Operation of an economic model

Author: Paulo Arieu

Course: Sociology 102.

Teacher: Janet Rivera

Date: 12-04-2012

I. Economy

a) What is economy?

Economy is the way in which the individuals of a society organized to solve the basic

economic problems. It’s the study of the production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of

goods and services having an exchangeable value. And an economic model is a theoretical

scheme of a system or complex reality, which is developed to facilitate understanding.

b) Economic system:

All economic system should be trying to answer three basic economic problems:

a) What produce?

b) How to produce?

c) Who are the people to produce?

To try to solve the three basic problems, there are mechanisms or economic systems:

System of market economy, system of central planning, mixed economic system. All are theory

and doctrinal based on very different economic conceptions.

II. Economic models

a) Market system or free enterprise. Pure capitalism:

It is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and

business management. Free and independent of state control, where the allocation of productive

resources are made in a decentralized fashion by obeying decisions of thousands of economic

agents that act guided by self-interest.

b) Central planning. Communism

Completely opposite to the previous vision takes precedence in Cuba and other

communist countries, dominated by the trend towards central planning of the economy as

extreme contrast of pure capitalism, characterized by the property of the Government on most of

the means of production and making economic decisions in a centralized manner. The companies

are owned by the Government and this is that through a central Planning Board determines when,

how and how much produce.

c) Mixed economies

It’s an intermediate situation between the planned economy and the free market

economy. Economic activity rests largely on the private sector, but public sector regulating this

activity, acting to protect workers and redistribute income between the older and lower-income.

III. Circular flow of the economy

Economic agents (families or economies, domestic, business and public sector) do not

live isolated, they are permanently connected. Among them there is a flow of income, a

continuous flow of goods and services and in Exchange the payment of money and income. The

circular flow of income is the current goods and services and payments between economic

agents. The representation of the market economy system uses the scheme called circular flow,

since the lines describe flows of wealth among agents.

The outside shows the relationships between families and businesses. The families sent

production factors (mainly work) to market factors, which are purchased by companies.

Companies leave the goods and services to the market, where they are consumed by the families.

Flows of goods and services factors are called actual flows, and are represented by internal

arrows on the chart. Their counterparts, i.e., money that is paid the income with which the land-

use is remunerated and capitals at the expense of the families are called financial flows, and they

are represented by the external arrow.

The center of the scheme shows the relations of the State with other agents. The State

sells and buys goods and services in markets and factors paying and charging for them as well as

families or companies. But simultaneously charged taxes and transfers income to families (e.g.

retirement). The financial system receives deposits from households and made loans to the

companies and the Government.

Based on this graph, I will carry out the analysis of an economic model in an economy of

capitalist, but improved type according to certain social premises of importance.

Analysis:

a) Companies:

From the economic and social point of view, it’s an economic and social unit consisting

of financial, technical and human factors with a certain structure and different objectives and

whose function is to supply products and services to the society. It’s an organizational unit of an

economic nature that, through the combination of the factors of production (capital, labor and

raw materials), aims to obtain a benefit. To operate accurate undertaking some human average

(managers and employees), financial resources, and technical and economic means.

The companies make the production of goods and services. They must be well prepared

to develop and manufacture products intended for sale. The company needs to know how to

stock up on raw, and efficiently produce its product as we can then sell well. A skilled financial

management is essential in order to make the most possible availability avoiding imprudent uses

of capital.

Their prices must be regulated by the free supply and demand. Without that the State

should intervene at all rather than to monitor that the laws of the country are met and that the

offered by the company suits with the asserted by it. Corporations must be based on the private

ownership of the means of production and the free and autonomous management of State

control, where the allocation of productive resources in decentralized obeying decisions of

thousands of traders who operate guided by self-interest.

Companies leave the goods and services to the market (internal and/or external), where it

will be acquired for family consumption or resale. They must be prepared to pay their income tax

to the State, so the state persists and administer justice and equity throughout the country.

