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Digital Tunneling
Prof. Hehua ZHU, Dr. Xiaojun LI
Dept. of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Main Contents:
� Introductions
� Research status
� Contents of digital tunneling
� Case studies
� Conclusions
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1. Introductions
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1.1 Overview of digitization for tunnel engineering1.1 Overview of digitization for tunnel engineering
� Digitization for tunnel engineering (DTE) means an effective and specific
administration of data involved in exploration, design, construction, monitoring
and operation process, thus providing a common information platform for
construction, management, maintenance and hazard prevention of tunnel.
� A digital museum could be established after the real tunnel is built, which
provides a digital tunnel corresponding to the real one for its whole lifetime.
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1.2 The purposes of DTE
• In the design phase, 3D digital strata could be used to manage the strata
information, thus to provide rational suggestions of the tunnel design scheme.
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� In the construction phase, retrieving the tunnel design information,
monitoring data and geological profile data quickly and efficiently could be
very beneficial to change the construction scheme which is the important keys
to ensure the construction safety.
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� In the tunnel maintenance phase, getting the data and information
in the design and construction process is vital to lower operation cost,
increase maintenance efficiency and improve the ability of hazard
prevention.
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2 Research status
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� Marte Gutierrez et al. in Virginia Tech (2003) initiated a
research project AMADEUS (Adaptive Real-Time
Geologic Mapping, Analysis and Design of Underground
Space) which exploits new IT technologies such as digital
imaging, data management, visualization and computation
to improve analysis, design and construction of
underground excavations. An integrated relational database
for tracking rock mass data during tunneling is reported
recently.
� GEODATA company in Austria (2004) begins a project
‘CITYGRID’ whose objective is to develop a precise
mapping of whole cities in form of digital city-models.
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� Kenichi Soga et al. in Univ. of Cambridge (2005) begins a research project ‘Smart infrastructure’. The main objective of the research is to develop generic wireless sensor networks that allow sharing of equipment and communication tools for monitoring of multiple types of infrastructures including tunnels, bridges and water supply systems etc.
� Scucka Jiri et al. in Institute of Geonics, Czech Republic (2006) reported a image processing and analysis system on underground working face photographs which could be used in geological investigation and geo-monitoring.
� Myung Sagong et al. in Korea Railroad Research Institute (2006) developed a digital tunnel face mapping system (DiTFAMS) using PDA and wireless Network.
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3D geology model (Japan)
geology cross-section by manual
mapping and deduction
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Schematic diagram for drill holes
distribution of Kobe strata data
bank (4000 drill holes )
Geology cross-section
given by Kobe strata
data bank
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Reproduced 3D strata picture using existing
information of drill holes
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�Beijing
�Shanghai
�Shengzheng
�Taipei
Build geology
engineering data
bank since 1990
Geology engineering
information system since
1993 and research project
of 3D digital engineering
geology since 1996
Research on integrated
data bank of
underground pipeline
research by municipal
mapping institute since
1999
Integrated planning for
Shanghai underground
spaces proposed in 2003
Data bank of information
of 100,000 drill holes
Code for basic information
of Urban geography
Geosciences data
bank since 1991
�Hongkong
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� Digital underground pipeline
Over 40 cities in China including Guangzhou, Tsingdao, Suzhou and Zhongshan etc. have developed 2D ground pipeline network information system, and some of them are developing 3D system.
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3 Contents of digital tunneling
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3.1 Research contents of digital tunneling3.1 Research contents of digital tunneling
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�� Data management for collecting and processing data in Data management for collecting and processing data in
exploration, design, construction, monitoring process and etc.exploration, design, construction, monitoring process and etc.
