California Advanced Homes Program
ZNE: Catch Me If You CanCountdown to 2020
Ritesh NayyarTRC Energy Services
December 5, 2017
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Sponsored by PG&E
These programs are funded by California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission.
“PG&E” refers to Pacific Gas and Electric Company, a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation.
© 2017 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserved.
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Program Overview
California Advanced Homes Program (CAHP)• Energy Efficiency & Market-transformation program: intended capture
above code savings and to assist builders in overcoming the hurdles of the energy codes and to advance high performance design.
• Single family new construction in PG&E, SoCalGas, and SDG&E territory• Facilitates energy efficient design and construction through incentives and
design assistance• Supports builders, energy consultants, and HERS raters to move beyond
the current energy code
Program is funded under the auspices of the CPUC• Incentive levels and program requirements may be revised during the
program cycle
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Program Requirements
Homes must meet the following requirements:• Permit to 2016 Title 24 standards• Receive PG&E service• Be new construction• Be single family, duplex, or townhome• Meet energy performance
requirements
Energy consultants must: • Hold either a 2013 or a 2016
residential Certified Energy Analysist (CEA) certificate
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Agenda• Context of Code Change
- History of code- California’s big bold ZNE goals- Issues and challenges
• ZNE- Definition - Goals- Lessons Learned
• TDV- Definition- Changes in TDV from last code cycle
• 2019 Energy Code- Building standards overview- Major Changes in 2019 code
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How it All Started
• Warren-Alquist Act 1975
– Established the California Energy Commission
• What was happening in 1975?
– Watergate (1974)
– 10% inflation
– OPEC – gas shortages
– 55 mpg imposed to save gas
– Global recession
– Vietnam war ended
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Rosenfeld Curve: Per Capita Electricity Consumption in California and the U.S.
Big Bold Energy Efficiency Strategies
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All new residential
construction in California
will be ZNE by 2020
All new residential
construction in California
will be ZNE by 2020
All new commercial
construction will be ZNE by 2030
All new commercial
construction will be ZNE by 2030
50% of existing commercial
buildings will be retrofit to ZNE
by 2030
50% of existing commercial
buildings will be retrofit to ZNE
by 2030
All new & major renovations of state buildings
shall be ZNE 2025; 50% at
2020
All new & major renovations of state buildings
shall be ZNE 2025; 50% at
2020
Legislative Change
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AB 802: Statewide building
energy use benchmarking & disclosure
AB 802: Statewide building
energy use benchmarking & disclosure
SB 350: By 2030… Renewable Portfolio
Standard (RPS) – 50% ;
50% Increase Energy Efficiency in Existing
Buildings
SB 350: By 2030… Renewable Portfolio
Standard (RPS) – 50% ;
50% Increase Energy Efficiency in Existing
Buildings
AB 32/SB 32 Global Warming
Solutions Act 80% below 1990
in 2050
AB 32/SB 32 Global Warming
Solutions Act 80% below 1990
in 2050
Prop. 39 – Clean Energy Funding; AB758, AB 793
Definition(s) of ZNE
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0 Net Site Energy
0Net Energy Emissions
0Net TDV Energy
0Net Energy
Costs
0Net Source
Energy
Produce as much energy as
the home uses on an
annual (net) basis
Does ZNE Makes Sense? Is it feasible?
• For decades, generating electricity at big power plants has been the most cost-effective way to provide power to buildings.– Problem is energy losses, Leaks, Emissions
– Solar PV has now become cost effective
• To get to ZNE, though, focusing on production of energy isn’t enough; you have to look at the consumption too. – While the fast track to ZNE might be to cover your roof with solar panels, this solution will only work in
certain situations.
– Drawback to the “just add more solar panels” approach is the ability of the grid to store energy. The electrical grid is primarily a delivery system.
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energy efficiency measures
energy efficiency measures
renewable energy
generation
renewable energy
generation
ZNEZNE
Duck Curve – Typical Spring Day
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Ideal Flat Load
The Duck’s neck- a sudden increase in required energy. Requires peaking plants, add brownout risk
Time Dependent Valuation (TDV)
• TDV is a meta Time of Use “rate” or “value curve” in the State of California for code compliance by the performance path
• The TDV values energy used differently based on the hour of the year to reflect the cost:
– To consumers
– To the utility system
– And to society
• TDV is a flexible tool with values that vary:
– By energy commodity (electricity vs. natural gas vs. propane)
– By location – reflecting differences in costs driven by climate conditions
– By type of construction – residential vs. nonresidential
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Time Dependent Valuation (TDV)
• TDV calculation inputs include:– Utility marginal cost of generation price forecasts (electricity and natural gas)
– Transmission and distribution costs
– Emissions and environmental costs
– Ancillary services and peak capacity costs
– Fixed annual utility costs (taxes, metering, billing, etc.)
