KEY

BRAIN

Brain Gross Anatomy Terms

1) Explain each of the following in terms of structure of the brain

a) Central sulcus- shallow groove that runs across brain sagitally

b) Lateral fissure- deep groove that runs anterior to posterior on lateral side of brain

c) Precentral gyri- ridge anterior to the the central sulcus

d) Temporal lobe- rounded region of brain on lateral aspect

2) Describe the structure /location for each of the major parts of the brain

a)Cerebrum-forebrain, forms the bulk of the brains mass

b)Diencephalon-composed of thalamus and hypothalamus in central portion of brain

c)Cerebellum-posterior/inferior brain, consists of two hemispheres

d)Midbrain-in the middle of two other regions: the forebrain and the hindbrain. 

e)Brain stem- includes the pons and medulla oblongata

f)Corpus callosum- band of tissue that connects the right and left hemispheres.

3) Meninges

a) Dura mater-most superior of the meningeal layers, it is tough and inflexible

b) Arachnoid mater-middle layer of the meninges, spider web like appearance of the blood vessels below this membrane. CSF circulates through.

c) Pia mater-innermost layer of the meninges, covers the surface of the brain

Brain Lobes and Regions

Brain Region Location FunctionsFrontal lobe Anterior brain, 2

hemispheresConcentration, problem solving, cognition

-Primary motor cortex Posterior frontal lobe Voluntary execution of movement-Prefrontal cortex Anterior frontal lobe Processing area to reason and plan our actionsParietal lobe Posterior to frontal

lobeUnderstanding speech, perception of stimuli, spatial orientation

-Primary sensory cortex

Anterior parietal lobe Processes and analyzes sensory information

Temporal lobe Inferior to frontal and parietal lobes

Sound, smell, memory

-Auditory cortex Superior temporal lobe

Receive information the ears

1

-Wernicke’s area Lateral, posterior parietal

Perception and language processing

-Hippocampus Medial temporal lobe Short term to long term memoryOccipital lobe Posterior cerebral

hemisphereVisual images

-Vision centers Posterior occipital lobe

Associate visual information with memories

Diencephalon-Hypothalamus In diencephalon,

below thalamusRegulate appetite, thirst, and temperature. Produces hormones

-Thalamus In diencephalon Relay station for sensory input-Limbic system In diencephalon Regulate emotional responsesPituitary gland Attached to base of

brainRegulates hormone control

Midbrain Central part of brain Reflex of head and neck in response to sight and sound

Pons Anterior bulge of brain stem

Relay center between cerebellum and cerebrum

Medulla oblongata From pons to spinal cord

Vital functions such as heartbeat, BP, and breathing

Cerebellum Posterior/inferior to cerebrum

Coordinates complex movements

Label the following each of the following structures

First drawing: Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, central sulcus

Second drawing: Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, corpus callosum

2

Ventricles

1) What is the importance of ventricles? Produces CSF

2) What is Cerebrospinal fluid? - clear, watery fluid that fills the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. It protects, provides nutrients and eliminates waste.

3) Label the correct parts of the diagram. Describe the location of each part

Ventricle LocationFourth ventricle  located posterior to the pons and upper medulla oblongata

and anterior-inferior to the cerebellumThird Ventricle cavity of the diencephalonLateral ventricles (right and left) is located within the parietal lobe. The roof is formed by the

corpus callosum

3

EYE

Eye Structure FunctionA Cornea Protection and refraction of lightB Aqueous humor Gives cornea shape and nutrientsC Iris Pigmented muscle that controls pupil sizeD Ciliary body Changes the size of the lensE Lens Refracts lightF Retina Photoreceptors that collect light (cones and rods)G Choroid Layer that contains blood vesselsH Sclera White of eye that gives eyes shape and supportI Fovea Highest concentration of photoreceptorsJ Optic nerve Sends signals to brain (also blind spot)K Vitreous humor Jelly-like substance that support the eye ball

1)Describe Myopia and Hyperopia and how we correct these eye disorders.

Myopia is nearsightedness. Focal point is before the retina. Concave (divergent) lens corrects

Hyperopia is farsightedness. Focal point is past the retina. Convex (convergent) lens corrects.

2)What is astigmatism? How is it corrected? Irregular shape of cornea. Lens is shape to account for.

4

EAR

Eye Structure FunctionA Pinna External ear that collects vibrationB Malleus Hammer bone that amplify vibrationC Semicircular canals Rotational equilibriumD Vestibular nerve Carries information for gravitational equilibriumE Cochlea Snail shape structure contains hair receptors that send

vibration information to brainF Eustachian tube (auditory) Tube that equalize pressure in inner ear. Connects to

back of throat.G Tympanic membrane Vibrates to generate physical vibrations to send them to

the ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)H Ear or auditory canal Connect pinna to tympanic membrane

1) Trace the path of sound through the ear- include structures and functions.

Pinna auditory canal tympanic membrane malleus incus stapes oval window - vestibule cochlea

2) What are the two types of equilibrium and what controls them?

Gravitational- vestibule

Rotational – semicircular canals of

5