�� Modeling of 3D strata, tunnel and their attachmentsModeling of 3D strata, tunnel and their attachments
�� Digital administration in tunnel designDigital administration in tunnel design
�� Digitization and tunnel constructionDigitization and tunnel construction
�� Digitization and tunnel monitoringDigitization and tunnel monitoring
�� Digitization and tunnel maintenanceDigitization and tunnel maintenance
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3.2 Database management
�� Data classification and codingData classification and coding
�� Database model Database model
�� Database implementation Database implementation
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3.2.1 Data classification and coding convention
�� A data organizing and classification scheme is provided A data organizing and classification scheme is provided
both from the viewpoint of geography survey, geology both from the viewpoint of geography survey, geology
investigation and the viewpoint of civil engineering. See investigation and the viewpoint of civil engineering. See
the figure in the next page.the figure in the next page.
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Digital Underground Space
and Project
Earth Surface (A)
Basic Geography
(B)
Terrain (A)
Geography (B)
Area geology(A)
Bedrock
geology(B)
Pipeline (A)
NATM tunnel(C)
Subway(D)
Quaternary period
geology(C)
Exploration(D)
Engineering
geology(C)
Prospecting(A)
In situ test(B)
Laboratory soil test
(C)
Result data(D)
Envionment
geology(E)
Hydrogeology
(D)
Underground
stucture(F)
Mine(B)
…
Shield tunnel(F)
Underground
structure design ...
Project
designing(1)
Project
constructing(2)
Project
Monitoring(3)
Project
detecting(4)
Numerical
analyzing(5)
Project risk
evaluating(6)
…
…
…
…
…
…
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�� To better exchange the data and information and To better exchange the data and information and
improve the efficiency of data utilization, the classification improve the efficiency of data utilization, the classification
is encoded into simple characters.is encoded into simple characters.
�� For example, the engineering geology is encoded as For example, the engineering geology is encoded as ‘‘CC’’, ,
and the engineering geology investigation in its second and the engineering geology investigation in its second
level is encoded as level is encoded as ‘‘CACA’’; there are several methods in ; there are several methods in
engineering geology investigation, such as the borehole engineering geology investigation, such as the borehole
whose code was defined as whose code was defined as ‘‘CAACAA’’, and so on., and so on.
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3.2.2 Database model
�� The database is organized with the concept of object, which is The database is organized with the concept of object, which is
accord with the data classification mentioned above. There are accord with the data classification mentioned above. There are
many tables in the database which could be summarized as many tables in the database which could be summarized as
object spatial information table and its attribute tables which object spatial information table and its attribute tables which
are linked together by an unique object ID.are linked together by an unique object ID.
�� Because the spatial information of object is always necessary, Because the spatial information of object is always necessary,
the spatial information table is fundamental, and the attribute the spatial information table is fundamental, and the attribute
information table is optional.information table is optional.
�� This kind of database model allows objects to be resided in This kind of database model allows objects to be resided in
different databases, and it could be seen as a distributive different databases, and it could be seen as a distributive
accessing and storing scheme which enables the model to be accessing and storing scheme which enables the model to be
applied in the situation when putting all data into one databaseapplied in the situation when putting all data into one database
is impossible.is impossible.
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3.2.3 Database implementation
�� The database could be implemented by a traditional The database could be implemented by a traditional
relation database system, such as Microsoft Access, relation database system, such as Microsoft Access,
Microsoft SQL Server or Oracle etc.Microsoft SQL Server or Oracle etc.
�� In the database implementation, it is necessary to In the database implementation, it is necessary to
introduce constraints such as primary key, unique key, introduce constraints such as primary key, unique key,
foreign key in the designing of data table.foreign key in the designing of data table.
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�� Usually the information of an object is resided in Usually the information of an object is resided in
several data tables. To simplify the data accessing process several data tables. To simplify the data accessing process
to the users, data of objects is accessed via a intermediate to the users, data of objects is accessed via a intermediate
tool which groups all the relevant data automatically.tool which groups all the relevant data automatically.
