Warm-Up Sept. 4, 2006
On the basis of his experiment, Francesco Redi concluded that
a) flies are produced by spontaneous generation.
b) maggots are produced by spontaneous generation
c) maggots come from eggs laid by fliesd) flies need air to reproduce.
Review basic chemistry
□Mixture vs pure substance□Atomic structure□Elements/isotopes□Chemical bonding to form compounds
□Ionic□Covalent□Metallic
□Balancing equations□Writing formulas
BIOMOLECULES
• TEST Thursday (A) and Friday (B)• Lab notebooks due by test day• No passes written after this week• Use proper format to begin Winogradsky column lab report
Inorganic Compounds
□Fewer than two atoms of carbon□Most abundant on earth is water□Polarity gives water unique properties
□Hydrogen bonds are weak and temporary□Water to water = cohesion
□Provides surface tension
□Water to other = adhesion□Solvent in aqueous solutions
Organic Compounds
□Life on earth is carbon-based□Four bonding sites allows versatility
(rings, chains, branching chains)□Individual monomers can join
together (dehydration synthesis) to form polymers
□Polymers can be degraded to release energy by the addition of water (hydrolysis)
Important Biomolecules
Uses Elements
Monomer
Carbo-hydrates
Energy;structure
CHO Mono-saccharide
Lipids Energy cell membranes
CHO Fatty acid plus glycerol
Proteins Energy Structuremetabolism
CHON Amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Genetic code; protein regulation
CHONPS nucleotide
Carbohydrates
ISOMERS
LIPIDS□Made of the same elements as
carbohydrates, but …□not 1:2:1 ration and□insoluble in water
□Do not form polymers!□Major function:
□Energy storage□Insulation□Cell membranes
LIPIDS: phospholipids
□Important component of cell membranes
LIPIDS: glycerides
□ Differ with respect to ‘saturated’ or ‘unsaturated’ fatty acid chains
□ Animal fat – saturated, solid at room temp, long chains
□ Plant oils – unsaturated, liquid at room temp, short chains
□ Make up 90% of fats in food
LIPIDS: glycerides
LIPIDS: Steroids
□Contain a central core of 4 rings
□3 main forms of steroids□Cholesterol□Estrogen□testosterone
Nucleotides□Building block of nucleic acids and ATP
AMP ADP ATP
Phosphorylation
Addition of phosphate groups to nucleotide
Energy currency of cells = adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Nucleic Acids
□Long chains of nucleotides□sugar, phosphate
and a nitrogenous base
□DNA – stores genetic information
□RNA – carries out instructions from DNA
DNA structure
We love DNA
Made of nucleotides.
Sugar, phosphate and a base
Bonded down one side.
Adenine and thymine
Make a lovely pair.
Cytosine without guanine
Would seem very bare.
T - A
C - G
Chromosomes are made of DNA
DNA replication
Transcription:From gene to mRNA
mRNA attaches toribosome
Translation:tRNA brings in amino acids
PROTEINS □Composed of
chains of amino acids
□20 amino acids exist
□Amino acids contain□Central Carbon□Amine group□Carboxyl group□R group
Levels of protein structure
□Primary = sequence of amino acids (beads on a string)
□Secondary = forms pleated sheet, helix, or coil (slinky)
□Tertiary = entire length of aa’s folded into a shape (twisted slinky)
□Quaternary = several aa sequences linked together (two twisted slinky’s stacked)
1º 2º
3° 4°
Shape is critical to protein function
Types of proteins
□Enzymes□Hormones□Structural proteins□Receptor proteins
Enzymes lower energy of activation
Enzymes: Precision Catalysts
Inhibition of an Enzyme
Inhibitor
Allosteric Inhibition Competitive Inhibition