83
§1. WORLD ENERGY JAMES A. CRAIG OMEGA 2011

1. World Energy

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

World Energy

Citation preview

Page 1: 1. World Energy

§1. WORLD ENERGY

JAMES A. CRAIG OMEGA 2011

Page 2: 1. World Energy

World Energy Production

World Energy Consumption

Types of EnergyBiomass HydropowerNuclearRenewable (Geothermal, Wind, Solar)Fossil

Future Energy Use

Page 3: 1. World Energy

Energy production has steadily increased.According to US DOE

215.4 quadrillion BTU in 1970.417.1 quadrillion BTU in 2003.Primary energy has increased by 94% from

1970 to 2003.

WORLD ENERGY PRODUCTION

Page 4: 1. World Energy

World primary energy production by source (1970 – 2003)

Source: US DOE (Annual Energy Review, 2004)

Page 5: 1. World Energy

Top energy producing countries (2003)

Source: US DOE (Annual Energy Review, 2004)

Page 6: 1. World Energy

Energy consumption is directly related to quality of life.

Quality of life is quantified (by UN) using HDI (Human Development Index).

Factors considered in HDI include:Life expectancyEducationGDP – output of goods & services (economic

growth).

WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Page 7: 1. World Energy

UN HDI versus annual energy consumed per capita (1999)

Sources: UN Human Development Report (2001) & US DOE (2002)

Page 8: 1. World Energy
Page 9: 1. World Energy

World primary energy consumption by region (1980 – 2003)

Source: US DOE (International Energy Annual, 2003)

Page 10: 1. World Energy

Types to consider:Biomass HydropowerNuclearRenewable (Geothermal, Wind, Solar)Fossil

TYPES OF ENERGY

Page 11: 1. World Energy

Biomass (biological mass) refers to organic material (e.g. plant, animal waste, wood, algae & seaweed, and garbage).

They are basically used for lighting, cooking, heating, & making simple artefacts.

Biomass can be converted to biofuel by thermochemical conversion and biochemical conversion.

Biomass

Page 12: 1. World Energy

Thermochemical Conversion

Heating biomass in an oxygen-free or low-oxygen atmosphere.

Materials are transformed into simpler substances that can be used as fuels.

Examples include charcoal and methanol.Anaerobic digestion (in sewage treatment

plants) is used to generate methane gas.

Page 13: 1. World Energy

Biochemical Conversion

Uses enzymes, fungi, or other microorganisms.High-moisture biomass is converted into liquid

or gaseous fuels.Example includes using bacteria to convert

manure, agricultural wastes, paper, and algae into methane.

Using yeast to decompose carbohydrates (e.g. corn and sugar), yielding ethyl alcohol (ethanol). Ethanol can be mixed with gasoline to create gasohol.

Page 14: 1. World Energy

Disadvantages of BiomassDeforestation from cutting down trees, which

can in turn leads to soil erosion and mudslides.Pollution of environment from burning of wood.

Page 15: 1. World Energy

Hydropower was originally used to turn waterwheels of mills to grind grains.

Dams (hydropower plants) are built to convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy (turning turbines) to create electricity.

In 2006, the world’s largest dam (3 Gorges Dam) was completed on the Yangtze River, China. Capacity is 84.7 billion kWh/year of electricity.

Hydropower

Size Electricity Generating Capacity (MW)

Micro < 0.1

Small 0.1 – 30

Large > 30

Page 16: 1. World Energy
Page 17: 1. World Energy
Page 18: 1. World Energy

AdvantageLow operating costs.

DisadvantagesExpensive to buildDrought conditions can affect water supplyReliance on rain and melting snowEnvironmental concerns (ruined streams, dried

up waterfalls, and altered aquatic habitats).

Page 19: 1. World Energy

Nuclear energy can be obtained from 2 principal types of reactions:Fission – splitting of 1 large nucleus into 2

smaller nuclei.Fusion – joining of 2 small nuclei into 1 large

nucleus.Nuclear reactors are designed primarily for

electricity generation.They also provide power for ships

(submarines & aircraft carriers) and serve as training & research facilities .

Nuclear

Page 20: 1. World Energy

Pressurized water reactor

Source: US DOE (DOE/EP0026, 1981)

Page 21: 1. World Energy
Page 22: 1. World Energy

The Palo Verde Nuclear Power Facility in Arizona, USA.

