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Unit 1 ~ Learning Guide Name:________________ INSTRUCTIONS Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you write the unit test.

1.1 Introduction to Biology Science is a special way of ____________________________________________________.

a. Looks into _____________________________________________. b. Tries to _______________ those relationships by collecting information. c. _________ the explanation to see if it holds up under _________________________.

Biology is a branch of science that deals with ____________________________________ (bio- means _____, -ology means ________)

For example, Biologists attempt to explain how living things;

• ________ • _____________ • ________________ • ___________________________

Important concepts in Biology

1. Unity and Diversity

There is a wide variety of living things (_____________). All living things have certain things in common (________) such as:

o _____________ o ___________________ o ___________________

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2. Interactions

All living things are ___________________________________. They _____________with members of the same ________________________________________________________.

3. Structure and Function

Organisms have ________________ depending on their ______________________________.

Examples:

o Eagles ---- _____________________________ o Ducks ---- _____________________________

_________________________ will a structure have _____________________. The organism __________________________________________________. This is called ______________ and is the basis for the ___________________________.

4. Continuity

All living things _____, but if the organism is successful, __________ will be passed on to the ______________________.

5. Homeostasis

_____________________________ allows an organism to ____________________________ in its environment. Without homeostasis, periods of dry weather or drastic temperature changes would cause _________________________________.

Example: The human body is maintained at ______ degrees Celsius for optimal operation regardless of the outside temperature.

6. Change Through Time

____________________________________. A species must be able to __________________ ______________________________________. If not, the species _____________________.

Living Things

Biology is the study of life. But what is life?

In general, biologists agree that all living things have ___ main characteristics. Of course, some non-living things can have these traits. But ____________________________________.

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1. Feeding/Energy All living organisms need to take substances from their environment to

_____________________________________. _____________ produce _____________________ by ________________________________ to combine raw materials to make sugar. This process is called __________.

Animals and other organisms that do not contain chlorophyll, such as mushrooms, ______________________________. They rely on plants or other organisms for _________________.

2. Movement All living organisms ________________________ of one kind or another.

All living organisms have internal movement, which means that they have the ability of moving substances from one part of their body to another. Some living organisms show external movement as well - they can move from place to place by walking, flying or swimming. Examples of movement in plants are the ____________________________________, and the growth of roots toward water. Movement of animals from one place to another is called ________________.

3. Breathing or Respiration All living things _______________ with their environment. Animals take

in ____________________________________________.

4. Excretion Excretion is the ___________________________________. If this waste

was allowed to remain in the body it could be _______________. Humans produce liquid waste called __________. We also excrete waste when we breathe out. All living things need to remove waste from their bodies. Organs, such as the kidneys, lungs, large intestine, and the skin are responsible for _______________________________________________.

5. Growth When living things feed they ________________. Some of this energy is

used for ______________. Living things become ___________ and more _________________ as they grow.

6. Sensitivity All living things have the ability to _______________________________

________________. These changes in the environment are called ______. Examples of stimuli include changes in ___________________________.

7. Reproduction All living things _______________. Humans make babies, cats produce

kittens and pigeons lay eggs. Plants also reproduce. Many plants make __________ which can germinate and grow into new plants. This is not necessary for the survival of an individual organism, but it is necessary for the ________________________________.

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Note: This does not mean that all organisms reproduce sexually, some organisms have methods of reproduction that only involve one parent.

1.1 Questions: 1. Define biology? In your opinion, why is it important? (1 mark) 2. Biologists study living things and their surroundings. Identify at least 3 careers for a biologist. (3 marks) 3. There is said to be unity and diversity amongst all living things. Explain what is meant by this phrase. (2 marks)

1.2 The Scientific Method The Scientific Method is an organized way of figuring something out. There are usually six parts to it and they are completed in this order:

1. Observation: ______________________? From your observations and experiences you ______________________________. An example would be, "What doorknob in the mall has the most germs?" or "Do girls have faster reflexes than boys?" or "Does the color of a light bulb affect the growth of grass seeds?"

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2. Research: ________________________. Look for information in books, on the internet, and by talking with experts to get the most information you can before you start ____________________________.

3. Hypothesis: After doing your research, ___________________________. Another term for ______________________________________. This is usually stated like " ___...(do something) ________...(this will occur)" An example would be, "If grass seeds are grown under green light bulbs, then they will grow faster than plants growing under red light bulbs."

