Appendix Time value of money

Time Value of MoneyAPPENDIXD

Study ObjectivesAfter studying this appendix, you should be able to:

[1] Distinguish between simple and compound interest.

[2] Identify the variables fundamental to solving present value problems.

[3] Solve for present value of a single amount.

[4] Solve for present value of an annuity.

[5] Compute the present value of notes and bonds.

Would you rather receive $1,000 today or a year from now? You should prefer to receive the $1,000 today because you can invest the $1,000 and earn interest on it. As a result, you will have more than $1,000 a year from now. What this example illustrates is the concept of the time value of money. Everyone pre-fers to receive money today rather than in the future because of the interest factor.

Interest is payment for the use of another person’s money. It is the difference be-tween the amount borrowed or invested (called the principal) and the amount re-paid or collected. The amount of interest to be paid or collected is usually stated as a rate over a specifi c period of time. The rate of interest is generally stated as an annual rate.

The amount of interest involved in any fi nancing transaction is based on three elements:

1. Principal (p): The original amount borrowed or invested.

2. Interest Rate (i): An annual percentage of the principal.

3. Time (n): The number of years that the principal is borrowed or invested.

Simple InterestSimple interest is computed on the principal amount only. It is the return on the principal for one period. Simple interest is usually expressed as shown in Illustration D-1 on the next page.

Nature of Interest

Study Objective [1]Distinguish between simple and compound interest.

D1

BMappendixd.indd Page D1 11/30/10 3:29:32 PM f-392BMappendixd.indd Page D1 11/30/10 3:29:32 PM f-392 /Users/f-392/Desktop/Nalini 23.9/ch05/Users/f-392/Desktop/Nalini 23.9/ch05

D2 Appendix D Time Value of Money

Compound InterestCompound interest is computed on principal and on any interest earned that has not been paid or withdrawn. It is the return on the principal for two or more time periods. Compounding computes interest not only on the principal but also on the interest earned to date on that principal, assuming the interest is left on deposit.

To illustrate the difference between simple and compound interest, assume that you deposit $1,000 in Bank Two, where it will earn simple interest of 9% per year, and you deposit another $1,000 in Citizens Bank, where it will earn com-pound interest of 9% per year compounded annually. Also assume that in both cases you will not withdraw any interest until three years from the date of deposit. Illustration D-2 shows the computation of interest you will receive and the accu-mulated year-end balances.

Interest 5 Principal 3 Rate 3 Time p i n

For example, if you borrowed $5,000 for 2 years at a simple interest rate of 12% annually,

you would pay $1,200 in total interest computed as follows:

Interest 5 p 3 i 3 n 5 $5,000 3 .12 3 2

5 $1,200

Illustration D-1 Interest computation

Illustration D-2 Simple versus compound interest

Simple InterestCalculation

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

$1,000.00 × 9%

$1,000.00 × 9%

$1,000.00 × 9%

$

$

90.00

90.00

90.00

270.00

$1,090.00

$1,180.00

$1,270.00

$25.03Difference

SimpleInterest

AccumulatedYear-EndBalance

Bank Two

Compound InterestCalculation

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

$1,000.00 × 9%

$1,090.00 × 9%

$1,188.10 × 9%

$

$

90.00

98.10

106.93

295.03

$1,090.00

$1,188.10

$1,295.03

CompoundInterest

AccumulatedYear-EndBalance

Citizens Bank

Note in Illustration D-2 that simple interest uses the initial principal of $1,000 to compute the interest in all three years. Compound interest uses the accumulated balance (principal plus interest to date) at each year-end to compute interest in the succeeding year—which explains why your compound interest account is larger.

Obviously, if you had a choice between investing your money at simple interest or at compound interest, you would choose compound interest, all other things—especially risk—being equal. In the example, compounding provides $25.03 of additional interest income. For practical purposes, compounding assumes that unpaid interest earned be-comes a part of the principal, and the accumulated balance at the end of each year becomes the new principal on which interest is earned during the next year.

