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LRCW 4Late Roman Coarse Wares,

Cooking Wares and Amphoraein the MediterraneanArchaeology and archaeometry

The Mediterranean: a market without frontiers

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Natalia Poulou-Papadimitriou,Eleni Nodarou and Vassilis Kilikoglou

BAR International Series 2616 (I)2014

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LRCW 4 Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and

archaeometry. The Mediterranean: a market without froners. Volume I.

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705

POTTERY FROM THE WORKSHOP BUILDING, IN THE EARLY BYZANTINE CITY OF PHILIPPI,

GREECE

STAVROS ZACHARIADIS

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Mantineias 43, Thessaloniki 54644 Greece; [email protected]

The pottery from a small building in the early Byzantine city of Philippi confirms its date in the 6th century AD but alsoreveals its partial use during the 7th century AD. The presence of handmade vessels along with wheelmade imported pottery in the same context enhances the argument for attributing the so-called Slavic ware actually to a non-Slavic population.

KEYWORDS: PHILIPPI, NORTH GREECE, EARLY BYZANTINE, OIL PRESS, HANDMADE POTTERY

The city of Philippi is situated in north-east Greece, in theeast part of Macedonia, next to the modern city ofKavala. It was founded in 356 ΒC during the reign ofPhilip II (Collart 1937, 39, 151) on the Thassian colonyof Krinides (Collart 1937, 40). During the Roman periodthe city flourished, after being declared as coloniaaugusta and so provided with privileges (Collart 1937,231-238; Papazoglou 1988, 407-408).

Placed on the route of Via Egnatia the city developed intoan important economic, administrative and commercial

urban centre. However, in the early 7th century AD, possibly around AD 620 the city declined (Lemerle 1945,118). This regression is attributed by many scholars to amajor earthquake that caused extensive damage(Gounaris 1984, 49; 1990, 77; Gounaris and Velenis1996, 726; Bakirtzis 1989a, 340-341; 1989b, 696-697):the same event is associated by archaeologists andseismologists to the earthquake that struck Thessaloniki,causing, amongst other disasters there, the destruction ofthe Roman Agora and collapse of the apse of the Rotonda(Papazachos and Papazachou 2003, 185-186).

Excavations in Philippi have been going since the early20th century. Nevertheless only a small part of the cityhas yet been brought to light (Fig. 1). The potteryassemblage under discussion comes from a block of buildings (Fig. 2) in the southeast corner of theexcavation conducted by the Aristotle University ofThessaloniki1.

The entire complex is built over earlier constructions,with mosaics dated to the late 3rd or the 4th centuriesAD. It consists of an octagonal building, a number ofrectangular rooms and some transitional spaces betweenthem. It is in immediate connection with a possibly open

1

The excavation was carried out by the late Professor of

Byzantine Archaeology of the University of ThessalonikiGeorgios Gounaris to whom I am grateful for entrusting mewith the study of this material.

space, surrounded by a circular arcade, to the south, and amarble paved, semicircular exedra to the west.Unfortunately the partial excavation of these outdoorareas does not allow further postulation.

The construction of this block probably took place duringthe 6th century AD. This assumption is confirmed byanalytical techniques conducted on the mortar by the NCSR “Demokritos” in Athens (Gounaris 2008, 231).

The ruins of the buildings (Fig. 3) are preserved for aheight of almost two meters. Stratigraphy is more or less

undisturbed, consisting of two major layers. The upperone is formed by a thick fill, more than a metre deep,with abundant stones originating from the gradualcollapse of the surrounding walls, as well as the long termaccumulation of rocks from the nearby fields duringcultivation in the modern era. The lower level is occupied by the destruction layer, consisting mainly of roof tileswith strong evidence of fire, found in most of theexcavated area. The floor of the complex is not always preserved, since it was originally made of compressedsoil (Gounaris 2008, 229).

A large marble basin for crushing olives and twomillstones, similar to each other, found in the octagonalroom (Fig. 4) are indicative of its use as an oil press. The position in which the basin was found, namely 1.10mabove the floor, is probably not related to its original place: perhaps it signifies an unsuccessful attempt torecover it, after the final destruction of the room.

The pottery assemblage studied numbers 1590 sherds, notincluding the numerous sherds of pithoi, which werefound and preserved in situ. For quantification purposesthe technique of the simple sherd count was used. Sinceno systematic conservation took place, it is not feasible tosafely calculate the minimum number of individuals(M.N.I.).