Companies must pay fair and competitive wages to their employees (supervisory staff,

leaders and workers). They must pay proportional bonuses to profits that exceed the net value of

the retained employee appreciation. They must also lead accounting records of sales and its

operating costs. Their balance sheets must be supervised by professional accountant’s employees

and external auditors.

If the company is a financial institution / Bank, its purpose will be to raise money

circulating in the market to then lend it at reasonable rates. But this revenue should be unlawful

in the following cases: demand interest to the poor; invest capital to revenue, without taking into

account aid to those in need; sign profit contracts without taking into account that we must treat

others in the same way to wish to be treated [10], taking into account that "the distinctive

christian action is the following of Christ. Jesus Christ is the incarnation personal, vivid and

determinant of their cause: incarnation of a new style of life" says Hans Küng, a Swiss Catholic

priest, theologian, and author. Since 1995 he has been President of the Foundation for a Global

Ethic. He is notable for his rejection of the doctrine of papal infallibility. And that is truest

because "God is the lawyer of poor and of foreigners". The credit is a normal and inevitable

accident in the life of a society “and RIBA is perfectly lawful, provided it shall not apply to loans

of the poor, who will surely be hampered to comply. Financial institutions should not ever act as

"vulture funds". [9]

b) State:

Noah Webster was a writer in Connecticut (United States) and educator whose greatest

achievement was 'An American Dictionary of the English language', published for the first time

in 1828. Webster graduated from Yale in 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It was

unconditionally British anti and the new American nation, considered morally superior to Europe

[25]. Noah Webster wrote that: "the principles and moral precepts found in the Scriptures should

form the basis of all our constitutions and civil laws. These principles and precepts are base truth,

immutable truth."[4]

Alexis-Charles-Henri Clerel de Tocqueville, was a political thinker and French historian,

best known for his democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and the

old regime and the revolution (1856). In both cases, it analyzed to better standards of living and

social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship with the market and the State in

Western societies. Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville on United States

travel, and until this day, is considered a work of sociology and political science [26]. Alexis de

Tocqueville said that: "there is no country in the world where the Christian religion has greater

influence over the souls of men than in America; and there cannot be a test more than its utility,

and of their conformity with human nature, the of that its influence is felt more powerfully over

the nation more illustrious and free land."[5]

George Washington was the first President of the United States (1789-1797), Commander

in Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the

founders of the United States. He chaired the Convention which drafted the United States

Constitution, which replaced the articles of Confederation and is still the Supreme Law of the

land [27]. George Washington, in his inaugural speech as the first President of the United States,

referred to "the propitious smiles of heaven" that fall solely within that nation, which does not

"ignore the eternal rules of order and justice which heaven itself has ordained." [6]

“The authority of the King derives from the sovereignty of the people as God's people. If

the King breaks the Pact, its authority rests with the people and those who represent him

have the right and obligation to oppose him” [11]

These ideas emerged the modern constitutional State, repealing the sacramental power

and the mentality of serfdom. A sovereign that consistently breaks the mutual obligation of the

Covenant of the Constitution, must be considered a tyrant declared. We must obey God that a

similar Monster. [3]

The State does not constitute the totality of human existence or encompasses all human

hope. The man and his hope are beyond the reality of the State and beyond the sphere of political

action. And this is true not only for a State to which one can describe as Babylon, but for any

type of State [even "Christian"] (The myth of the State as a god, the myth of the State as paradise

and the society without domination or power). The State cannot interfere or give preference to a

religious denomination, but can also attack the foundations of today's Western society, which

appointment as the French poet Paul Valery, "is founded on the Greek rationality, order Roman

and Judeo-Christian spirituality" [12]

The civil judge has the power of the sword. The State is authorized to use force to ensure

justice and protect its borders. Governments do not govern by means of requests or suggestions.