Illustration D-2 indicates that you should invest your money at the bank that compounds interest annually. Most business situations use compound interest. Simple interest is generally applicable only to short-term situations of one year or less.


Present Value VariablesThe present value is the value now of a given amount to be paid or received in the future, assuming compound interest. The present value is based on three variables: (1) the dollar amount to be received (future amount), (2) the length of time until the amount is received (number of periods), and (3) the interest rate (the discount rate). The process of determining the present value is referred to as discounting the future amount.

In this textbook, we use present value computations in measuring several items. For example, Chapter 15 computed the present value of the principal and interest payments to determine the market price of a bond. In addition, determining the amount to be reported for notes payable and lease liabilities involves present value computations.

Present Value of a Single AmountTo illustrate present value, assume that you want to invest a sum of money that will yield $1,000 at the end of one year. What amount would you need to invest today to have $1,000 one year from now? Illustration D-3 shows the formula for calculat-ing present value.

Present Value of a Single Amount D3

Study Objective [3] Solve for present value of a single amount.

Thus, if you want a 10% rate of return, you would compute the present value of $1,000 for one year as follows:

PV 5 FV 4 (1 1 i)n

5 $1,000 4 (1 1 .10)1

5 $1,000 4 1.10 5 $909.09

We know the future amount ($1,000), the discount rate (10%), and the number of periods (1). These variables are depicted in the time diagram in Illustration D-4.

i = 10%

n = 1 year

PresentValue (?)

$909.09

FutureValue

$1,000

Illustration D-4 Finding present value if discounted for one period

If you receive the single amount of $1,000 in two years, discounted at 10% [PV 5 $1,000 4 (1 1 .10)2], the present value of your $1,000 is $826.45 [($1,000 4 1.21), depicted as shown in Illustration D-5 on the next page.

Study Objective [2] Identify the variables fundamental to solving present value problems.

Present Value 5 Future Value 4 (1 1 i)nIllustration D-3 Formula for present value



You also could fi nd the present value of your amount through tables that show the present value of 1 for n periods. In Table 1, below, n (represented in the table’s rows) is the number of discounting periods involved. The percentages (represented in the table’s columns) are the periodic interest rates or discount rates. The 5-digit decimal numbers in the intersections of the rows and columns are called the present value of 1 factors.

When using Table 1 to determine present value, you multiply the future value by the present value factor specifi ed at the intersection of the number of periods and the discount rate.

