-flavoured centres, this plain chocolate was a real breakthrough. 

16

Hypodermic syringe: Alexander Hypodermic syringe: Alexander Wood, 1853 Wood, 1853

Alexander Wood pioneered the hypodermic syringe for drugadministration. He first injected a patient with morphine in 1853. He

gave a description of his innovation in a paper published in theEdinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal (1855).

However, intravenous anaesthesia did not become popular until theintroduction of bartiturates in the 1930s.

17

Sewage system: Joseph Sewage system: Joseph Bazalgette, 1865 Bazalgette, 1865

The London sewerage system is part of the water infrastructure serving

London, England. The modern system was developed during the late 19th century, and as London has grown

the system has been expanded. It is currently owned and operated

by Thames Water and serves almost all of Great London.

Joseph Bazalgette, a civil engineer was given responsibility for the work to modernise the sewerage system  of London. He designed an extensive underground sewerage system that

diverted waste to the Thames Estuary, downstream of the main centre of

population.

18

Modern Torpedo: Robert Modern Torpedo: Robert Whitehead, 1866 Whitehead, 1866

In 1866 the engineer Robert Whitehead invented

the first effective self-propelled torpedo, the

epeponymos Whitehead torpedo. French and German inventions

followed closely, and the term torpedo came to describe self-propelled

projectiles that traveled under or on water. By

1900, the term no longer included mines and booby-traps as the navies of the world added submarines,

torpedo boats and torpedo boat destroyers to their

fleetes.

19

Telephone: Alexander Graham Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell, 1876Bell, 1876

The invention of the telephone was the culmination of work by many individuals, and involved an array of lawsuits

founded upon the patent claims of several individuals and numerous companies.

From 1844 to 1898 the conception of the idea of an electric voice-transmission device failed attempts to use "make-and-

break" current, to successful experiments with electromagnetic telephones.

20

Light Bulb: Joseph Light Bulb: Joseph Swan, 1880Swan, 1880

He was an independent early

developer of a successful incandesce

nt light bulb and is the person

responsible for developing and

supplying the electric lights used in the

world's first homes and public buildings In 1904. King Edward VII knighted Swam and

he became an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical

Society.

21

Safety bicycle: John Kemp Safety bicycle: John Kemp Starley, 1885 Starley, 1885

In 1885 John Kempt Starley came out with the first commercially successful safety bicycle that he named the

Rover. It was heavier and more expensive than penny-farthings (also known as a high wheel, a type

of bicycle with a large front wheel and a much smaller rear wheel) but lighter and cheaper than tricycles of those

days. In its original form it used indirect steering, later direct steering was adopted and the bicycle proved to be a

hit.

22

Electric vacuum cleaner: Hubert Electric vacuum cleaner: Hubert Cecil Booth, 1901Cecil Booth, 1901

A vacuum cleaner, also known as a sweeper, is a device that uses an air pump (a centrifugal fan in all but some of the very oldest models), to create a partial vacuumto suck up dust and

dirt, usually from floors, and from other surfaces such as upholstery and draperies.

Booth patented a motorized vacuum cleaner in 1901. His machine took the form of a large, horse-drawn, petrol-driven

unit, which was parked outside the building to be cleaned with long hoses being fed through the windows. Booth first

demonstrated his vacuuming device in a restaurant that same year and showed how well it can suck dirt.

23

Stainless Steel: Harry Brearley, Stainless Steel: Harry Brearley, 1913 1913

In the years before World War I arms manufacturing increased

significantly in the UK, but practical problems were

encountered due to erosion of the internal surfaces of gun barrels. Harry Brearley began to research

new steels which could better resist the erosion caused by high

temperatures. He began to examine the addition of chromiun to steel, which was

known to raise the material’s melting point, as compared to the

standard carbon steels. Brearley found that the new chromium steels

were very resistant to chemical attack.

24

Military tank: Ernest Swinton, Military tank: Ernest Swinton, 1914 1914

Ernest Swinton was a British Army officer who

was active in the development and adoption of the military tank during

the First World War. He first got the sudden idea to

build a tank in October 1914, while driving a car

in France. He thought that his machine might be

useful for transport and he passed the information on

to several military and political figures he thought it might interest. The idea of a caterpillar track as the basis for a fighting vehicle occurred to him only as he

drove from St. Omer to Calais in a morning Otober.

25

Television: John Logie Baird, Television: John Logie Baird, 19251925

Baird invented the mechanical television, demonstrating the first working television system in 1925. He was also the

inventor of the first publicly demonstrated colour television system.

In 1928 the Baird Television Development Company achieved the first transatlantic television transmission. Baird's early

technological successes and his role in the practical introduction of broadcast television for home entertainment have earned him a prominent place in television's history.

26

Jet Engine: Frank Wittle, 1937Jet Engine: Frank Wittle, 1937Sir Frank Whittle was an English

Royal Air Force (RAF) engineer. He is credited with single-handedly

inventing the turbojet engine. A patent was submitted Maxime Guillaume in 1921 for a similar invention; however, this was

technically unfeasible at the time. Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a turbo-jet to his superiors in 1929 and he developed his ideas further. In 1930 he submitted his first patent (granted

in 1932). The patent showed a two-stage axial compressor feeding a

single-sided centrifugal compressor. Whittle would later concentrate on the

simpler centrifugal compressor only, for a variety of practical reasons.

27

Electronic programmable Electronic programmable computer: Tommy Flowers, computer: Tommy Flowers,

1943 1943 During World War II, Tommy Flowers designed Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic computer, to

help solve encryptedGerman messages. Flowers proposed an electronic system using about 1,800 thermionic

valves (vacuum tubes), and having only one paper tape instead of two (which required synchronisation) by

generating the wheel patterns electronically.

28

Automatic kettle: Automatic kettle: Peter Hobbs, Peter Hobbs,

19551955

Peter Hobbs changed the industry with their

groundbreaking vapour-controlled design (K1) in 1955. This was the first

automatic electric kettle to hit the shops and it quickly

grew in popularity.Prior to this model, kettles were prone to boiling dry if left unattended, which was never the safest method of

boiling water for households around Britain.Over the subsequent years

Hobbs continued to lead the way in kettle

manufacturing and in 1960 the iconic K2 kettle was

born. This quickly became a hit and was the must have kitchen appliance during the 1960s and

1970s.

29

ATM: John Shepherd-Barron, ATM: John Shepherd-Barron, 1967 1967

John Shepherd-Barron was an inventor, who

pioneered the development of the cash

machine, sometimes referred to as

the Automated Teller Machine or ATM. He

claimed to have hit his Eureka moment while taking a bath. A self-

sufficient cash dispensing machine was what he was

thinking about. The invention of a self-

sufficient cash dispensing machine was his second

and successful attempt at inventions.

30

Wind-up radio: Trevor Baylis, Wind-up radio: Trevor Baylis, 19911991

Baylis is best known for inventing the wind-up radio. Rather than using batteries or external electrical source,

the radio is powered by the user winding a crank for several seconds. This stores energy in a spring which then drives an electrical generator to operate the radio receiver.

He invented it in response to the need to communicate information about AIDS to the people of Africa. He runs

Trevor Baylis Brands plc, a company dedicated to helping inventors to develop and protect their ideas and to find a

route to market.

31

World Wide Web: Tim Berners-World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee, 1989 Lee, 1989

Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee is computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web (WWW). He

made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989 and he implemented the first successful

communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet sometime around

mid-November of that same year.