They rule by law, enforced by coercive legal means. Although the Governments with the power

of the sword have authority to exercise the death penalty and participate in just wars [32] they

will be responsible before God for the use of the sword. The law of God is superior to human law

and every human authority has to undergo it. The State has a basic law, a Constitution; and the

Government has to submit to the Constitution ("the State of modern law"). In the "rule of law",

the law is above the Government; a ruler can do arbitrary decisions by the mere fact of being

ruler. (See book of Deuteronomy 17:18-20).But we couldn’t be agree with the violence State like

notice of Eric Garner, the new death by police violence that recently shocked New York [36]

God instructs Governments that administer justice. When the Government governs within

the limits of their role in God's order, we submit voluntarily to the authority of the State, because

we understand that God has placed him in authority over us. However, when the State abused

their authority or claims to be sovereign, we must obey God's transcendent law rather than that of

the State. Our loyalty to God can call us at political participation in an effort to create a

Government right and good. Fair participants can significantly influence the Government for the

better.

Max Weber, father of modern sociology, said that the State exercises the monopoly of

violence by definition. But he added that faculty must be met through a process of "legitimacy",

that in the case of the absolute monarchies is accepted by subordinates as divine law; but you can

also come from a charismatic (subordinates accept power based on sanctity, heroism or

exemplary of who exercises it) leadership or legitimacy racional (subordinates accept power in

accordance with objective and impersonal motivations) which becomes synonym for legality.

Because as the English Puritan poet John Milton said:

“Not only King, but all men are configured in the image and likeness of God (image

deo)”.[14]

Easily and more than one century earlier, the lucid Rousseau set the legitimacy the

"general will" gives it of those subject to the power. Version that agrees with the modern concept

of democracy as Government "of the people, by the people and for the people", was a happy

definition of Abraham Lincoln. What happens with these definitions is that they float in the air if

it is not the State as carrier of the interest of the dominant social classes.[8]

So that the order reigns, the State must guarantee the private property. But it should

ensure that this property is not at the expense of others and which is placed at the service of the

community. As a result, the property is not an absolute good. This limited and is conditional.

The State must be secular and has to be separated from the Church (principle of church -

state separation). This does not mean that the State should be against the religion of the people or

that the ruler should be atheist. The State should not be atheist anti or anti Christ. And it must be

respected throughout the State, the freedom of conscience of every inhabitant, whether tourist,

citizen or resident. For this reason, must be guaranteed the freedom of religion and expression in

the country. And the determination that this liberty Riga media (radio, television, press and

internet).

But from the year 1954 this religious freedom is threatened because Lyndon Johnson

introduced an amendment to the tax code to protect anti-Communist groups that threatened his

re-election. Lyndon Baines Johnson, often known as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United

States (1963-1969), a position which took after his service as the 37th Vice President (1961-

1963). Johnson, a Democrat from Texas, served as a United States representative from 1937 to

1949 and a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961, including six years as majority leader of

the Senate, two as Senate minority leader and two as Senate majority whip.[24] Lyndon Baines

Johnson replaced the assassinated Kennedy as President of the United States and oversaw major

social reforms and expansion of the Viet Nam war [28]. Johnson was not aimed at churches, but

their action affected them because the amendment establishes that those who are exempt from

tax may not intervene in political campaigns. This amendment to the tax code was included

without hearings or debate, literally was resolved in a matter of minutes. Many bishops, priests

and Ministers are now confused and intimidated in regards to "preach about politics", to the point

that some lawyers have advised the churches during the last election (2012-206), given that the

President proposed in his re-election bid, churches had to mention it when they talked about the

"culture of life." [2]

In addition, the primary, secondary and tertiary education should be free. And it must

legislate for loans financial College and graduate, they are easy to acquire.

The free coverage of the basic health of every citizen and resident in the country and the

legal assistance for the defense of an accused person of committing a crime must also be

guaranteed. You must also have the safety of funeral and burial of their human remains if lack of

money to cover the costs.