Table 1Present Value of 1

(n) Periods 4% 5% 6% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 15%

1 .96154 .95238 .94340 .92593 .91743 .90909 .90090 .89286 .86957

2 .92456 .90703 .89000 .85734 .84168 .82645 .81162 .79719 .75614

3 .88900 .86384 .83962 .79383 .77218 .75132 .73119 .71178 .65752

4 .85480 .82270 .79209 .73503 .70843 .68301 .65873 .63552 .57175

5 .82193 .78353 .74726 .68058 .64993 .62092 .59345 .56743 .49718

6 .79031 .74622 .70496 .63017 .59627 .56447 .53464 .50663 .43233

7 .75992 .71068 .66506 .58349 .54703 .51316 .48166 .45235 .37594

8 .73069 .67684 .62741 .54027 .50187 .46651 .43393 .40388 .32690

9 .70259 .64461 .59190 .50025 .46043 .42410 .39092 .36061 .28426

10 .67556 .61391 .55839 .46319 .42241 .38554 .35218 .32197 .24719

11 .64958 .58468 .52679 .42888 .38753 .35049 .31728 .28748 .21494

12 .62460 .55684 .49697 .39711 .35554 .31863 .28584 .25668 .18691

13 .60057 .53032 .46884 .36770 .32618 .28966 .25751 .22917 .16253

14 .57748 .50507 .44230 .34046 .29925 .26333 .23199 .20462 .14133

15 .55526 .48102 .41727 .31524 .27454 .23939 .20900 .18270 .12289

16 .53391 .45811 .39365 .29189 .25187 .21763 .18829 .16312 .10687

17 .51337 .43630 .37136 .27027 .23107 .19785 .16963 .14564 .09293

18 .49363 .41552 .35034 .25025 .21199 .17986 .15282 .13004 .08081

19 .47464 .39573 .33051 .23171 .19449 .16351 .13768 .11611 .07027

20 .45639 .37689 .31180 .21455 .17843 .14864 .12403 .10367 .06110

For example, the present value factor for one period at a discount rate of 10% is .90909, which equals the $909.09 ($1,000 3 .90909) computed in Illustration D-4. For two periods at a discount rate of 10%, the present value factor is .82645, which equals the $826.45 ($1,000 3 .82645) computed previously.

Note that a higher discount rate produces a smaller present value. For example, using a 15% discount rate, the present value of $1,000 due one year from now is $869.57, versus $909.09 at 10%. Also note that the further removed from the pres-ent the future value is, the smaller the present value. For example, using the same

Illustration D-5 Finding present value if discounted for two periods

i = 10%

1

PresentValue (?)

0

FutureValue

2n = 2 years$826.45 $1,000


Present Value of an Annuity D5

discount rate of 10%, the present value of $1,000 due in fi ve years is $620.92, versus the present value of $1,000 due in one year, which is $909.09.

The following two demonstration problems (Illustrations D-6 and D-7) illustrate how to use Table 1.

Present Value of an AnnuityThe preceding discussion involved the discounting of only a single future amount. Businesses and individuals frequently engage in transactions in which a series of equal dollar amounts are to be received or paid at evenly spaced time intervals (periodically). Examples of a series of periodic receipts or payments are loan agreements, installment sales, mortgage notes, lease (rental) contracts, and pension obligations. As discussed in Chapter 15, these periodic receipts or payments are annuities.

The present value of an annuity is the value now of a series of future receipts or payments, discounted assuming compound interest. In computing the present value of an annuity, you need to know: (1) the discount rate, (2) the number of dis-count periods, and (3) the amount of the periodic receipts or payments.

Illustration D-6 Demonstration problem—Using Table 1 for PV of 1

i = 8%

2

PV = ?

Now

$10,000

3 years1

Suppose you have a winning lottery ticket and the state gives you theoption of taking $10,000 three years from now or taking the presentvalue of $10,000 now. The state uses an 8% rate in discounting. Howmuch will you receive if you accept your winnings now?

Answer: The present value factor from Table 1 is .79383(3 periods at 8%). The present value of $10,000 to be received in3 years discounted at 8% is $7,938.30 ($10,000 × .79383).

n = 3

Illustration D-7 Demonstration problem—Using Table 1 for PV of 1

i = 9%

3

PV = ?

Now

$5,000

4 years1

Determine the amount you must deposit now in a bond investment,paying 9% interest, in order to accumulate $5,000 for a downpayment 4 years from now on a new Toyota Prius.

Answer: The present value factor from Table 1 is .70843(4 periods at 9%). The present value of $5,000 to be received in4 years discounted at 9% is $3,542.15 ($5,000 × .70843).

2n = 4

Study Objective [4] Solve for present value of an annuity.



To illustrate how to compute the present value of an annuity, assume that you will receive $1,000 cash annually for three years at a time when the discount rate is 10%. Illustration D-8 depicts this situation, and Illustration D-9 shows the compu-tation of its present value.

Illustration D-9Present value of a series of future amounts computation

Present Value of 1 Future Amount 3 Factor at 10% 5 Present Value

$1,000 (one year away) .90909 $ 909.09

1,000 (two years away) .82645 826.45

1,000 (three years away) .75132 751.32

2.48686 $2,486.86

This method of calculation is required when the periodic cash fl ows are not uniform in each period. However, when the future receipts are the same in each period, there are two other ways to compute present value. First, you can multiply the annual cash fl ow by the sum of the three present value factors. In the previous example, $1,000 3 2.48686 equals $2,486.86. The second method is to use annuity tables. As illustrated in Table 2 below, these tables show the present value of 1 to be received periodically for a given number of periods.