Page 23: 1. World Energy

Core of the reactor

Page 24: 1. World Energy

Top 10 producers of electrical energy from nuclear energy (2000)

Source: US DOE (EIA website, 2002)

Page 25: 1. World Energy

Dependence of nations on nuclear energy (2000)

Source: US DOE (EIA website, 2002)

Page 26: 1. World Energy

AdvantagesA long-term source of abundant energyPower plants do not produce greenhouse gases

(CO2 and methane).

DisadvantagesWaste disposal: end products of nuclear fission

are highly radioactive and have half-life in thousands of years.

Nuclear plants can contaminate air, water, the ground, and the biosphere.

Page 27: 1. World Energy

Renewable energy is naturally regenerated.Sources include:

Geothermal – heat of the earth.WindSolar – the sun

Sometimes, hydropower and biomass are included in this category.

Renewable

Page 28: 1. World Energy

Geothermal energy is the natural, internal heat of Earth trapped in rock formations deep underground.

Only a fraction of it can be extracted.Examples are hot springs, geysers, and

fumaroles.Hot water or steam from these sources are

used for heating buildings and processing food.

Geothermal

Page 29: 1. World Energy

Pressurized hot water or steam can be directed toward turbines for electricity generation.

Geothermal energy is usable only when it is concentrated in one spot (thermal reservoir).

There are 4 types of reservoirs:Hydrothermal reservoirsDry rock reservoirsGeopressurized reservoirsMagma

Page 30: 1. World Energy
Page 31: 1. World Energy

Hydrothermal ReservoirsUnderground pools of hot water covered by a

permeable formation through which steam escapes.

At the surface, the steam is purified and piped directly to electrical generating station.

Cheapest and simplest form of geothermal energy.

Dry RockMost common geothermal sources.Typical more than 6,000 ft below the surface.Water is injected into hot rock formations and

the resulting steam or water is collected.

Page 32: 1. World Energy

Geopressurized ReservoirsThey contain hot water & methane gas.Supplies of geopressurized energy remain

uncertain.Drilling is expensive.

MagmaMolten or partially liquefied rock.Found from 10,000 ft – 30,000 ft below the

surface.Temperature ranges from 900 oC – 1,205 oC.Extraction is still in the experimental

stages.

Page 33: 1. World Energy

DisadvantagesGeothermal plants are not efficient.They must be built near a geothermal source,

so accessibility to consumers is a challenge.Noise pollution.Harmful pollutants may be released: NH3, H2S,

arsenic, boron, & radon.Collapse of the land & water shortages due to

massive water withdrawal.

Page 34: 1. World Energy

Historical applications include sailing and driving windmills.

Early windmills were used to pump water and grind grain in mills.

When “harvested” by turbines, wind can be used to generate electricity.

A wind farm (or park) is a collection of wind turbines. The areal extent of the farm depends on the radius of the rotor blades.

Wind

Page 35: 1. World Energy
Page 36: 1. World Energy

AdvantagesClean energy. No emission of greenhouse

gases.

DisadvantagesRotating blades can kill birds, interfering with

migration patterns of birds.Noise pollution.

Page 37: 1. World Energy

A wind farm in Albany

Page 38: 1. World Energy

The luminosity of sun ≈ 3.8 x 1026 W.Radiation from sun is comparable to the

radiation emitted by a black body at 6,000 oK.Solar constant (≈ 1,370 W/m2) is the amount

of radiation from the sun that reaches the earth’s atmosphere.

In the atmosphere, solar radiation can be absorbed or scattered away from the earth’s surface by atmospheric particles (air, water vapour, dust particles, and aerosols).

Solar

Page 39: 1. World Energy
Page 40: 1. World Energy

Passive solarBuilding design with environmental factors

that enable the capture or exclusion of solar energy.

Mechanical devices are not used in applications.

Examples are roof overhang & thermal insulation.

Page 41: 1. World Energy

Roof overhang Thermal insulation

tan tanS W

S WL

high lowwall

wall wall wallwall wall

T TTH k A k A

h h

Page 42: 1. World Energy

Active solarBuilding design & construction of systems that

collect and convert solar energy into other forms of energy (heat & electrical energy).

Mechanical devices are used in applications.Examples are solar heat collector & solar

power plant.