Every inhabitant of this country (citizens and residents), has to be guaranteed by law, a

minimum work in free and healthy conditions that will enable it to give a basic support to his

family.

Every 50 years, the State must ensure that poor and low-income, people be forgiven of

their debts, including student debts. Every citizen should have access to adequate shelter for all

citizens of this country guaranteed by law.

Every person born within the limits of the border has to be able to be registered as a

citizen. And also all legal resident, in one period not more than one year must have the real

possibility of request and become a citizen.

Also the State ruling should defend the ecosystem of the country and not allow its

companies to destroy the global ecosystem. The State has to remember all its inhabitants that all

living beings are interlinked in one way or another, since some need others to continue to exist.

And that destroy ecosystems can be in many cases destructive for the next generation.

c) Family:

The family is the most basic and primitive kernel of human society. Therefore, the State

must be defender of the healthy development of families. The human right to form a family is

undeniable and indisputable. And companies must collaborate with the State in this

anthropological purpose. Howard George Hendricks was a professor for more than 50 years in

the Dallas Theological Seminary. As well he said Hendricks, is very clear that

In today's world there are bizarre, hostile, destructive influences of homes. The ancient

elements underpinning the society already we do not encourage or protect. Home... has to

flourish in a field of weeds. [15]

Therefore, it is impossible to doubt that the family as an institution is bankrupt or in way

of the disaster. Social, psychological, and spiritual conflicts have affected so that the marriage

and the family are seen by many people as institutions in the process of disappearing. However,

both the marriage and the family are essential institutions, created by God even before the

entrance of sin into the world. Therefore they will not disappear. Although like all other species

in danger of extinction, the State has the obligation to zealously protect their harmonious

development. Therefore, also is task of the whole society, increase the resistance against its

decline, and family in such a way that arises a beauty special and remarkable in every one of the

members of Christian homes. [16]

Les Thompson was born in Cuba in 1931, and was ordained to the Christian minister in

1953. After preaching controversial messages about Christ and communism, he was forced to

leave the island of Cuba, which allowed him to start his ministry in Latin America with the

founding of LOGOI Ministries, FLET (one of the first long-distance theological universities) and

the Guía Pastoral. Les Thompson explains that "marriage was conceived to relieve the

fundamental loneliness experienced by every human being. In his case, according to the degree

in which your spouse does not satisfy your needs - spiritual, intellectual, emotional, and

physical- and the degree in which you do not fulfill the same needs of your spouse, in that same

proportion, the two are still alone. But this is not in conformity with the plan of God, and can be

remedied. The plan is that they will complement each other."[17]

To make this healthy development of families, all people of this world must be able to

have the absolute guarantee to work so that everyone can survive; but the work must be

performed so that the poor are not exploited by the wealthy, foreigners by the natives, the weak

by the strong [14] No single work is a basic human need, but also a right of every person in age

to do so. To work with freedom guarantee psychological and physical harmonious development

of the person, as well as their human subsistence.

Parents should receive important economic allocations for each child and each child in

school age. The parents of large families (more than 5 children), should be exempt from taxes or

failing to pay one smaller percentage until the children reach the age of majority.

Every citizen, after 30 years of contributions, a person may be entitled to retire. It should

also be entitled to a decent pension a person who is disabled for health reasons if he is a citizen.

The State should encourage the (civil) marriage of the couples. Around the world, grow

the sociological evidence that live together without marriage undermines the institution of

marriage, even more than the divorce, and that that hurts people, whether adults or children. The

trend to lower the marriage grows more and more. There are afraid to remarry, divorce fear and

afraid to engage. [30]

United States, which has one of the highest rates of marriage in Western countries, also

has the highest divorce rate, which makes that one in three children live with divorced parents.