4. Experiment: ______________________________________________. In our example, you would set up grass seeds under a green light bulb and another set of grass seeds under a red light bulb observing each for a set time period. You would also set up grass seeds under regular white light so that you can compare it with the others (your _______ group). Remember, all other factors (constant factors) must be controlled. Examples of constant factors for the seed experiment would include the amount of light exposure, water, fertilizer, etc. Each step of the experiment must be recorded so that others may perform the ___________experiment. ____________________________________.

5. Analysis: _____________________________________________. Also known as 'data'.

6. Conclusion: Review the data and check to see if _______________________________. If the grass under the green light bulb grew faster, then you have proved your hypothesis, if not, your hypothesis is wrong. It is not "bad" if your hypothesis is wrong, because you still discovered something!

Characteristics of a Valid Scientific Experiment

Part of the Scientific Method involves ______________________________________________. These experiments are based on the ________________. Although the design of the experiments varies considerably, most include the following characteristics:

1. An experimental variable: This can also be referred to as the _____________________ _______________________. It is the factor being tested and there should only be ______ experimental variable in an experiment.

2. A dependent variable: Also called the _________________, it is the factor that is being _______________ as it responds to the experimental variable.

3. One or more experimental groups: Groups within the experiment in which the experimental variable is varied.

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4. A control group: ___________________________ with the experimental group. Every experiment must have a control group.

5. Constant factors: These are factors that are ___________________________________. These include ___________________________________________.

6. Large sample size: This ensures that results _____________. ________________ could be done if sample size is not sufficient.

7. Repeatable: An experiment _______________________________. If it is not repeatable then the results would be _____________ as there would be no way to check them.

There are two important variables in any scientific experiment.

Independent Variable (x) This is the variable _______________________________________________ to test the effects on the dependent variable. The value of the independent variable does not depend on another variable. Hint: This can be remembered if you think that independent means not depending on something else. Dependent Variable (y) This variable is the variable ________________________________________________. The dependent variable is "__________________" on the independent variable. Hint: This can be remembered if you think that dependent means it relies on something else.

For example: If we are doing an experiment where we are controlling the amount of sleep a person has and measuring how tired they are. Independent variable - the amount of sleep. We (as experimenters) are controlling how much sleep they get. Dependent variable - level of tiredness. The amount of tiredness this person feels is dependent on how much sleep they get (Independent variable).

What is a Theory?

Most explanations for biological processes are in the form of Theories. Theories are __________ _______________________________________________, but __________________________ as new information is gathered. You can never say that a theory is correct. You can say a theory is ___________________.

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Fact Vs Data

Fact - _____________________________________________ Data – ___________________________________________________________ (hypothesis)

1.2 Questions:

1. Why is the scientific method used and why is it important? (1 mark)

2. Johnny has handed you a lab report. How can you determine if Johnny’s experiment is valid? (7 marks)

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3. Name and describe the main 2 types of variables. (2 marks)

4. You observe that grass seems to grow better in soil than it does in gravel. Design a scientific experiment to test this. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent? (4 marks; 2 for experiment design, 2 for identifying variables)

5. Compare and contrast a fact and a theory. Give an example of each (4 marks)

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1.3 What Is A Cell?

Cells are _________________________________________.

Almost everything around you is made of cells, YOU are made of cells!

A cell ______________________________________________________. This means that a cell is able to perform functions such as the breakdown of nutrients and making proteins.

Types of Cells

There are two classifications of cells based on their complexity.

All cells are classified as either _________________________________ and there are some key differences that you should be able to recall and identify.

1. Prokaryotic

Known as Prokaryotes. _____________________________ are both examples of prokaryotic cells. These are the ______________________________________________.

The only organelle found in Prokaryotes is the ________________. There is _____________ or other __________________________ present.

They do have _____________ that it is found in the _________________________ in an area called the nucleoid region.

2. Eukaryotic

Known as Eukaryotes. _________________________________ and any other organisms have eukaryotic cells. These cells are __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________.

A _________________________________________________________________________.

*You will learn more about these types of cells in Unit 2

Multi-cellular Organisms

Multi-cellular organisms are living things _________________________________. Humans are an example of a multi-cellular organism.

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Multi-cellular organisms are important because they show that ___________________________ _____________________________________.

Levels Of Organization

Cells are the __________________ _____________________.