Table 2Present Value of an Annuity of 1

(n) Periods 4% 5% 6% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 15%

1 .96154 .95238 .94340 .92593 .91743 .90909 .90090 .89286 .86957

2 1.88609 1.85941 1.83339 1.78326 1.75911 1.73554 1.71252 1.69005 1.62571

3 2.77509 2.72325 2.67301 2.57710 2.53130 2.48685 2.44371 2.40183 2.28323

4 3.62990 3.54595 3.46511 3.31213 3.23972 3.16986 3.10245 3.03735 2.85498

5 4.45182 4.32948 4.21236 3.99271 3.88965 3.79079 3.69590 3.60478 3.35216

6 5.24214 5.07569 4.91732 4.62288 4.48592 4.35526 4.23054 4.11141 3.78448

7 6.00205 5.78637 5.58238 5.20637 5.03295 4.86842 4.71220 4.56376 4.16042

8 6.73274 6.46321 6.20979 5.74664 5.53482 5.33493 5.14612 4.96764 4.48732

9 7.43533 7.10782 6.80169 6.24689 5.99525 5.75902 5.53705 5.32825 4.77158

10 8.11090 7.72173 7.36009 6.71008 6.41766 6.14457 5.88923 5.65022 5.01877

11 8.76048 8.30641 7.88687 7.13896 6.80519 6.49506 6.20652 5.93770 5.23371

12 9.38507 8.86325 8.38384 7.53608 7.16073 6.81369 6.49236 6.19437 5.42062

13 9.98565 9.39357 8.85268 7.90378 7.48690 7.10336 6.74987 6.42355 5.58315

14 10.56312 9.89864 9.29498 8.24424 7.78615 7.36669 6.98187 6.62817 5.72448

15 11.11839 10.37966 9.71225 8.55948 8.06069 7.60608 7.19087 6.81086 5.84737

16 11.65230 10.83777 10.10590 8.85137 8.31256 7.82371 7.37916 6.97399 5.95424

17 12.16567 11.27407 10.47726 9.12164 8.54363 8.02155 7.54879 7.11963 6.04716

18 12.65930 11.68959 10.82760 9.37189 8.75563 8.20141 7.70162 7.24967 6.12797

19 13.13394 12.08532 11.15812 9.60360 8.95012 8.36492 7.83929 7.36578 6.19823

20 13.59033 12.46221 11.46992 9.81815 9.12855 8.51356 7.96333 7.46944 6.25933

Illustration D-8Time diagram for a three-year annuity

i = 10%

2Now 3 years

PV = ? $1,000 $1,000$1,000

1n = 3


Table 2 shows that the present value of an annuity of 1 factor for three periods at 10% is 2.48685.1 (This present value factor is the total of the three individual present value factors, as shown in Illustration D-9.) Applying this amount to the annual cash fl ow of $1,000 produces a present value of $2,486.85.

The following demonstration problem (Illustration D-10) illustrates how to use Table 2.

Time Periods and DiscountingIn the preceding calculations, the discounting was done on an annual basis using an annual interest rate. Discounting may also be done over shorter periods of time such as monthly, quarterly, or semiannually.

When the time frame is less than one year, you need to convert the annual interest rate to the applicable time frame. Assume, for example, that the investor in Illustration D-8 received $500 semiannually for three years instead of $1,000 annually. In this case, the number of periods becomes six (3 3 2), the discount rate is 5% (10% 4 2), the present value factor from Table 2 is 5.07569, and the present value of the future cash fl ows is $2,537.85 (5.07569 3 $500). This amount is slightly higher than the $2,486.86 computed in Illustration D-9 because interest is paid twice during the same year; therefore interest is earned on the fi rst half year’s interest.

Computing the Present Value of a Long-Term Note or BondThe present value (or market price) of a long-term note or bond is a function of three variables: (1) the payment amounts, (2) the length of time until the amounts are paid, and (3) the discount rate. Our illustration uses a fi ve-year bond issue.

i = 12%

4

PV = ?