At the same time, according to a study about the obsolescence of the marriage and the changes in

the family structure, 39% of respondents believe that marriage is an "obsolete" institution. The

121-page report prepared by the Pew Research Centre in coordination with Time magazine,

points out that "the transformations of the last half-century have led to a huge decline of

marriage and an increase in new forms of family".[31]

In United States the Church, until today, acts as a subsidiary of the State agent, so the

Church marriage implies automatically a marriage recognized by the State. Earlier, the U.S.

Government acknowledged the existence of a marriage, but now instead of admit it redefines it,

turning it into something totally dependent on State control. But given that the State recognizes

various types of marriage, ideally, State to renounce the use of the term marriage instead of using

it as seems to him he invented a new Word to reflect the types of union which recognizes. So at

least we would have to get used to not talk about marriage to dry when we refer to which

recognizes the State. R. R. Reno, Director of the journal First Things, proposes abandoning the

term "civil marriage" (marriage by the Church is not uncivil) and adopt the "State marriage",

reserving the word marriage, marriage in the Church. But, today are two substantially different

things. It is time that the Church renounces compared two types of joints. Wrote Reno that

“The Church can participate in a civil marriage, but should not participate in a State

marriage” [21]

John Rao, American of Sicilian origin, holds a PhD in history from the University of

Oxford, and since 1979 teaches European history at St. John's University in New York, one of

the great Catholic academic institutions of United States. He directed also The Roman Forum,

founded in 1968 by the philosopher Dietrich von Hildebrand (1889-1977) to defend Catholic

doctrine and culture. Just published in Spain a job his, "The American illusion", incorporated

into the volume Church and politics. Change of paradigm (itineraries), coordinated by Bernard

Dumont, Miguel Ayuso and Danilo Castellano, collects twelve contributions of Catholic thinkers

from around the world, all of them University professors, with a traditional perspective on the

relationship between power and religion, secularity and secularism. Published simultaneously in

Spanish, French and Italian, and soon in English, the book analyzes prospects introduced by the

Declaration Dignitatis Humanae of Vatican Council II, both at the time of its enactment in 1965

at the celebration of its fiftieth anniversary. The prospect of Rao is particularly interesting for its

debunking, theoretical and historical, of the relations between Church and State in the United

States, often considered an ideal to follow. Something that seems more questionable than ever as

a result of the so-called "abortion mandate" of the Obama administration, which obliges all

employers in the country, Catholic and Protestant institutions included (such as schools and

hospitals), to ensure their workers with coverage of contraceptive practices, artificial

insemination and even abortion the Catholic Church rejects. The American bishops have led a

social reaction unprecedented in defense of religious freedom thus attacked. [33]

Each family must be guaranteed the possibility of acquiring a home and a vehicle at an

affordable price proportional to their income. You must also have the possibility of acquiring

health insurance basics, if you don't have the resources to pay for a private one. To receive,

wages should not be less than the cost of a basket of essential staples that allow the individual to

subsist for the same period.

Conclusion

A new report from the United Nations Fund for children (UNICEF) revealed that 2.6

million children have gone to live below the poverty line in countries developed since 2008, so

the total number of children living in poverty in the developed world already rises to some 76.5

million. The report children of the recession: the impact of the economic crisis on child well-

being in rich countries (Report Card 12 of Innocenti Research Centre of UNICEF), presents a

ranking of 41 countries of the Organization for cooperation and economic development (OECD)

and the European Union (EU) depending on whether the levels of child poverty have grown or

declined since 2008. This UNICEF report discussed the terrible effects of the economic crisis on

children. Poverty amounted to 2.6 million children in countries developed since 2008. UNICEF

has made public a report on the increase in child poverty in countries developed as a result of the

economic downturn. He points out that, since 2008, the number of children living below the

poverty line has increased by 2.6 million. A figure that reemphasizes the importance for children

policies social protection in the current social context. It also keeps track of the proportion of

young people aged between 15 and 24 years of age who work or study or receive training (rate

