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Digital Tunneling

Prof. Hehua ZHU, Dr. Xiaojun LI

Dept. of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering

Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Main Contents:

� Introductions

� Research status

� Contents of digital tunneling

� Case studies

� Conclusions

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1. Introductions

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1.1 Overview of digitization for tunnel engineering1.1 Overview of digitization for tunnel engineering

� Digitization for tunnel engineering (DTE) means an effective and specific

administration of data involved in exploration, design, construction, monitoring

and operation process, thus providing a common information platform for

construction, management, maintenance and hazard prevention of tunnel.

� A digital museum could be established after the real tunnel is built, which

provides a digital tunnel corresponding to the real one for its whole lifetime.

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1.2 The purposes of DTE

• In the design phase, 3D digital strata could be used to manage the strata

information, thus to provide rational suggestions of the tunnel design scheme.

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� In the construction phase, retrieving the tunnel design information,

monitoring data and geological profile data quickly and efficiently could be

very beneficial to change the construction scheme which is the important keys

to ensure the construction safety.

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� In the tunnel maintenance phase, getting the data and information

in the design and construction process is vital to lower operation cost,

increase maintenance efficiency and improve the ability of hazard

prevention.

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2 Research status

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� Marte Gutierrez et al. in Virginia Tech (2003) initiated a

research project AMADEUS (Adaptive Real-Time

Geologic Mapping, Analysis and Design of Underground

Space) which exploits new IT technologies such as digital

imaging, data management, visualization and computation

to improve analysis, design and construction of

underground excavations. An integrated relational database

for tracking rock mass data during tunneling is reported

recently.

� GEODATA company in Austria (2004) begins a project

‘CITYGRID’ whose objective is to develop a precise

mapping of whole cities in form of digital city-models.

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� Kenichi Soga et al. in Univ. of Cambridge (2005) begins a research project ‘Smart infrastructure’. The main objective of the research is to develop generic wireless sensor networks that allow sharing of equipment and communication tools for monitoring of multiple types of infrastructures including tunnels, bridges and water supply systems etc.

� Scucka Jiri et al. in Institute of Geonics, Czech Republic (2006) reported a image processing and analysis system on underground working face photographs which could be used in geological investigation and geo-monitoring.

� Myung Sagong et al. in Korea Railroad Research Institute (2006) developed a digital tunnel face mapping system (DiTFAMS) using PDA and wireless Network.

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3D geology model (Japan)

geology cross-section by manual

mapping and deduction

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Schematic diagram for drill holes

distribution of Kobe strata data

bank (4000 drill holes )

Geology cross-section

given by Kobe strata

data bank

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Reproduced 3D strata picture using existing

information of drill holes

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�Beijing

�Shanghai

�Shengzheng

�Taipei

Build geology

engineering data

bank since 1990

Geology engineering

information system since

1993 and research project

of 3D digital engineering

geology since 1996

Research on integrated

data bank of

underground pipeline

research by municipal

mapping institute since

1999

Integrated planning for

Shanghai underground

spaces proposed in 2003

Data bank of information

of 100,000 drill holes

Code for basic information

of Urban geography

Geosciences data

bank since 1991

�Hongkong

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� Digital underground pipeline

Over 40 cities in China including Guangzhou, Tsingdao, Suzhou and Zhongshan etc. have developed 2D ground pipeline network information system, and some of them are developing 3D system.

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3 Contents of digital tunneling

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3.1 Research contents of digital tunneling3.1 Research contents of digital tunneling

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�� Data management for collecting and processing data in Data management for collecting and processing data in

exploration, design, construction, monitoring process and etc.exploration, design, construction, monitoring process and etc.