Now

$6,000

5 years1

Kildare Company has just signed a capitalizable lease contract for equip-ment that requires rental payments of $6,000 each, to be paid at the endof each of the next 5 years. The appropriate discount rate is 12%. Whatis the present value of the rental payments—that is, the amount used tocapitalize the leased equipment?

Answer: The present value factor from Table 2 is 3.60478(5 periods at 12%). The present value of 5 payments of $6,000 eachdiscounted at 12% is $21,628.68 ($6,000 × 3.60478).

$6,000 $6,000

2 3

$6,000 $6,000

n = 5

Illustration D-10Demonstration problem—Using Table 2 for PV of an annuity of 1

1The difference of .00001 between 2.48686 and 2.48685 is due to rounding.

Study Objective [5] Compute the present value of notes and bonds.

Computing the Present Value of a Long-Term Note or Bond D7



The fi rst variable—dollars to be paid—is made up of two elements: (1) a series of interest payments (an annuity), and (2) the principal amount (a single sum). To compute the present value of the bond, we must discount both the interest pay-ments and the principal amount—two different computations. The time diagrams for a bond due in fi ve years are shown in Illustration D-11.

When the investor’s market interest rate is equal to the bond’s contractual interest rate, the present value of the bonds will equal the face value of the bonds. To illustrate, assume a bond issue of 10%, fi ve-year bonds with a face value of $100,000 with interest payable semiannually on January 1 and July 1. If the discount rate is the same as the contractual rate, the bonds will sell at face value. In this case, the investor will receive the following: (1) $100,000 at matu-rity, and (2) a series of ten $5,000 interest payments [($100,000 3 10%) 4 2] over the term of the bonds. The length of time is expressed in terms of interest periods—in this case—10, and the discount rate per interest period, 5%. The following time diagram (Illustration D-12) depicts the variables involved in this discounting situation.

Interest Rate (i)

1 yr.

PresentValue (?)

Now

PrincipalAmount

5 yr.

Diagramfor

Principal2 yr. 3 yr. 4 yr.

Interest

1 yr.

PresentValue (?)

Now 5 yr.

Diagramfor

Interest2 yr. 3 yr. 4 yr.

Interest Rate (i)Interest Interest Interest Interest

n = 5

n = 5

Illustration D-11Present value of a bond time diagram

i = 5%

1

PresentValue(?)

Now

PrincipalAmount$100,000

10

Diagramfor

Principal5 6

1

PresentValue(?)

Now 10

Diagramfor

Interest5 6

i = 5%$5,000

2

2

3

3

4

4

7

7

8

8

9

9

$5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000$5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000

n = 10

n = 10

$5,000

InterestPayments

Illustration D-12Time diagram for present value of a 10%, fi ve-year bond paying interest semiannually


Illustration D-13 shows the computation of the present value of these bonds.

Now assume that the investor’s required rate of return is 12%, not 10%. The future amounts are again $100,000 and $5,000, respectively, but now a discount rate of 6% (12% 4 2) must be used. The present value of the bonds is $92,639, as computed in Illustration D-14.

Conversely, if the discount rate is 8% and the contractual rate is 10%, the pres-ent value of the bonds is $108,111, computed as shown in Illustration D-15.

The above discussion relies on present value tables in solving present value problems. Many people use spreadsheets such as Excel or fi nancial calculators (some even on websites) to compute present values, without the use of tables. Many calculators, especially “fi nancial calculators,” have present value (PV) functions that allow you to calculate present values by merely inputting the proper amount, discount rate, and periods, and pressing the PV key. Appendix E illustrates how to use a fi nancial calculator in various business situations.