As it would be expected, in an area connected with production and storage, most of the assemblage consistsof coarse ware, while fine ware, mainly dishes, bowls and



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mugs, makes up close to a mere 5% of the total. Africanand Phocaean red slip ware as well as gray ware sherds,known as Macedonian Sigillata were found (Fig. 5). Nevertheless only few bear any dating significance sincemost of them are found in the upper fill layer or in placeswith intense stratigraphical disturbances.

When it comes to coarse ware the majority of the vesselsare, of course, wheelmade, though a significant numberof handmade pots are found. Most of them came from thedestruction layer of the octagonal building and the smalltriangular transitional space north of the curved wall.

Most of the sherds come from small and medium-sizedstorage vessels and amphorae, which last were probablyused for storage purposes as well. In addition, the positions of 10 large pithoi have been securely identifiedand parts of more have been recovered. Along with these,smaller closed vessels, mainly jugs and cooking potshave been found as well as many lids for the latter and

small rounded sherds for covering narrow mouthedvessels. Open forms like basins, small basins, dishes and bowls represent 7% of the total, while only ten examplesof pottery lamps have been found. The composition of theassemblage (Fig. 6) is suited to the use of the complex asan olive press with storing facilities.

We will attempt here to consider the pottery of each roomof the complex separately, emphasizing the finds from thedestruction layers in order to clarify the differences in useand chronological evidence.

We will start from the rectangular room in the south-west part of the complex (room no 1). It was used for storage

purposes, as indicated by eight fixed positions for pithoiand their numerous sherds that were found.

No coins were recovered from this room. Nevertheless,the pottery evidence (Fig. 7) is indicative of a late 6th –early 7th centuries AD date. Sherds from an LRA 2amphora with slightly wavy grooving (Opaiţ 2007, 632;Pieri 2005, 88), a handle from an LRA 1 (Pieri 2005, 75-76) and sherds from a Gaza amphora were found, thatshould be attributed to the second half of the 6th centuryAD. Especially important for dating purposes isconsidered an example of a PHRSW dish of type Hayes10C, dated, according to parallels from Resafa in the 7th

century AD (Mackensen 1984, 48, 75, pl. 11, 17, no 7).In the next room (room no 2) two more positions for pithoi were identified, one of which preserves the lower part of the vessel in situ, while abundant sherds wererecovered. The original floor made of compact soil wascovered by a thick layer of sand, probably in order tofacilitate better support for storing vessels.

Apart from the pithoi, amphorae are the most representedvessels. The coins found in the destruction level lead tocontradictory conclusions, since small noumia of the 6thcentury coexist with 4th century AD coins. The sameambiguous evidence is provided by the pottery (Fig. 8)

since an LRA 2B amphora (Pieri 2005, 88), dated in thesecond half of the 6th century AD, is found together withan early LRA 1A example, dated in the late 4th – early5th centuries AD (Pieri 2005, 70-72), and an even earlier

sherd from a Çandarli type Hayes 3 bowl, attributed tothe mid 3rd century AD (Hayes 1972, 321). Neverthelessno stratigraphical disturbance had been noted during theexcavation. It is possible that the earlier findings areintrusive and were brought into the room along with thelayer of sand that covered the original floor.

To the north, in the north-west room (room 3) of thecomplex, the stratigraphy is different, since the entireroom was filled to the total of its preserved height, as itwas evident during the excavation (Gounaris 2008, 231).Two 6th century AD coins were found, although both ofthem came from the upper layers. In the potteryassemblage (Fig. 9), from the lower levels, sherds belonging to LRA 1 (Pieri 2005, 75-76), LRA 4(Majcherek 1995, 169; Opaiţ 2004, 21-22; Pieri 2005,106) and Palestinian bag-shaped amphorae wereidentified, as well as an example of an ARSW bowl oftype Hayes 99B: all can be dated during the second halfof the 6th and the early 7th centuries AD. In addition acouple of sherds from handmade vessels were found inthe fill, which was probably formed after the destructionof the complex.

In the adjacent room (room 4) the stratigraphy seemsundisturbed. Bellow the destruction layer, which wasformed by the collapse of the roof, a thick burnt layer thatcovered the entire floor was found. The latest coin fromthis context is attributed to the emperor Heraklios whilethe earliest is dated to the early 6th century AD.