NINI). The report includes also the data of the surveys Gallup Institute about the perception of

the people about their economic situation and their hopes for the future since the beginning of the

recession [29]

Families, can’t be partakers of that "culture of the discard, because it reduces the human

being to simple gear mechanism that treats it as a commodity that is used or rejected, as it is the

case with the terminally ill, elderly abandoned without care, or the dead children before birth"

[22]

For this reason, I highlight this into an opportunity by Benedict XVI, the former religious

leader of the Catholic Church, in one of his Homilies, when he lambasted the "seed of tension

and conflict caused by the growing inequality between rich and poor examples". He also

denounced "the prevalence of a selfish and individualistic mentality that also finds its expression

in capitalism without regulation, in various forms of terrorism and crime". Benedict called for a

new economic model and ethical regulations for markets, and said that the global financial crisis

was proof that capitalism does not protect the weakest members of society. He also warned that

food insecurity was a threat to the peace in some parts of the world... [20]

It sounds like too strong. But, according to the judeo-Christian Scriptures, is the stark

reality. "Love" rampant wealth, money is the root of many evils contrary to the divine will,

morality, and ethics. Love money and everything so that it can be obtained, the man/woman is

able of: prostitution /; kill; corrupt /; steal; traffic; damage; destroy; cause economic disasters,

wars... “[18] It is that "love money", politicians, businessmen, and strangers, what has unleashed

the current 'economic war' [19].

It is that the problem is not so much whether the economy must be agree to the capitalist

model (or Socialist) but the ethical and moral perversion of the capitalists (or Socialist), that with

his excessive ambition does not favor full employment not seeing it as a human right, but as a

way of making the capitalist industrial objectives at the lowest possible cost. Capitalism (or

socialism) must recover its humanism. But it is only through the message of Christ, who at the

time of his humanity was the father in everything to as you can be capitalists to recover the fear

of God who have lost. Because "all ills start when only thinking about money. By the desire

to amass it, many forgot to obey God and ended up having many problems and sufferings."

(1 Timothy 6 the Current Language Translation). The Economist Milton Friedman, Nobel

Prize in Economics in 1976, said that

"A free market is a necessary condition of individual freedom. Although necessary for

freedom, capitalism is not only enough to secure it. It must be accompanied by a set of values

and political institutions favorable to freedom [7]

But how one can speak of God to human suffering and the poor have no livelihood for

their children, nor right to health care, access to education, excluded from the social and cultural

life marginalized and that they are considered a burden and a threat to the lifestyle of a few

wealthy. Already at the time, Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas, a catholic priest from the Spanish

conquest to Hispanic America, named in your brief drafting of the destruction of the West Indies

the true cause of the tremendous injustice that Spanish conquistadors committed with persons

who found in their journey of discovery. Upon them who were Christians in name, but not by his

conduct, says Las Casas that:

The unique and real cause of the murder and the destruction of that frightening amount of

innocent people at the hands of Christians was exclusively seize their gold" [0] Gustavo

Gutierrez has formulated this liberating way of the houses with the following judgment:

"God or gold". [1]

And since those days until these, we don't see that the thirst for profit and ambition has dwindled

much. On the contrary. Increasingly is worshipped the God Mammon more and more. This is an

idolatry of many are in our modern society.

Luis Fernando Ortiz is a student of Bachelor's degree in economics from the National

Autonomous University of Mexico with a special interest in subjects such as political economy,

history of economic thought, economic development and capitalism, and underdevelopment. It

also participates in the College Ministry MIES UNAM. Ortiz finally said that it must be said that

capitalism itself just doesn't work, and unless it is regulated generates an enormous amount of

problems. Only remains to say that Keynes said an inconvenient truth for many:

International, decadent but individualistic, capitalism in whose hands we are after the

war, is not a success. It is not intelligent, is not beautiful, is not fair, is not virtuous and non-

delivery items. In a nutshell, we dislike and we began to despise him. But when we ask ourselves

what will put in its place, we find extremely perplexed. [34]