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Sample TDV shape by component, Average day, levelized 30-year residential, CZ12
Changes in TDVs from Last Cycle
• The Generation capacity and T&D capacity have shifted to later in the evening.
– As a result, TDV peaks much later in the afternoon such that it is now coincident with evening cooling peak.
• TDV is lower during the middle of the day in 2019 compared with 2016.
– Therefore, the value of solar generation and export is lower in 2019 than under 2016 TDV.
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ZNE Goals (i.e. 2019 Standards Goals)
The 2019 Standards should be structured to send the right signal to the market to pave the way for achieving full ZNE in a later cycle of Standards by encouraging:
1.Envelope efficiency,
2.Appropriately sized PVs,
3.Grid harmonization strategies that maximize self-utilization of the PV output and limit exports to the grid
Further, the standards must be framed in a way to encourage competition, innovation, and flexibility to foster new solutions as the grid and technologies evolve.
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2019 Energy Code
Efficiency increases, cycle over cycle
Significant prescriptive changes proposed for 2019 Res standards:
• High Performance Walls (HPW)
• High Performance Attics (HPA)
• High Performance Windows (HPF)
• QII
New metric to evaluate code compliance rather than compliance percent.
• Target Energy Design Rating (EDR)
– Two target EDRs; one for efficiency only, and another after PV generation is applied
– Removal of the PV-offset option
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2005 2008 2013 2016 2019
~15% ~14% ~30% ~28% ~15%
High Performance Walls
Major changes in the 2019 code
Residential Prescriptive Standard- Assembly U factor
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U-Factor 0.043 R-21+R-7 = Effective R (23.3)
U-Factor 0.051 R-19+R-5 = Effective R (19.6)
U-Factor 0.065 R-15+R-4 = Effective R (15.4)
Common Wall Framing Options
U-FACTOR FRAMINGSTUD
SPACING
CAVITY
INSULATION
EXTERIOR
INSULATION
CAVITY INSULATION
TYPE
0.043 2x6 16” OC R-21 R-7 High density
fiberglass batt
0.043 2x4 16” OC R-13 R-12 Low density
fiberglass batt
0.043 2x6 24” OC R-19 R-8 Low density
fiberglass batt
0.050 2x4 16” OC R-15 R-8 (~2") High density batt
0.051 2x6 16” OC R-21 R-4 (~1")High density batt or
BIB
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Multiple combinations of similar materials will achieve these same U-factors.
High Performance Attics• Removed above deck HPA option (2016 HPA Option A)
– Instead of having a prescriptive requirement, users will be directed to use the performance path for above deck insulation
• Option A – High Performance Attic • Option B – Conditioned attic
• U-FACTOR
• FRAMING
• 0.043
• 2x6
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Option A Option B
• Vented attic
• R19 (climate zones 4 & 8-16)
• R30 or R38 ceiling insulation
• Radiant barrier (only in climate
zones 2,3,5,6 &7)
• R6 or R8 duct insulation (climate
zone specific)
• Unvented attic
• R30 or R38 ceiling insulation
(climate zone specific)
• Radiant barrier
• Verified ducts in conditioned space
• R6 duct insulation
High Performance Windows
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Maximum U-
factor0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Max or Min
SHGC
0.35
Min
0.35
Min
0.35
Min
0.23
Max
0.35
Min
0.23
Max
0.23
Max
0.23
Max
0.23
Max
0.23
Max
0.23
Max
0.23
Max
0.23
Max
0.23
Max
0.23
Max
0.35
Min
Climate Zone
Quality Insulation Installation (QII)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Quality
Insulation
Inspection
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Climate Zone
Domestic Hot Water System
Systems serving individual dwelling units can be one of the following –
1. A single gas or propane instantaneous water heater with an input of 200,000 Btu per hour or less and no storage tank, and that meets the requirements of Sections 110.1 and 110.3 shall be installed (this is the prescriptive system that is being used in the energy model).
OR
2. A single gas or propane storage type water heater with an input of 105,000 Btu per hour or less, rated volume of more than 55 gallons.