The pottery from this room (Fig. 10) provides us withsimilar dating evidence. Two PRSW type 3 dishes belongto a variation attributed to the 1st half of the 6th centuryAD (Hayes 1972, 338; Reynolds 1995, 147). Amongstthe amphorae, bag-shaped Palestinian examples areidentified as well as one LRA 4 amphora from Gaza, with plain rim, formed by the upper end of the shoulder, datedafter the mid 6th century AD (Pieri 2005, 106).

The quantification of the pottery from this contextimplies that the room was not used for storage purposes,thus suggesting rather a kind of production activity. The possible use of this room as an oil press or for somemilling activity should not be neglected, since one bigmillstone was recovered from its fill.

The irregularly shaped corridor (room 5) retains the samestratigraphical sequence as the latest of the roomsmentioned, with a dense layer of burning above the floor,dated by two coins of Justin II (ie. 565-574 AD). Nevertheless it seems more likely that the context iscontemporary with the destruction layer of the room tothe north, namely the early 7th century AD.

The pottery assemblage (Fig. 11) enhances this datingsince a Palestinian bag-shaped amphora, belonging to thethird variation in Pieri’s classification for these vessels(2005, 119-121), an imitation of an African Lamp(Garnett 1975, 195-199; Karivieri 1996, 58) and aPHRSW type 10A dish (Hayes 1972, 346, 343, Fig. 71,

no 2) can all be dated to the late 6th or early 7th centuriesAD. From the same layer derived also two PHRSW type3 vessels whose parallels are found in a 6th century



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context from Sharaçhane (Hayes 1992, 94, Fig. 35, no 2,4; Mackensen 1984, 73, Pl. 8, 17, no 4), as well asexamples of lead glazed pottery.

In the transitional space to the east (room 6) thestratigraphy is once again different since no destructionlayer has been found. Instead, one fill layer with loose

soil and few finds was observed over the floor level. The pottery (Fig. 12) comes mainly from the upper fill layer:the most important piece is a rather early rim sherd froma Gaza amphora, possibly of late 5th – early 6th centuriesAD (Pieri 2005, 105–106, Pl. 38, no 1). Despite thescarcity of pottery from the lower layers it is worthmentioning that only a few centimeters from the floor arim sherd of a bag-shaped Palestinian amphora was found(Pieri 2005, Pl. 45, no 12), possibly dated, according toits morphology, in the late 6th – early 7th centuries AD,along with a couple of sherds from handmade vessels,made of especially coarse ware.

The east end of the excavated building complex isoccupied by the octagonal room (room 7), in which themarble basin and the millstones were found, leading to itsdesignation as an oil press. From the fill over the floor ofthe room, a coin is attributed to the second half of the 6thcentury, although it cannot be positively identified. Thedestruction layer is undisturbed with only traces of burning found, unlike the extensive burning found in the previously described contexts.

Regarding the pottery (Fig. 13), the most importantevidence is the numerous handmade vessels, amongstwhich two are rather fully preserved. From the same layercomes a PHRSW 3F/G rim sherd (Boardman 1989 91,Fig 27, no 12; Hayes 1992, 100, Fig. 37, no 2) whoseexact parallel is found in a deposit from Saraçhane, datedin the late 6th century, as well as sherds from late LRA 1and LRA 2 variations, attributed to the late 6th – early 7thcenturies AD.

Similar finds (Fig. 14) are noted in the small triangulartransitional space north of the curved wall (room 8), tothe south-east of the complex where a follis of Justinianwas found in the destruction layer. The presence ofhandmade pottery is even stronger in this room’sassemblage along with household utensils that seem todominate the all the varied storage vessels.

A rather extensively preserved Palestinian amphora (Pieri2005, Pl. 46, no 2), which belongs to a variant producedthroughout the time span between the early 6th (Pieri2005, 120) to early 8th centuries AD (Magness 1993,226), a PHRSW 10C dish, dated in the mid 7th century(Hayes 1972, 346; Mackensen 1984, 73, Pl. 9, 11, no 4)and a rim sherd of an ARSW bowl, of type Hayes 99B(Mackensen 1993; Tortorella 1998, 43, Bonifay et al.1998, context no 8; Bonifay 2004, 181, 408) provide uswith additional dating evidence for attributing the use ofthis space, as well as of the octagonal room to the mid 7thcentury AD, or even later.