Illustration D-13Present value of principal and interest—face value

10% Contractual Rate—10% Discount Rate

Present value of principal to be received at maturity $100,000 3 PV of 1 due in 10 periods at 5%

$100,000 3 .61391 (Table 1) $ 61,391

Present value of interest to be received periodically over the term of the bonds $5,000 3 PV of 1 due periodically for 10 periods at 5%

$5,000 3 7.72173 (Table 2) 38,609*

Present value of bonds $100,000

*Rounded

Illustration D-14Present value of principal and interest—discount


Present value of principal to be received at maturity $100,000 3 .55839 (Table 1) $55,839

Present value of interest to be received periodicallyover the term of the bonds $5,000 3 7.36009 (Table 2) 36,800


Illustration D-15Present value of principal and interest—premium


Present value of principal to be received at maturity $100,000 3 .67556 (Table 1) $ 67,556

Present value of interest to be received periodicallyover the term of the bonds $5,000 3 8.11090 (Table 2) 40,555


Computing the Present Value of a Long-Term Note or Bond D9



[1] Distinguish between simple and compound interest. Simple interest is computed on the principal only,

while compound interest is computed on the principal and any

interest earned that has not been withdrawn.

[2] Identify the variables fundamental to solving present value problems. The following three variables are

fundamental to solving present value problems: (1) the future

amount, (2) the number of periods, and (3) the interest rate

(the discount rate).

[3] Solve for present value of a single amount. Pre-

pare a time diagram of the problem. Identify the future

amount, the number of discounting periods, and the discount

(interest) rate. Using the present value of a single amount

table, multiply the future amount by the present value factor

specifi ed at the intersection of the number of periods and the

discount rate.

[4] Solve for present value of an annuity. Prepare a

time diagram of the problem. Identify the future annuity pay-

ments, the number of discounting periods, and the discount

(interest) rate. Using the present value of an annuity of 1 table,

multiply the amount of the annuity payments by the present

value factor specifi ed at the intersection of the number of pe-

riods and the interest rate.

[5] Compute the present value of notes and bonds. To

determine the present value of the principal amount: Multiply

the principal amount (a single future amount) by the present

value factor (from the present value of 1 table) intersecting at

the number of periods (number of interest payments) and the

discount rate.

To determine the present value of the series of interest

payments: Multiply the amount of the interest payment by the

present value factor (from the present value of an annuity of 1

table) intersecting at the number of periods (number of inter-

est payments) and the discount rate. Add the present value of

the principal amount to the present value of the interest pay-

ments to arrive at the present value of the note or bond.

Summary of Study Objectives

Annuity A series of equal dollar amounts to be paid or re-

ceived at evenly spaced time intervals (periodically). (p. D5).

Compound interest The interest computed on the principal

and any interest earned that has not been paid or withdrawn.

(p. D2).

Discounting the future amount(s) The process of

determining present value. (p. D3).

Interest Payment for the use of another’s money. (p. D1).

Present value The value now of a given amount to be paid or

received in the future assuming compound interest. (p. D3).

Present value of an annuity The value now of a series

of future receipts or payments, discounted assuming com-

pound interest. (p. D5).

Principal The amount borrowed or invested. (p. D1).

Simple interest The interest computed on the principal

only. (p. D1).

Glossary

Use present value tables.

Brief ExercisesUse tables to solve exercises.

BED-1 For each of the following cases, indicate (a) to what interest rate columns, and (b) to

what number of periods you would refer in looking up the discount rate.

1. In Table 1 (present value of 1):

Number of Compounding Annual Rate Years Involved Per Year

(a) 12% 6 Annually

(b) 10% 15 Annually

(c) 8% 12 Semiannually

2. In Table 2 (present value of an annuity of 1):

Number of Number of Frequency of Annual Rate Years Involved Payments Involved Payments

(a) 8% 20 20 Annually

(b) 10% 5 5 Annually

(c) 12% 4 8 Semiannually

BED-2 (a) What is the present value of $30,000 due 8 periods from now, discounted at

8%? (b) What is the present value of $30,000 to be received at the end of each of 6 periods,

discounted at 9%?

Determine present values.