OR
3. A single electric water heater with rated volume of more than 55 gallons.
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Domestic Hot Water System
A single gas or propane storage type water heater with an input of 105,000 Btu per hour or less, rated volume of more than 55 gallons, and in addition one of the following shall be installed:
a. A compact hot water distribution system that is field verified as specified in the Reference Appendix RA4.4.16; or
b. All domestic hot water piping shall be insulated and field verified as specified in the Reference Appendix RA4.4.1 and RA4.4.14.
c. A drain water heat recovery system that is field verified as specified in the Reference Appendix RA3.6.9, plus the following:
i. The drain water heat recovery system shall have a minimum CSA rated effectiveness of 42 percent; and.
ii. The drain water heat recovery system shall recover heat from at least the master bathroom shower and must at least transfer that heat either back to all the respective showers or the water heater.
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Domestic Hot Water System
A single electric water heater with rated volume of more than 55 gallons and in addition one of the following:
a. For Climate Zones 2 through 15, a photovoltaic system capacity of 0.3 kW larger than the requirement specified in Section 150.1.
b. For Climate Zones 1 and 16, a photovoltaic system capacity of 1.1 kW larger than the requirement specified in Section 150.1.
– EXCEPTION 1: For Climate Zones 2 through 15, a single heat pump water heater that meets the requirements of NEEA Advanced Water Heater Specification Tier 3 or higher.
– EXCEPTION 2: For Climate Zones 1 and 16, a single heat pump water heater that meets the requirements of NEEA Advanced Water Heater Specification Tier 3 or higher, and a photovoltaic system capacity of 0.3 kW larger than the requirement specified in Section 150.1(c)4.
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PV Compliance Credit
Requirements• Performance approach
• Climate zones 1-5 or 8-16
• Minimum amount of PV
Compliance credit depends upon
• Climate zone
• Conditioned Floor Area
• As much credit as the HPW and HPA
– PV credit available even if project includes HPW and HPA
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Not applicable for 2019 Code
Prescriptive PV requirements – 2019 Code
All low-rise residential buildings shall have a PV system with annual electric output equal to the dwelling’s annual electric usage. The prescriptive PV size will be calculated as follows:
kWPV = (CFA x A) + B
Where
kWPV is the kW DC size of the PV system,
CFA is the conditioned floor area,
A is the area adjustment factor
B is the dwelling adjustment factor
Example: 2,700 sf home in Climate Zone 1
kWPV = (2,700 x 0.000793063) + 1.267153141
= 3.408423 kW
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Proposed Exceptions to On-Site PV
Some of the exceptions that are being considered but not limited to are as follows –
• EXCEPTION 1 : Address where existing barriers external to the dwelling exist, including but not limited to trees, hills, and adjacent structures.
• EXCEPTION 2 : Allow for a reduced PV size in climate zone 15 that can be accommodated by the solar access requirements of the solar ready zone.
• EXCEPTION 3 : Allow for a reduced PV size for single family homes with three stories.
• EXCEPTION 4 : Address dwelling unit plans that were approved by planning departments prior to January 1, 2020.
• EXCEPTION 5 : Allow for a reduced PV size if installed in conjunction with a battery storage system.
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Energy Design Rating (EDR)
• Energy Design Rating (EDR) is a home energy index that uses time dependent valuation (TDV) of energy including all end uses in a home to provide a whole-house efficiency metric. EDR score show how close a home is to the ZNE target.
• Reference home is a 2006 IECC compliant home, EDR=100
• EDR is calculated by the Title 24 software using TDV energy
• A score of zero means the house is a ZNE building
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2019 Code - Target Energy Design Rating (EDR)
Energy Design Rating (EDR) targets for each climate zone:
1.An EDR level for energy efficiency features based on 2019 prescriptive measures. This EDR target can only be met using energy efficiency measures
2.An EDR Contribution for a PV array sized to displace the annual site kWhs (no more PV tradeoff)
3.Subtract the PV EDR Contribution from the energy efficiency EDR to determine the final target EDR
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Target EDR Advantage - ExampleHere is an example of how CBECC-Res calculates the Target EDR for both EE and PV in CZ12 for the 2,700 sf:
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Target EDR’s Many Advantages
1. Establishes a performance benchmark
2. Industry appreciates options available
3. Sends the right signals about EE, PV sizing, demand response and flexibility
4. Allows builder to use more efficiency and less PV
5. Provides credit for demand response and flexibility, storage, EV integration, and grid harmonization strategies to achieve ZNE
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Thank you for joining us today
Ritesh Nayyar
TRC Energy Services
949-341-8205
Questions?