INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION AND

SOCIETY

What is ICT?

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY• ICT is a technology required for

information processing, in particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices and software applications to convert, store, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

• Information – Input data that has been processed by the computer; data that is organized, meaningful and useful.

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

• Communication – process of sharing data, programs and information between two or more computers.

Evolution of computers• 1st generation (1951-57) : vacuum tube• 2nd generation (1958-63) : transistor• 3rd generation (1964-69) : integrated

circuit • 4th generation (1970-90) :

microprocessor• 5th generation (1991-beyond) :

connectivity

1st generation : vacuum tube

• Computers were built with vacuum tubes – – electronic tubes that were made of

glass– the size of a bulb– Were used as the internal computer

component

1st generation : vacuum tube (cont)

The first electronic digital computer – UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)– Introduced by Dr. John W. Mauchly

and J. Presper based on ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

1st generation : vacuum tube (cont)

• Disadvantages:– A great deal of heat as thousands of

tubes were required– All the tubes working simultaneously,

causing the tubes to burnout– Programming used was machine

language – difficult & time consuming.

2nd generation : transistor

• First computers were built with transistors– Small devices that transfer electronic

signals across a resistor• This computer use less power &

less heat than vacuum tubes• Faster, smaller and more reliable

3rd generation : integrated circuit

• 1964 : manufacturers began replacing transistors with integrated circuits.– Complete electronic circuit on a small

chip made of a silicon.• These computers are

– more reliable, – compact and – less cost to the manufacture.

3rd generation : integrated circuit (cont)

• IBM introduced its System/360 line of compatible system computer, which can be used by the same programs and peripherals.

4th generation : microprocessor

• Many key advances were made – microprocessor– A specialized chip developed for

computer memory and logic– Use a single chip to create a smaller

personal computer• Revolutionized the computer

industry

5th generation : connectivity

• Referred as the connected generation because of the connectivity of computers.

5th generation : connectivity

• Rapidly expanding Internet, World Wide Web and Intranet – Created an information superhighway

that has enabled both computer professionals and home computer users to communicate with others across the globe.

ICT usage in everyday life

• Education• Banking• Industry• Commerce

ExerciseFind 1 example of ICT usage in1. Education2. Banking3. Industry

ICT Usage: Education

• E-learning• Resources / references from the

internet

ICT Usage: Banking• Pay bills using online banking• Make a transactions anywhere,

anytime

ICT Usage: Industry• Replaced human energy with

machine

ICT Usage: Commerce• E-commerce, e-shopping• Selling & buying through internet

Computerized vs. non computerized system

Field Computerized Non-computerized

Education

Online teaching and learning, using computers, internet – more interesting

Teaching and learning in the classroom, using chalk and blackboard.

Banking system

Transaction using computers at anytime, anyplaceAutomated teller machine (ATM) – provide 24-hours service without incurring additional employee costs.

Transaction – working hoursTakes time to approve loan applicationsTaking deposits manuallyNeed to queue and takes time for any transaction.

Computerized vs. non computerized system

Field Computerized Non-computerized

Industry Popular and profitable since production can be increased through an all day operation

Production was slow because everything was done manually and totally depended on human labor

Commerce

E-commerceDistribution, buying, selling, and servicing products that are done electronically

Trading extremely slow, late and expensive. Traders had to find ways to market local products in the global marketAdvertisement - mouth, billboards, printed flyers

Other sector• Architecture

– Computer graphics to experiment with possible interiors

• Arts– Modern artist use computer to express their

creativity• Career

– Job opportunities related to the ICT such as system analyst, programmer or technical writer.

• Government– To forecast weather, process immigrant,

manage parks and etc.

Other sector• Healthcare

– To promote telemedicine and information sharing. Doctors and medical practitioners apply modern treatment such as laser treatment.

• Home– For record keeping, writing letters, preparing budget

and communicating with others.• Law enforcement

– Maintaining national fingerprint files, modeling DNA.• Transportation

– Used in Rapid Transit System and track railway system.

• Travel– Room reservation, helps tourists to plan their

holidays.

Impact of ICT on society

• Positive:– Faster communication speed

• via e-mail– Lower communication cost

• People do not have to pay for any basic services provided by the internet.

– Reliable mode of communication• Information can be accessed and retrieved from

anywhere and anytime.– Effective sharing of information– Paperless environment– Borderless communication

Impact of ICT on society

• Negative:– Social problems

• People become individualistic• Hacking, pornography, online gambling

– Health problems• Exposed to bad posture, eyestrain,

physical and mental stress.• Ergonomic environment can be

introduced

The end of chapter Introduction ICT