2.1.1 2.1.5 (4)

2.1.1-2.1.5 Ecosystems

5/11/2013 Author-Guru

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ECOLOGY

The study of the

interactions between

organisms and their

environment.


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ENVIRONMENT = all the factors that affect

an organism.

ABIOTIC FACTOR =

non-living factors in an environment.

BIOTIC FACTORS =

living factors in an

environment.


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Buckminster Fuller on the

Environment

“Environment to each must be

All there is, that isn't me.

Universe in turn must be

All that isn't me AND ME.”


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NICHE = all of the

ways that the organism interacts with everything else in the ecosystem-the

role or job of a species in an ecosystem.

HABITAT = place where an

organism or population of

organisms live.


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Biosphere

Ecosystems

Communities

Populations

Organisms


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ECOSYSTEM includes all the biotic & abiotic factors in an environment.


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FOOD CHAIN = used

to show how matter

& energy move

through

an ecosystem.


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FOOD WEB = shows all the possible food chains in an ecosystem


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Each organism in food chain represents a

“feeding” or TROPHIC LEVEL

1st Trophic

Level

2nd Trophic

Level

3rd Trophic

Level

producers

1o or 2o consumer

2o or 3o consumer

decomposers


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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

• Are graphical models of the quantitative

differences that exist between the trophic levels

of a single ecosystem.

• In accordance to the 2nd Law of

Thermodynamics, there is a tendency for

numbers and quantities to biomass and energy

to decrease along food chains, therefore the

pyramids become narrower toward the top.


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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS represents storages

found at each trophic level.

Units vary


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Grassland

(summer)

Temperate Forest

(summer)

Producers

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

A few large producers (the trees) support a much larger number of

Small primary consumers (insects) that feed on the trees.


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PYRAMID OF BIOMASS represent the

standing stock at each trophic level.

Units:

J m-2

or

g m-2


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Abandoned Field Ocean

Tertiary consumers

Secondary consumers

Primary consumers

Producers

In open waters of aquatic ecosystems, the biomass primary consumers

(zooplankton) can exceed that of producers. The zooplankton eat the

Producers (phytoplankton) as fast as they reproduce, so their population

is never very large. 5/11/2013 Author-Guru

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PYRAMID OF PRODUCTIVITY represents

the flow of energy through each trophic level.

Units:

J m-2 yr-1

or

g m-2 yr-1


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• As you move up each trophic level, only

10% of the energy is transferred.

• The other 90% is used for everyday life

functions, metabolism.


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producers

10 J m-2 yr-1

100 J m-2 yr-1

1,000 J m-2 yr-1

10,000 J m-2 yr-1


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Pyramid structure

affects

the functioning of

an

ecosystem.

Bioaccumulation


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Education

2.1.1 2.1.5 (4)