�� Modeling of 3D strata, tunnel and their attachmentsModeling of 3D strata, tunnel and their attachments

�� Digital administration in tunnel designDigital administration in tunnel design

�� Digitization and tunnel constructionDigitization and tunnel construction

�� Digitization and tunnel monitoringDigitization and tunnel monitoring

�� Digitization and tunnel maintenanceDigitization and tunnel maintenance

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3.2 Database management

�� Data classification and codingData classification and coding

�� Database model Database model

�� Database implementation Database implementation

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3.2.1 Data classification and coding convention

�� A data organizing and classification scheme is provided A data organizing and classification scheme is provided

both from the viewpoint of geography survey, geology both from the viewpoint of geography survey, geology

investigation and the viewpoint of civil engineering. See investigation and the viewpoint of civil engineering. See

the figure in the next page.the figure in the next page.

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Digital Underground Space

and Project

Earth Surface (A)

Basic Geography

(B)

Terrain (A)

Geography (B)

Area geology(A)

Bedrock

geology(B)

Pipeline (A)

NATM tunnel(C)

Subway(D)

Quaternary period

geology(C)

Exploration(D)

Engineering

geology(C)

Prospecting(A)

In situ test(B)

Laboratory soil test

(C)

Result data(D)

Envionment

geology(E)

Hydrogeology

(D)

Underground

stucture(F)

Mine(B)

…

Shield tunnel(F)

Underground

structure design ...

Project

designing(1)

Project

constructing(2)

Project

Monitoring(3)

Project

detecting(4)

Numerical

analyzing(5)

Project risk

evaluating(6)

…

…

…

…

…

…

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�� To better exchange the data and information and To better exchange the data and information and

improve the efficiency of data utilization, the classification improve the efficiency of data utilization, the classification

is encoded into simple characters.is encoded into simple characters.

�� For example, the engineering geology is encoded as For example, the engineering geology is encoded as ‘‘CC’’, ,

and the engineering geology investigation in its second and the engineering geology investigation in its second

level is encoded as level is encoded as ‘‘CACA’’; there are several methods in ; there are several methods in

engineering geology investigation, such as the borehole engineering geology investigation, such as the borehole

whose code was defined as whose code was defined as ‘‘CAACAA’’, and so on., and so on.

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3.2.2 Database model

�� The database is organized with the concept of object, which is The database is organized with the concept of object, which is

accord with the data classification mentioned above. There are accord with the data classification mentioned above. There are

many tables in the database which could be summarized as many tables in the database which could be summarized as

object spatial information table and its attribute tables which object spatial information table and its attribute tables which

are linked together by an unique object ID.are linked together by an unique object ID.

�� Because the spatial information of object is always necessary, Because the spatial information of object is always necessary,

the spatial information table is fundamental, and the attribute the spatial information table is fundamental, and the attribute

information table is optional.information table is optional.

�� This kind of database model allows objects to be resided in This kind of database model allows objects to be resided in

different databases, and it could be seen as a distributive different databases, and it could be seen as a distributive

accessing and storing scheme which enables the model to be accessing and storing scheme which enables the model to be

applied in the situation when putting all data into one databaseapplied in the situation when putting all data into one database

is impossible.is impossible.

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3.2.3 Database implementation

�� The database could be implemented by a traditional The database could be implemented by a traditional

relation database system, such as Microsoft Access, relation database system, such as Microsoft Access,

Microsoft SQL Server or Oracle etc.Microsoft SQL Server or Oracle etc.

�� In the database implementation, it is necessary to In the database implementation, it is necessary to

introduce constraints such as primary key, unique key, introduce constraints such as primary key, unique key,

foreign key in the designing of data table.foreign key in the designing of data table.

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�� Usually the information of an object is resided in Usually the information of an object is resided in

several data tables. To simplify the data accessing process several data tables. To simplify the data accessing process

to the users, data of objects is accessed via a intermediate to the users, data of objects is accessed via a intermediate

tool which groups all the relevant data automatically.tool which groups all the relevant data automatically.