ObjectTable<Collection>
Object NObject 1
Field<Collection>
Field
ChildrenObjectTable 1
ChildrenObject 1
ChildrenObjectTable N
ChildrenObject N
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3.3 strata modeling
�� Based on borehole data, a triangular prism modeling Based on borehole data, a triangular prism modeling
method is used to reconstruct the strata. The main idea method is used to reconstruct the strata. The main idea
of this method is to connect all drill points by using 2D of this method is to connect all drill points by using 2D
delaunaydelaunay triangular meshing according to the drill triangular meshing according to the drill
position on the plane, and then extrude the triangles position on the plane, and then extrude the triangles
vertically to create the triangular prisms, thus the strata vertically to create the triangular prisms, thus the strata
entity is built.entity is built.
)
)
)
ij
k
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3.4 tunnel modeling
�� Tunnel modeling mainly involves the modeling of tunnel Tunnel modeling mainly involves the modeling of tunnel
crosscross--section, planar curve and longitudinal curve of section, planar curve and longitudinal curve of
tunnel axes, tunnel body and its accessory.tunnel axes, tunnel body and its accessory.
�� The modeling of NATM tunnel includes:The modeling of NATM tunnel includes:
–– modeling of tunnel crossmodeling of tunnel cross--section section
–– modeling of planar curve and longitudinal curve modeling of planar curve and longitudinal curve
of tunnel axisof tunnel axis
–– modeling of tunnel body by extruding the crossmodeling of tunnel body by extruding the cross--
section along its axissection along its axis
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�� The modeling of shield tunnel includes:The modeling of shield tunnel includes:
–– modeling of the segmentsmodeling of the segments
–– modeling of planar curve and longitudinal modeling of planar curve and longitudinal
curve of tunnel axiscurve of tunnel axis
–– modeling of the assembling process of the modeling of the assembling process of the
segment ringsegment ring
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3.5 research still to be further carried on
� tunnel parametric design and its optimization
� digitization of tunnel construction
� digitization of tunnel monitoring
� digitization of tunnel maintenance and hazard prevention
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�� Currently, we are developing a remote tunneling monitoring Currently, we are developing a remote tunneling monitoring
system and a tunnel health management system separately, and we system and a tunnel health management system separately, and we
are going to integrate them into the digital tunneling system.are going to integrate them into the digital tunneling system.
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4 Case studies
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4.1 Engineering Case-1
——3D strata modeling and application at Shanghai
Yangtse River tunnel
Strata modeling
Local drawing of the strata modeling
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03-132
Query of drill data
Query of strata
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Visualization dialog
Dynamic database edit
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4.2 Engineering Case-2
——Digitization of Xiamen Xiang’an subsea tunnel
The length of Xiamen Xiang’an subsea tunnel is 6.05 kilometers, with 4.2
kilometers in the sea area. The tunnel is designed as a double direction six lanes
highway. This is the first subsea tunnel building in the mainland of China. The
Budget of this project is about 3.2 billion RMB and the construction time is limited
within four years.
Xiamen-Wutong
Xiang’an
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88)))
Query of drill data includes elementary drill information,
whole strata description, drill strata description
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3D digital ground modeling of Xiamen Xiang’an
sub-sea tunnel
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Tunnel modeling
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Query of tunnel construction data
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Query of tunnel design drawing
� 3D spatial query of design parameters;
� Query of design drawings of arbitrary cross-section and
modification, management and summary of design drawings.
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Strata cutting including the tunnel entity
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Strata slice
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Strata cutting
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Strata cutting including the tunnel entity
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5 Conclusions
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� (1) This article puts forward a conception of digitization for tunnel engineering and applies it in largest shield tunnel in the world and the first sub-sea tunnel in China.
� (2) Data classification, coding convention and the database model are clearly defined, which provide basis for digitization modeling, data query and data management.
� (3) Based on borehole data, a triangular prism modeling method is used to reconstruct the strata. A tunnel modeling method is also put forwarded.
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� (4) An information platform is developed, which
integrates the data of exploration, design,
construction, monitoring etc., and offers an
information management and spatial analysis tool
for the engineering.
� (5) Case studies show that the digitization for
tunnel engineering is a very promising technology,
which could be used in many aspects of the tunnel
and other underground engineering.
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Thank you �