Page 43: 1. World Energy

Solar heat collector

Page 44: 1. World Energy

Solar power plant

Page 45: 1. World Energy
Page 46: 1. World Energy

Fossils are dead, decayed, & transformed organisms (plants & animals).

Fossil energy comes from the combustion of fossil fuels.

Fossil fuels include:CoalHydrocarbon (crude oil & natural gas)

Fuel fuels are still the primary fuels for generating power.

Fossil

Page 47: 1. World Energy

Fossils

Page 48: 1. World Energy

Coal is a black, combustible, mineral solid.Coal is formed from organic debris by

coalification process.It developed over millions of years in an

airless space under increased temperature & pressure.

Organisms that form coal include: algae, zooplankton, phytoplankton, bacteria decay of plants, & animals.

Coal is used as a fuel and in the production of coal gas, water gas, coal-tar compounds, & coke.

There are 4 types of coal: anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, & lignite.

Coal

Page 49: 1. World Energy

AnthraciteHard coal & jet-black. Highest ranked.Moisture content < 15%Heating value ≈ 22 million – 28 million BTU/ton.Used for electricity generation & space heating.

BituminousSoft coal, dense & black.Moisture content < 20%Heating value ≈ 19 million – 30 million BTU/ton.Used for electricity generation, space heating, &

coke production.

Page 50: 1. World Energy

Sub-bituminousDull black. Also known as black lignite.Moisture content = 20% – 30%Heating value ≈ 16 million – 24 million

BTU/ton.Used for electricity generation & space heating.

LigniteBrownish-black. Lowest ranked.Moisture content highHeating value ≈ 9 million – 17 million BTU/ton.Used for electricity generation.

Page 51: 1. World Energy

Coal MiningThe method used depends on the terrain & the

depth of the coal. There are 2 methods:

Underground Mining – coal depth > 200 ft below surface. Some coal must be left untouched to form pillars that prevent the mines from caving in. Popular till early 1970s.

Surface Mining – coal depth < 200 ft. There 2 types: area surface mining & contour surface mining.

Coal is transported to consumers by ground transportation, especially by trains.

Page 52: 1. World Energy

Shaft mine (underground)

Page 53: 1. World Energy

Slope mine (underground)

Page 54: 1. World Energy

Drift mine (underground)

Page 55: 1. World Energy

Area surface mine (surface)

Page 56: 1. World Energy

Contour mine (surface)

Page 57: 1. World Energy

Top coal producing countries (2003)

Top coal consuming countries (2003)

Page 58: 1. World Energy

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds, composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen.

They may also contain impurities like sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, & metals.

Another name for hydrocarbon is petroleum.

Hydrocarbon

Element Composition (% by mass)

Carbon 84 – 87%

Hydrogen 11 – 14%

Sulphur 0.6 – 8%

Nitrogen 0.02 – 1.7%

Oxygen 0.08 – 1.8%

Metals 0 – 0.14%

Page 59: 1. World Energy

Phases of HydrocarbonGas – natural gas (free or associated)Liquid – crude oilSolid – tar sand, asphalt, pitch blend, waxy

crude

PhaseComponents (%)

Carbon Hydrogen Sulphur Nitrogen Oxygen

Gas 65 – 80 1 – 25 Traces 1 – 15 --

Liquid 82 – 87 11 – 15 0.1 – 6 0.1 – 1.5 0.1 – 4.5

Solid 80 – 85 8 – 11 2 – 8 0 – 2 --

Page 60: 1. World Energy

Constituents Content (% in

Volume)

Wet Dry

Hydrocarbons

Methane 84.6 96

Ethane 6.4 2

Propane 5.3 0.6

i-Butane 1.2 0.18

n-Butane 1.4 0.12

i-Pentane 0.4 0.14

n-Pentane 0.2 0.06

Hexanes 0.4 0.01

Heptanes 0.1 0.08

Non-Hydrocarbons

Carbon Dioxide 0.5

Helium 0.05

Hydrogen Sulphide 0.5

Nitrogen 0.1

Argon 0.005

Radon, Krypton, Xenon

Traces

Composition of typical natural

gas

Page 61: 1. World Energy

Classes of HydrocarbonParaffins

Saturated hydrocarbonsCnH2n+2

Examples are methane (CH4) & ethane (C2H6).