Gustavo Daniel Romero is resident in Hospital Administration from the University of

Buenos Aires and graduated in Administration, in Psychology (with honors) and degree in

Theology from Latinoamerican Biblical University and the Buenos Aires Biblical Institute. With

ministerial training at the ISEDET and a higher diploma in Civil society organizations in

FLACSO, is Honorary Member of the think tank "Hope Foundation" (Economics Department),

official of the BCRA, collaborator of the "the economy Online", and the Institute of

neuroscience, education and assistance, INEA Psychologist. Romero quoted to Chiara Lubich, an

Italian Roman Catholic lay leader who founded (1943) the Focolare Movement, a lay

organization dedicated to peace, spiritual renewal, and ecumenical dialogue. Lubich, who trained

as a teacher, felt a religious calling and changed her name to Chiara in honor of St. Clare of

Assisi but rejected joining a convent. She laid the foundations for the Focolare (“hearth”)

Movement when she and other young women studied the Bible while gathered together in air-

raid shelters during World War II. Lubich worked tirelessly to expand the movement’s values of

spiritual unity and devotion to the poor in war-ravaged Europe and, later, throughout the world.

Lubich’s many personal awards included the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion (1977),

the UNESCO Prize for Peace Education (1996), and the Council of Europe’s Human Rights

Prize (1998). She proposes “The economy of communion is the economy of giving” [37], and

wrote this beautiful poem

Unlike the consumer economy,

which is based on the having culture,

the economy of communion is

the gift economy.

This may seem difficult, arduous and heroic.

But is not such because the man

made in the image of God, who is love,

find your own realization

in love, in the clear.

This requirement

is in the depths of his being,

beyond that is believer or not.

And precisely in this finding,

corroborated by our experience,

the hope of a broadcast is based

Universal of the economy of communion.[35]

The gold is important in this life but the gold is not God. It’s only a metallic object. Jesus

says “And he said unto them, Render therefore unto Caesar the things which be Caesar's, and

unto God the things which be God's.”(Luke 20:25 KJV)

---------------

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funciones-empresa.shtml

http://www.todopensamientocautivo.com/2010/08/la-reforma-y-su- influencia-en-la-

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Notes

[0] Las Casas, brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias occidentales (H. M.

Enzensberger [ed.], Las Casas Bericht von der Verwüstung der Westindischen Länder, Frankfurt

1981, S. 13).

[1] Gustavo Gutiérrez: Dios o el oro en las Indias, siglo XVI, Lima 1989 (Gott oder das Gold.

Der befreiende Weg des Bartholomé de Las Casas, Freiburg 1990).

[2] http://www.priestsforlife.org/spanish/05-02-28span.htm

[3]Leopoldo Cervantes - Ortiz Editor & Jurgen Moltman Juan Calvino, su vida y su obra a 500

años de su nacimiento. Ed. Clie. Pág. 268.]

[4] Noah Webster, History of the United States, “Advice to the Young” (New Haven: CT, Durrie

& Peck, 1832), 338-340. Citado en http://www.allaboutworldview.org/spanish/politica-

cristiana.htm

[5] Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracia en América (New York, NY: Vintage Classics, 1990),

303. Citado en http://www.allaboutworldview.org/spanish/politica-cristiana.htm

[6] George Washington, Primer Discurso Inaugural, Ciudad de Nueva York, 30 de abril de 1789.

http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres13.html Citado en

http://www.allaboutworldview.org/spanish/politica-cristiana.htm

[7] http://revistajupiter.wordpress.com/2011/06/26/separacion-de-iglesia-y-estado-no-significa-

estado-vs-religion/

[8] http://www.cubadebate.cu/?p=502139

[9] https://elteologillo.wordpress.com/2013/08/05/francia-dio-apoyo-contra- los-fondos-buitres-

que-atacan-argentina/

[10] Leopoldo Cervantes-Ortiz, Juan Calvino: Su Vida y Obra a 500 Años de Su Nacimiento,

Pág. 267, Ed. Clie. (2010). Barcelona, España.