When cells work together, they are called a _______________.

____________________________ make up an organ.

Organs working together make up an ___________________.

Organ systems work together and make up an organism.

Many organisms ______________ ____________________________.

Multiple different populations ____ __________________________________________ .

A look at a community that also includes the _________________________________________.

A biome is a type ___________________________________________________. eg. rainforest.

The biosphere refers to ____________________________________________ and is the total of all of the biomes on earth.

1.3 Questions

1. Identify the characteristics of a Prokaryote. (2 marks)

2. Identify the characteristics of a Eukaryote. (2 marks)

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3. Fill in the blanks. (3 marks) Cell ____________ _____________ Organ System ______________ _______________ ______________ Ecosystem _______________ Biosphere

4. Fill out the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. (6 marks)

1.4 Introduction to Evolution Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was an ________________________________. He is famous for his ________________________, which is still supported to this day.

Darwin was the naturalist on a boat called the ______________ which stopped at the _________ ______________off of the west coast of South America. He took detailed notes and drew many pictures. After he returned home, he continued to study his notes and eventually published The _____________________________________________________________________________.

What is Evolution?

Evolution is __________________________________________________________.

The way that it occurs is by ___________________________.

Natural selection means that the organisms _________________________________________ _____________________________________________. ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________.

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For example, there are two different types of deer in a population where one has inherited a multicolored coat that allows it to ________________ than other deer in the same population. The deer with better camouflage has an ______________________ because it is better able to _____________________ and thus will be more likely to ____________________________. The deer ____________________________ has a ___________________________________ and so is _____________________________________________________.

So, what would the next generation look like if all the deer without camouflage coats were not able to mate?

The next generation of deer would have multicolored coats!

This method of survival of the fittest is ______________, it happens over ________________ and so cannot be observed very easily.

So why is evolution important?

The theory of evolution does not include __________________________________. Instead, it details ______________________________________________________.

This theory _________________________________________ where organisms are observed to have ______________________________________________.

A large portion of our understanding of biology is based on this theory.

Influences on Darwin

Ideas that shaped Darwin's theory of Evolution:

1. __________________ (geologist) - the earth was _______________________________. This was important to Darwin's theory as it would have taken ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________.

2. Farmers - Darwin learned that farmers ________________________________________ through __________________________. Farmers noted the _______________________ traits in the populations of organisms they raised. For example some cows produced lots of milk while others only produced a little. Farmers could _______________________ to their advantage ___________________________________________________.

3. _____________________ (economist) - babies were born at a _____________________ __________________ which he surmised would eventually result in ________________ _____________________. Darwin realized that this also held true for all other organisms and the end result would be ________________________________________________.

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Jean Baptiste Lamarck

________________________ (1744-1829) was among the ___________________ to recognize that ___________________________. He also realized that organisms were somehow adapted to their environments. Lamarck put forth two "laws".

1. The structure of an organism can change depending on the organism's needs in the environment

2. All changes in an organism could be inherited

The problem with Lamarck's theory of evolution was the ________________________________ ________________________________ (imagine that a bodybuilder's child would be born with a lot of muscles). Today we know that only ______________________________.

Another problem with his theory was his belief that an organism could ___________________ _____________________________. For example, a giraffe may have started its life with a short neck and it grew longer after a lifetime of stretching to reach high-up leaves in the trees. According to Lamarck _______________________________________________________.

1.4 Questions

1. Who is Charles Darwin and what influenced his theory? (5 marks)

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2. Compare and contrast Dawins’ theory of evolution to that of Lamark. (6 marks)

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3. Activity! You will need a coin to flip to complete this question. (10 marks) Say you are observing a population of a special kind of mouse that can only reproduce once in its lifetime. There are both white and brown mice present. The brown mice have an advantage in the environment, so white mice only have a 50% chance of surviving long enough to reproduce. Any mouse that reproduces can have one or two babies. How the activity works: you will start with 2 white and 2 brown mice (W= white, and B= brown). Flip a coin to see if each white mouse lives long enough to reproduce (tails means yes, heads means no). If it does not survive, you can cross it out. Next, go to every living mouse and flip a coin to decide if it will have 1 baby or 2. (tails means 1, heads means 2). Continue this for each new generation until there is only one colour of mouse left. Which colour is left? Why is that? How many generations passed before there was only one colour?

W W B B