The handmade pottery (Fig. 15) found in the complexrefers mainly to cooking pots and jars, although a smallmug was also found. Cooking pots are medium sized with

a rounded body and everted rim, with vertical arched orhorizontal handles, usually rectangular in section, and bear no decoration, or only wavy combed or singleincised lines on the shoulder.

Jars are usually medium to small in size, ovoid, witheverted or plain vertical rims and rounded profile, with a

flat base and vertical handles or no handles at all. In somecases jars bear elaborate decoration, which consists ofincised lines.

Four major wares are identified. Cooking pots are madeof a rather fine fabric, highly micaceous (Fig. 16), verycarefully manufactured so as to resemble wheelmade pots, especially when it comes to the outer surface. Thesame ware is used for some of the jars, althoughsometimes they are more carelessly manufactured.

A second fabric, coarser and less micaceous (Fig. 17) isused for most of the decorated jars. The exterior of thesevessels is rather carefully manufactured while the interioris neglected.

A third, intermediate ware (Fig. 18), represented by onlyone vase, uses a similar but finer fabric as the above, yetis differentiated from the other in the shape of the vesseland the careless manufacture.

Finally, there is a fourth ware (Fig. 19) employing a verycoarse fabric with numerous large and angular calciticinclusions: this is very carelessly formed and represented by only two sherds.

Handmade pottery, commonly known as ‘Slavic Ware’, isusually attributed to late 6th to 7th and 8th centuries, and

even later, and is believed to indicate the presence ofinvading Slavs in an area (Vroom 2003, 141; 2005, 49).This thesis, though, has lately been revised, since thestudy of late Roman pottery is revealing more and moreexamples of handmade pottery in non-Slavic relatedcontexts (Anagnostakis, Poulou-Papadimitriou 1997,287-289; Poulou-Papadimitriou 2000; Vroom 2003, 143;Opriş 2003, 119-122; Topoleanu, Teodor 2009, 348-349).In fact, even wheelmade shapes occasionally appearmanufactured with this primitive technique after the 7thcentury AD (Arthur 2007, 17).

This seems to be the case also in Philippi, since no

evidence of any Slavic presence can be traced, while thehandmade examples are found together with wheelmade,imported vessels. In Philippi handmade pottery hasnowhere been found in such a large concentrationthroughout the entire excavation conducted by theAristotle University, while there are no publishedexamples that I am aware of, from the entire excavatedarea south of via Egnatia.

Instead, vessels similar in shape and ware to the ones inthe assemblage under examination were found during theexcavations along the edge of the acropolis2, and in areaof the theater to the northern part of the city, where the population moved to in the early 7th century.

2 For this information I wish to thank Ms. S. Doukata –Demertzi who conducted the excavations.



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Handmade pottery has also been found in Kipia, atPageon, the mountain spreading to the south of Philippi,in contexts dated soon before AD 619 until the 9thcentury AD, along with wheelmade pottery (Bakirtzis1989c). In addition it has been found in Thasos, inundisturbed layers dated by coins to AD 619 (Mulliez

and Mulliez 1981, 954-955, Fig. 53).The presence of handmade pottery in the octagonal building and the small triangular transitional spacestrongly differentiates these rooms from the rest of thecomplex. Evidently those two remained in use even afterthe destruction of the original building, although wecannot know for how long. The fact that we found nocoins or significant amounts of pottery that can be datedlong after the 7th century AD possibly means a short termuse.

The form of these rooms and the possibly vaulted roofthey bore probably made them survive the destruction,

rendering them usable with minor repairs. Additionally both of them provide access through the curved wall to a possibly open space. This theory of an immediate reuse isreinforced by the presence of a roughly madeconstruction, without the use of mortar that protects asmall well to the south of the curved wall from the rubble(Gounaris 2008, 232).

Pulling together all the above we can proffer someconclusive remarks. The complex studied was probably built in the early 6th century AD and was destroyed byfire, due to a major earthquake, during the early 7thcentury AD – most probably sometime around AD 620.In the era following the destruction handmade pottery proliferated, covering part of the needs for householdvessels, thus providing a terminus ante quem for the fillof the room in the northeast part of the complex.

The presence of handmade pottery in Philippi providesmore evidence opposing the theory that associates thisware with Slavic invasions. It looks like this ancienttechnique, never actually forgotten, was adopted to cover part of the needs for the local market that was at that timedisorganized.

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