[11] Ibíd., Pág. 267-268

[12] https://elteologillo.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/enmienda-johnson-vs- libertad-de-culto-en-

los-estados-unidos/

[13] Juan Calvino: Su Vida y Obra a 500 Años de Su Nacimiento, Op. Cit. Pág. 266.Ed. Clie

(2010). Barcelona, España.

[14] Ibid, pág. 268

[15] Howard G. Hendricks, El cielo puede ayudar, p. 12. Citado en Les Thompson, La Familia

Desde Una Perspectiva Bíblica. Página 5. Revisión 2003 © 1995 Logoi, Inc. Derechos

reservados Primera edición en castellano 1998 Segunda edición reeditada especialmente para el

programa de estudios de FLET Universidad FLET 14540 S.W. 136 Street, Suite 202 Miami,

Florida 33186 Estados Unidos.

[16] Ibíd.

[17] Ibíd., pág. 16

[18] http://www.aporrea.org/contraloria/a175408.html

[19]http://www.geoeconomia.es/economia/geoeconomia-guerra-economica-con-el-euro-de-

fondo/

[20]http://www.oscarpoe.com/2013/01/capitalismo-desenfrenado.html

[21] http://infocatolica.com/blog/archipielago.php/1411240946- iseparar-el-matrimonio-estata

[22] http://www.religionconfidencial.com/tribunas/impulso-papa-Francisco-rejuvenecimiento-

Europa_0_2391960781.html

[23] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson

[24] http://www.who2.com/bio/lyndon-b-johnson

[25] http://www.who2.com/bio/noah-webster

[26] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville

[27] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington

[28] http://www.who2.com/bio/lyndon-b-johnson

[29] https://www.unicef.es/actualidad-documentacion/publicaciones/report-card-12-los-ninos-de-

la-recesion-el- impacto-de-la

[30] http://www.religionenlibertad.com/articulo_imprimir.asp?idarticulo=30562

[31] WASHINGTON, 23/11/2010 (EFE – Edición: ProtestanteDigital.com).Recuperado de

http://www.eluniverso.com/2010/11/18/1/1382/estados-unidos-40-cree-matrimonio-esta-

obsoleto.html

[32] https://elteologillo.wordpress.com/2012/10/08/jesus- las-religiones-y- las-guerras-justa/

[33] http://www.religionenlibertad.com/articulo_imprimir.asp?idarticulo=31771

[34] quoted in Strauss-Kahn, D. (2011) ‘Desafíos mundiales, soluciones mundiales’

http://www.imf.org/external/spanish/np/speeches/2011/040411s.htm [Visto el 12 de junio de

2014]. Quoted by Lic. Luis Fernando Ortíz, http://www.revista-rypc.org/2014/06/ha-disminuido-

la-pobreza-en-el-mundo.html

[35] Lubich, Chiara. Economía de Comunión - historia y profecía. Ciudad Nueva Grupo

editorial: 2003 Quoted in http://www.revista-rypc.org/2014/10/la-economia-de-comunion-un-

concepto.html

[36] http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2014/12/141203_eeuu_eric_garner_cargos_tsb.shtml

[37] An economy based on giving in the context of relationship rather than making transactions

simply for profit or personal material gain. This is in contrast to barter or commercial economies

which rely on exchange of goods or labor for money - or for goods and labor of equal monetary

value. Altruism is sometimes viewed as the basis for spreading wealth throughout a gift

economy. However, the individual giver actually benefits indirectly. For example, social status

and support in times of need may be obtained by those who give to others in the group or

community. Most economies rely on both commercial aspects such as paid work and gift aspects

such as volunteer or unpaid work.[URL= http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/gift-

economy.html ]