Warm-Up Sept. 4, 2006

On the basis of his experiment, Francesco Redi concluded that

a) flies are produced by spontaneous generation.

b) maggots are produced by spontaneous generation

c) maggots come from eggs laid by fliesd) flies need air to reproduce.

Review basic chemistry

□Mixture vs pure substance□Atomic structure□Elements/isotopes□Chemical bonding to form compounds

□Ionic□Covalent□Metallic

□Balancing equations□Writing formulas

BIOMOLECULES

• TEST Thursday (A) and Friday (B)• Lab notebooks due by test day• No passes written after this week• Use proper format to begin Winogradsky column lab report

Inorganic Compounds

□Fewer than two atoms of carbon□Most abundant on earth is water□Polarity gives water unique properties

□Hydrogen bonds are weak and temporary□Water to water = cohesion

□Provides surface tension

□Water to other = adhesion□Solvent in aqueous solutions

Organic Compounds

□Life on earth is carbon-based□Four bonding sites allows versatility

(rings, chains, branching chains)□Individual monomers can join

together (dehydration synthesis) to form polymers

□Polymers can be degraded to release energy by the addition of water (hydrolysis)

Important Biomolecules

Uses Elements

Monomer

Carbo-hydrates

Energy;structure

CHO Mono-saccharide

Lipids Energy cell membranes

CHO Fatty acid plus glycerol

Proteins Energy Structuremetabolism

CHON Amino acids

Nucleic Acids

Genetic code; protein regulation

CHONPS nucleotide

Carbohydrates

ISOMERS

LIPIDS□Made of the same elements as

carbohydrates, but …□not 1:2:1 ration and□insoluble in water

□Do not form polymers!□Major function:

□Energy storage□Insulation□Cell membranes

LIPIDS: phospholipids

□Important component of cell membranes

LIPIDS: glycerides

□ Differ with respect to ‘saturated’ or ‘unsaturated’ fatty acid chains

□ Animal fat – saturated, solid at room temp, long chains

□ Plant oils – unsaturated, liquid at room temp, short chains

□ Make up 90% of fats in food

LIPIDS: glycerides

LIPIDS: Steroids

□Contain a central core of 4 rings

□3 main forms of steroids□Cholesterol□Estrogen□testosterone

Nucleotides□Building block of nucleic acids and ATP

AMP ADP ATP

Phosphorylation

Addition of phosphate groups to nucleotide

Energy currency of cells = adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Nucleic Acids

□Long chains of nucleotides□sugar, phosphate

and a nitrogenous base

□DNA – stores genetic information

□RNA – carries out instructions from DNA

DNA structure

We love DNA

Made of nucleotides.

Sugar, phosphate and a base

Bonded down one side.

Adenine and thymine

Make a lovely pair.

Cytosine without guanine

Would seem very bare.

T - A

C - G

Chromosomes are made of DNA

DNA replication

Transcription:From gene to mRNA

mRNA attaches toribosome

Translation:tRNA brings in amino acids

PROTEINS □Composed of

chains of amino acids

□20 amino acids exist

□Amino acids contain□Central Carbon□Amine group□Carboxyl group□R group

Levels of protein structure

□Primary = sequence of amino acids (beads on a string)

□Secondary = forms pleated sheet, helix, or coil (slinky)

□Tertiary = entire length of aa’s folded into a shape (twisted slinky)

□Quaternary = several aa sequences linked together (two twisted slinky’s stacked)

1º 2º

3° 4°

Shape is critical to protein function

Types of proteins

□Enzymes□Hormones□Structural proteins□Receptor proteins

Enzymes lower energy of activation

Enzymes: Precision Catalysts

Inhibition of an Enzyme

Inhibitor

Allosteric Inhibition Competitive Inhibition