BED-3 Ramirez Company is considering an investment that will return a lump sum of $600,000

5 years from now. What amount should Ramirez Company pay for this investment in order to

earn a 10% return?

BED-4 LaRussa Company earns 9% on an investment that will return $700,000 8 years from

now. What is the amount LaRussa should invest now in order to earn this rate of return?

BED-5 Polley Company sold a 5-year, zero-interest-bearing $36,000 note receivable to Valley

Inc. Valley wishes to earn 10% over the remaining 4 years of the note. How much cash will Polley

receive upon sale of the note?

BED-6 Marichal Company issues a 3-year, zero-interest-bearing $60,000 note. The interest rate

used to discount the zero-interest-bearing note is 8%. What are the cash proceeds that Marichal

Company should receive?

BED-7 Colaw Company is considering investing in an annuity contract that will return $40,000

annually at the end of each year for 15 years. What amount should Colaw Company pay for this

investment if it earns a 6% return?

BED-8 Sauder Enterprises earns 11% on an investment that pays back $100,000 at the end of

each of the next 4 years. What is the amount Sauder Enterprises invested to earn the 11% rate

of return?

BED-9 Chicago Railroad Co. is about to issue $200,000 of 10-year bonds paying a 10% interest

rate, with interest payable semiannually. The discount rate for such securities is 8%. How much

can Chicago expect to receive for the sale of these bonds?

BED-10 Assume the same information as in BED-9 except that the discount rate is 10% instead

of 8%. In this case, how much can Chicago expect to receive from the sale of these bonds?

BED-11 Berghaus Company receives a $75,000, 6-year note bearing interest of 8% (paid an-

nually) from a customer at a time when the discount rate is 9%. What is the present value of the

note received by Berghaus Company?

BED-12 Troutman Enterprises issued 8%, 8-year, $1,000,000 par value bonds that pay interest

semiannually on October 1 and April 1. The bonds are dated April 1, 2012, and are issued on that

date. The discount rate of interest for such bonds on April 1, 2012, is 10%. What cash proceeds

did Troutman receive from issuance of the bonds?

BED-13 Ricky Cleland owns a garage and is contemplating purchasing a tire retreading ma-

chine for $16,280. After estimating costs and revenues, Ricky projects a net cash fl ow from the

retreading machine of $2,800 annually for 8 years. Ricky hopes to earn a return of 11% on such

investments. What is the present value of the retreading operation? Should Ricky Cleland pur-

chase the retreading machine?

BED-14 Martinez Company issues a 10%, 6-year mortgage note on January 1, 2012, to obtain

fi nancing for new equipment. Land is used as collateral for the note. The terms provide for semi-

annual installment payments of $78,978. What were the cash proceeds received from the issuance

of the note?

BED-15 Durler Company is considering purchasing equipment. The equipment will produce

the following cash fl ows: Year 1, $30,000; Year 2, $40,000; Year 3, $60,000. Durler requires a mini-

mum rate of return of 12%. What is the maximum price Durler should pay for this equipment?

BED-16 If Carla Garcia invests $2,745 now, she will receive $10,000 at the end of 15 years. What

annual rate of interest will Carla earn on her investment? (Hint: Use Table 1.)

BED-17 Sara Altom has been offered the opportunity of investing $51,316 now. The invest-

ment will earn 10% per year and at the end of that time will return Sara $100,000. How many

years must Sara wait to receive $100,000? (Hint: Use Table 1.)

BED-18 Stacy Dains purchased an investment for $11,469.92. From this investment, she will

receive $1,000 annually for the next 20 years, starting one year from now. What rate of interest

will Stacy’s investment be earning for her? (Hint: Use Table 2.)

BED-19 Diana Rossi invests $8,559.48 now for a series of $1,000 annual returns, beginning one

year from now. Diana will earn a return of 8% on the initial investment. How many annual pay-

ments of $1,000 will Diana receive? (Hint: Use Table 2.)

BED-20 Minitori Company needs $10,000 on January 1, 2015. It is starting a fund on January

1, 2012.