ObjectTable<Collection>

Object NObject 1

Field<Collection>

Field

ChildrenObjectTable 1

ChildrenObject 1

ChildrenObjectTable N

ChildrenObject N

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3.3 strata modeling

�� Based on borehole data, a triangular prism modeling Based on borehole data, a triangular prism modeling

method is used to reconstruct the strata. The main idea method is used to reconstruct the strata. The main idea

of this method is to connect all drill points by using 2D of this method is to connect all drill points by using 2D

delaunaydelaunay triangular meshing according to the drill triangular meshing according to the drill

position on the plane, and then extrude the triangles position on the plane, and then extrude the triangles

vertically to create the triangular prisms, thus the strata vertically to create the triangular prisms, thus the strata

entity is built.entity is built.

)

)

)

ij

k

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3.4 tunnel modeling

�� Tunnel modeling mainly involves the modeling of tunnel Tunnel modeling mainly involves the modeling of tunnel

crosscross--section, planar curve and longitudinal curve of section, planar curve and longitudinal curve of

tunnel axes, tunnel body and its accessory.tunnel axes, tunnel body and its accessory.

�� The modeling of NATM tunnel includes:The modeling of NATM tunnel includes:

–– modeling of tunnel crossmodeling of tunnel cross--section section

–– modeling of planar curve and longitudinal curve modeling of planar curve and longitudinal curve

of tunnel axisof tunnel axis

–– modeling of tunnel body by extruding the crossmodeling of tunnel body by extruding the cross--

section along its axissection along its axis

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�� The modeling of shield tunnel includes:The modeling of shield tunnel includes:

–– modeling of the segmentsmodeling of the segments

–– modeling of planar curve and longitudinal modeling of planar curve and longitudinal

curve of tunnel axiscurve of tunnel axis

–– modeling of the assembling process of the modeling of the assembling process of the

segment ringsegment ring

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3.5 research still to be further carried on

� tunnel parametric design and its optimization

� digitization of tunnel construction

� digitization of tunnel monitoring

� digitization of tunnel maintenance and hazard prevention

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�� Currently, we are developing a remote tunneling monitoring Currently, we are developing a remote tunneling monitoring

system and a tunnel health management system separately, and we system and a tunnel health management system separately, and we

are going to integrate them into the digital tunneling system.are going to integrate them into the digital tunneling system.

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4 Case studies

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4.1 Engineering Case-1

——3D strata modeling and application at Shanghai

Yangtse River tunnel

Strata modeling

Local drawing of the strata modeling

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03-132

Query of drill data

Query of strata

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Visualization dialog

Dynamic database edit

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4.2 Engineering Case-2

——Digitization of Xiamen Xiang’an subsea tunnel

The length of Xiamen Xiang’an subsea tunnel is 6.05 kilometers, with 4.2

kilometers in the sea area. The tunnel is designed as a double direction six lanes

highway. This is the first subsea tunnel building in the mainland of China. The

Budget of this project is about 3.2 billion RMB and the construction time is limited

within four years.

Xiamen-Wutong

Xiang’an

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88)))

Query of drill data includes elementary drill information,

whole strata description, drill strata description

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3D digital ground modeling of Xiamen Xiang’an

sub-sea tunnel

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Tunnel modeling

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Query of tunnel construction data

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Query of tunnel design drawing

� 3D spatial query of design parameters;

� Query of design drawings of arbitrary cross-section and

modification, management and summary of design drawings.

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Strata cutting including the tunnel entity

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Strata slice

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Strata cutting

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Strata cutting including the tunnel entity

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5 Conclusions

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� (1) This article puts forward a conception of digitization for tunnel engineering and applies it in largest shield tunnel in the world and the first sub-sea tunnel in China.

� (2) Data classification, coding convention and the database model are clearly defined, which provide basis for digitization modeling, data query and data management.

� (3) Based on borehole data, a triangular prism modeling method is used to reconstruct the strata. A tunnel modeling method is also put forwarded.

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� (4) An information platform is developed, which

integrates the data of exploration, design,

construction, monitoring etc., and offers an

information management and spatial analysis tool

for the engineering.

� (5) Case studies show that the digitization for

tunnel engineering is a very promising technology,

which could be used in many aspects of the tunnel

and other underground engineering.

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Thank you �