War Affects Society
Chapter 17, Section 2
Disagreements About The War:*1863 people tired of war! -Confederacy lost a large portion of its
army-Southern & Northern states were
disagreeing among themselves over the war effort
-North: Copperheads – Northerners who wanted to make peace with the South.
*Lincoln had war protesters arrested and the gov’t. could hold citizens without a trial.
The Draft Laws:1863*Both sides needed more soldiers!-Passed the draft.-Draft required men serve in the military.*South: Healthy, white men between 18
and 45 had to join army. Wealthy men could hire substitutes and planters with 20 slaves or more could avoid military service.
• “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”
*North: Offered bounties, or cash payments to men who volunteered.
-Small percentage of men in North were drafted.
*Draft very unpopular in North and led to New York City draft riots, killing more than 100 (mostly African Americans).
Economic Effects of the War; Resistance by Slaves
*South: Food shortages, inflation (increased prices), and slave resistance.
*Resistance hurt the South’s economy!-slowed pace/stopped working-ruined crops-sabotaged farm machines-few rose in rebellion-more often, fled plantations to fight for the
Union*With fewer slaves to do work, economy
hurt!
War helped North Economy:*War production boosted
Northern industry.*Inflation was lower in North*Income tax (tax on people’s
earnings) and new paper currency helped pay for the war.
Women Aid the War Effort:
*Men away at war, women took on new duties: run plantations, plow fields, office jobs, factories.
*Helped in war effort: nurses on front lines, washed clothes and cooked for soldiers, and were spies!
• Union spy: Harriet Tubman!• Confederate spy: Belle Boyd
Prison Camps*Filthy, horrible conditions.*Soldiers died from exposure to
severe weather, starvation, and disease.
The North Wins!
Chapter 17, section 3
The Battle of Gettysburg:*June 1863, Confederate forces
crossed into southern Pennsylvania. -Fought Union troops near the town
of Gettysburg. *Battle of Gettysburg raged on for 3
days*Confederate General George Pickett
attacked the middle of the Union line….deadly mistake.
*Called Pickett’s charge, was torn to pieces by Union troops.
*Confederates retreated. *Like Antietam, Union troops did
NOT follow general Robert E. Lee. Even so, Gettysburg was a turning point in the war.
*North losses: 23,000*South losses: >28,000*With such a huge Confederate
loss, Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North were gone.
Siege of Vicksburg*Last Confederate stronghold on
Miss. River*Union general – Ulysses S. Grant*Union troops gained control of
Vicksburg May 1863.*Grants victory fulfilled a major part
of the Anaconda Plan: Union had complete control of Miss. River. South now split in two.
*With victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the war was in favor of the North!
General Grant:
*General Grant was willing to follow and fight General Lee unlike other Union generals.
*Lincoln was impressed by Grant*March 1864 – Lincoln made Grant
commander of all Union armies*Grant made a plant to defeat the
Confederacy.
1. Grant would pursue Lee in Virginia
2. Under William Tecumseh Sherman Union troops would push through deep South and wage total war.
-Total war: Against enemy troops, everything that supported the enemy, destroyed railroad lines, destroyed crops, and burned towns
*Sherman’s victories important to Lincoln b/c of tough reelection and northerners tired of war!
-With Sherman’s success, Northerners could sense victory!
*Optimism helped Lincoln win reelection!!
Surrender at Appomattox:
*June 1864, Grant’s troops reached edge of Richmond, VA.
*Two sides battled for 10 months!!!
*Lee could not hold out!*Union army marched into
Richmond on April 3, 1865.
*April 9, 1865: Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House in VA. There, the two men arranged a surrender.
*Grant offered generous terms: After handing over their weapons, the Confederates were free to return home. After 4 years, the Civil War was over.
The Legacy of the War
Chapter 17, section 4
Costs of the War*Deadliest war in American history*1861-1865: >600,000 soldiers died*Union lost about 360,000*Confederacy lost about 260,000*Another 535,000 wounded*About 3 million served = 10% of
country’s population!
Thirteenth Amendment*As Union army marched through South
during and after the war, soldiers released African Americans from slavery.
*Freed millions, but African Americans in the border states were still enslaved.
*1864, Lincoln approved a constitutional amendment to end slavery throughout the nation – failed to pass Congress.
*January 1865: Lincoln tried again!! This time, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment.
*Officially banned slavery in the U.S. and it became apart of the U.S. Constitution.
Lincoln’s Assassination*Did not live to see the end of
slavery. ONLY 5 days after the South surrendered, Lincoln was shot in the back of the head by a Confederate supporter and famous actor named John Wilkes Booth during a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.
*Lincoln died the next day.*Booth was found several days
later and killed by soldiers.*Lincoln first president
assassinated.*Murder stunned the nation*Loss of his experience and
political skills a huge setback.
Consequences of the War*North: People began to think of the
U.S. as a single nation rather than a collection of states.
-Caused the national government to expand (with demands of war, grew larger and more powerful)
-Transformed Northern economy: New industries such as steel, petroleum, food processing, and manufacturing grew rapidly.
*South: Economic DISASTER!*Farms/plantations destroyed!-40% livestock killed-Half of farm equipment
wrecked-Factories destroyed, thousands
of miles of railroad track destroyed.
-Slavery, the system that built the Southern economy - was GONE!!!!!
Reconstruction Begins• RECONSTRUCTION: was the process of
bringing the Confederate states back into the Union after the Civil War.
• Lasted from 1865-1877.
*Freedman’s Bureau:*Organization that helped former
slaves by setting up schools and hospitals, gave out clothes, food, and fuel.
Andrew Johnson*Lincoln assassinated in 1865 – Andrew
Johnson became president. -Based Reconstruction plan on Lincoln’s
goals:1. Southern state governments had to
forbid slavery.2. South had to accept the supreme power
of the federal government3. Johnson pardoned white Southerners
who pledged loyalty
Black Codes: *Laws passed by Southern states that
limited the freedom of former slaves.
Fourteenth Amendment: *Bill promoting civil rights – rights
granted to all citizens. Passed in 1865: declared all
people born in the U.S. were citizens and stated all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of race.
Fifteenth Amendment:*Became law in 1870. Gave
African Americans (male) full voting rights.