Compute the present value of a single-sum investment.

Compute the present value of a single-sum investment.

Compute the present value of a single-sum zero-interest-bearing note.

Compute the present value of a single-sum zero-interest-bearing note.

Compute the present value of an annuity investment.

Compute the present value of an annuity investment.

Compute the present value of bonds.


Compute the present value of a note.

Compute the value of a machine for purposes of making a purchase decision.


Compute the present value of a note.

Compute the maximum price to pay for a machine.

Compute the interest rate on a single sum.

Compute the number of periods of a single sum.

Compute the interest rate on an annuity.

Compute the number of periods of an annuity.

Compute the amount to be invested.

Brief Exercises D11



InstructionsCompute the amount that must be invested in the fund on January 1, 2012, to produce a $10,000

balance on January 1, 2015, if:

(a) The fund earns 8% per year compounded annually.

(b) The fund earns 8% per year compounded semiannually.

(c) The fund earns 12% per year compounded annually.

(d) The fund earns 12% per year compounded semiannually.

BED-21 Venuchi Company needs $10,000 on January 1, 2017. It is starting a fund to produce

that amount.

InstructionsCompute the amount that must be invested in the fund to produce a $10,000 balance on January

1, 2017, if:

(a) The initial investment is made January 1, 2012, and the fund earns 6% per year.

(b) The initial investment is made January 1, 2014, and the fund earns 6% per year.

(c) The initial investment is made January 1, 2012, and the fund earns 10% per year.

(d) The initial investment is made January 1, 2014, and the fund earns 10% per year.

BED-22 Letterman Corporation is buying new equipment. It can pay $39,500 today (option 1),

or $10,000 today and 5 yearly payments of $8,000 each, starting in one year (option 2).

InstructionsWhich option should Letterman select? (Assume a discount rate of 10%.)

BED-23 Carmen Corporation is considering several investments.

Instructions(a) One investment returns $10,000 per year for 5 years and provides a return of 10%. What is

the cost of this investment?

(b) Another investment costs $50,000 and returns a certain amount per year for 10 years, provid-

ing an 8% return. What amount is received each year?

(c) A third investment costs $70,000 and returns $11,971 each year for 15 years. What is the rate

of return on this investment?

BED-24 You are the benefi ciary of a trust fund. The fund gives you the option of receiving

$5,000 per year for 10 years, $9,000 per year for 5 years, or $30,000 today.

InstructionsIf the desired rate of return is 8%, which option should you select?

BED-25 You are purchasing a car for $24,000, and you obtain fi nancing as follows: $2,400 down

payment, 12% interest, semiannual payments over 5 years.

InstructionsCompute the payment you will make every 6 months

BED-26 Contreras Corporation is considering purchasing bonds of Jose Company as an in-

vestment. The bonds have a face value of $40,000 with a 10% interest rate. The bonds mature in

4 years and pay interest semiannually.

Instructions(a) What is the most Contreras should pay for the bonds if it desires a 12% return?

(b) What is the most Contreras should pay for the bonds if it desires an 8% return?

BED-27 Garcia Corporation is considering purchasing bonds of Fred Company as an invest-

ment. The bonds have a face value of $90,000 with a 9% interest rate. The bonds mature in 6 years

and pay interest semiannually.

Instructions(a) What is the most Garcia should pay for the bonds if it desires a 10% return?

(b) What is the most Garcia should pay for the bonds if it desires an 8% return?

Compute the amount to be invested.

Select the better payment option.

Compute the cost of an invest-ment, amount received, and rate of return.

Select the best payment option.

Compute the semiannual car payment.



BMappendixd.indd Page D12 12/10/10 2:10:17 PM users-133BMappendixd.indd Page D12 12/10/10 2:10:17 PM users-133 /Users/users-133/Desktop/Ramakant_04.05.09/WB00113_R1:JWCL170/New/Users/users-133/Desktop/Ramakant_04.05.09/WB00113_R1:JWCL170/New

Economy & Finance

Appendix Time value of money