NaphthenesSaturated hydrocarbons with a ring structure.CnH2n

Example is cyclopentane (C5H10).

AromaticUnsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more

carbon rings.Example is benzene (C6H6).

Page 62: 1. World Energy

Major Impurities & Their SourcesH2 – volcanic activity releases & radioactivity.

N2 – atmospheric; carried by run of water.

CO2 – since hydrocarbon is a covalent bond, ions released can combine to form CO2.

H2S – free sulphur plus hydrogen.He – radioactivity from volcanic activity.S – free sulphur.

Page 63: 1. World Energy

Effects of Major ImpuritiesH2 – reduces gas combustibility. Forms water.

N2 – affects Energy output per unit volume.

CO2 – negligible effect.

H2S – causes bronchi constriction.He – negligible effect.S – causes coking & plugging, increases

power consumption in refinery cost, reduces crude oil value.

Page 64: 1. World Energy

Fluid Classifications

Also, natural gas can be classified by quality:Sweet gas – little or no H2S present in the gas.Sour gas – appreciable amount of H2S present

in the gas.

Phase Fluid Type Separator GOR (SCF/STB)

Gas

Dry gas No surface liquids

Wet gas > 100,000

Condensate 3,000 – 100,000

Liquid

Volatile oil 1,500 – 3,000

Black oil 100 – 1,500

Heavy oil 0

Page 65: 1. World Energy

Density of Crude Oil

Degree API is widely used.

10 – 20 oAPI ► Heavy crude.20 – 30 oAPI ► Medium crude.30 – 40 oAPI ► Light crude.> 40 oAPI ► Very light crude and condensate

@60

141.5131.5

. . o

O

F

APIS G

@60

140130

. . o

O

F

BaumeS G

Page 66: 1. World Energy

Density of Gas (Gas Specific Gravity)

Ma = apparent molecular weight.

Nc = number of components

yi = mole fraction of component i

Mi = molecular weight of component i

gas gas

air 29a a

ga

M M

M

1

cN

a i ii

M y M

Page 67: 1. World Energy

Uses of Hydrocarbons

Energy – to run internal combustion (IC) engines.

IC engines are found in automobiles, ships, tractors, generators, & armoured tanks.

Raw materials – used as raw materials in manufacturing of many products.

Page 68: 1. World Energy

Crude oil

RefineryCooking gas

GasolineJet fuel

KeroseneDieselOthers

Petrochemical plant

Solvent for paintsInsecticides

Enamel, MedicinesSynthetic fibers

Detergents Weed killers & fertilizers

Cosmetics, PlasticsSynthetic rubberPolish, Roofing

Protective paintsPhotographic films

Page 69: 1. World Energy

World crude oil production, OPEC, MMBbl/day (1960 – 2004)

Page 70: 1. World Energy

World crude oil production, non-OPEC, MMBbl/day (1960 – 2004)

Page 71: 1. World Energy

Top crude oil-producing countries (2004)

Page 72: 1. World Energy

World petroleum consumption, OECD (2003)

Page 73: 1. World Energy

World oil reserves. Source: Oil & Gas Journal

Page 74: 1. World Energy

Middle East – 57% of World oil reserves

Page 75: 1. World Energy

North America – 18% of World oil reserves

Page 76: 1. World Energy

Central & South America – 8% of World oil reserves

Page 77: 1. World Energy

Eastern Europe & Former USSR – 7% of World oil reserves

Page 78: 1. World Energy

Africa – 6% of World oil reserves

Page 79: 1. World Energy

Asia & Oceania – 3% of World oil reserves

Page 80: 1. World Energy

Western Europe – 1% of World oil reserves

Page 81: 1. World Energy

Disadvantages of fossil energyNon-renewable – limited.Pollution – emission (carbon based) from

burning fossil fuel reacts with oxygen & nitrogen in the atmosphere to form Greenhouse gases (CO2, CO, NOx), leading to Global warming.

These gases trap the solar energy reflected by the earth’s surface and reradiate the energy in the form of infrared radiation.

Carbon sequestration is a means of capturing & storing greenhouse gases in geologic formations.

Page 82: 1. World Energy

The carbon cycle

Page 83: 1. World Energy

Today’s Energy85.5 percent → fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal)14.5 percent → nuclear and all other sources

By 202587 percent → fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal)13 percent → nuclear and all other sources

FUTURE ENERGY USE