Mac OS RootkitsNanika & TT

http://exploitspace.blogspot.com

About Us

Taiwan

Nanika Pan

Trend Micro Staff Research Engineer Core Tech Department

Speech Black Hat USA 2011 / 2012 Syscan Singapore/Taipei/Hong Kong 08/10 Hacks in Taiwan Conference 05/06/07/09/10/12

Research Vulnerability discovery and analysis Exploit techniques Malware detection Mobile security

Sung-ting Tsai (TT)

Trend Micro Leader of an advanced threat research team. Core Tech Department

Research New security technology Malicious document Malware auto-analyzing system (sandbox technologies) Malware detection System vulnerability and protection Mobile security

Speech Black Hat USA 2011 / 2012 Codegate 2012 Syscan 10’ / 12’ HITCon 08’

warm-up

defaults write com.apple.Finder AppleShowAllFiles 1

Mac OS Activity Monitor (Utilities)

plist file

/etc/rc.*

/etc/profile

/etc/bashrc

~/.bashrc

~/.profile

~/.login

/etc/inetd.conf

/etc/xinetd.d/

/etc/crontab

/etc/mach_init_per_user.d/

/etc/mach_init.d

XPCServices

/System/Library/LaunchAgents/

~/Library/LaunchAgents/

/System/Library/LaunchDaemons

~/Library/LaunchDaemons

~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginitems.plist

~/Library/StartupItems

/System/Library/StartupItems

http://blog.mktime.com/archive/365.html

sudo defaults write com.apple.loginwindow LoginHook /path/to/login.sh

sudo defaults write com.apple.loginwindow LogoutHook /path/to/logout.sh

http://www.malicious-streams.com/Downloads/Downloads.html

http://osxbook.com/book/bonus/ancient/whatismacosx/arch_startup.html

http://computer-forensics.sans.org/summit-archives/2012/when-macs-get-hacked.pdf

get root

sudo

AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges

http://www.michaelvobrien.com/blog/2009/07/authorizationexecutewithprivileges-a-simple-example/

Xcode build the file location

Debug Argv

gcc -framework CoreServices

AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges

• let's go crazy hacking

• Mac file format

• Lion vs Mountain Lion

• usermode aslr

• kernel aslr

• user rootkit

• user mode hook

• kernel rootkit

• syscall hook

• machtrap hook

• DKOM find process hide

• DKOM Advance process hide

• Anti Dtrace

macho

• otool

• macho_view http://sourceforge.net/projects/machoview/

• hopper Disassembler http://www.hopperapp.com/

Header

Entry Point

LINKEDIT

LC_DYLD_INFO

_la_symbol_ptr Section Header

_la_symbol_ptr

How to find Export Function Address

• SYMTable Address=LINKEDIT imagebase+(SYMTable Address-LINKEDIT FILEOffest)

• ex:string table->0x8fe5e000(0x3a344-0x35000)

ASLR

• mach-o ASLR MH_PIE

• http://www.0xcafebabe.it/2011/10/15/on-macos-10-7-dyld-randomization/

GDB attach

GDB open

• NO ASLR

• http://reverse.put.as/2011/08/11/how-gdb-disables-aslr-in-mac-os-x-lion/

ASLR usermode

• 10.7.x X64 mode main thread stack leak dyld image base

• 10.8.x random

osx10.7.x

Kernel ASLR

• mach_kernel 10.7.x no aslr

• File Function Addr = Mem Function Addr

• mach_kernel 10.8.x aslr

Get ASLR Kernel base

• __asm__ volatile ("sidt %0": "=m" (idtr));

• idt table function address is always in kernel function address

• search MACHO Magic to find kernel base

User mode hook

• DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES

• dynamic inject

• LD_PRELOAD=./gethostname.dylib FAKE_HOSTNAME=foo hostname foo

• DYLD_FORCE_FLAT_NAMESPACE=1 DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=lib_overrides.dylib overrides_test

FILE * (*original_fopen) (const char *, const char *) =NULL;

FILE * fopen(const char * filename, const char * mode){    if (!original_fopen)       original_fopen = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "fopen");

    printf("== fopen: {%s,%s} ==\n", filename, mode);    FILE* f = original_fopen(filename, mode);    return f;}

gcc -Wall -o lib_overrides.dylib -dynamiclib lib_overrides.c

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])

{    char hello[] = "hello world";        FILE *fp = fopen("hello.txt", "w");       if (fp) {        fwrite(hello, 1, strlen(hello), fp);        fclose(fp);    }

    return 0;}

gcc -Wall -o overrides_test overrides_test.c

• if you do not see any event, don’t be surprised. Because this hook only changed the _la_symbol_ptr.

• http://tlrobinson.net/blog/category/gcc/

• mach_port_t!remoteTask = 0;

• pid_t!targetProcess;

• task_for_pid( mach_task_self(), targetProcess, &remoteTask );

Dynamic inject

• kern_return_t vm_read

(vm_task_t target_task,

vm_address_t address,

vm_size_t size,

size data_out,

target_task data_count);

• kern_return_t vm_write

(vm_task_t target_task,

vm_address_t address,

pointer_t data,

mach_msg_type_number_t data_count);

• kern_return_t vm_protect

(vm_task_t target_task,

vm_address_t address,

vm_size_t size,

boolean_t set_maximum,

vm_prot_t new_protection);

• kern_return_t thread_create_running

(" task_t parent_task," thread_state_flavor_t flavor," thread_state_t new_state," mach_msg_type_number_t new_stateCnt," thread_act_t *child_act);http://cansecwest.com/csw09/csw09-daizovi-miller.pdf

why vmmap piduse task_for_pid to

attach another task (no root) ? Because it needs Apple Code Signature

IDT with syscall

• idt[0x80] _idt64_unix_scall:ffffff80002d7480

• idt[0x81] _idt64_mach_scall:ffffff80002d74a0

• idt[0x82] _idt64_mdep_scall:ffffff80002d74c0

• idt[0x83] _idt64_diag_scall:ffffff80002d74e0

syscall

• "_nsysent"

• 10.7.x no aslr

• 10.8.x _nsysent + offset 0x1c028

mach trap

• “_mach_trap_table”

• 10.7.x = 10.8.x

• 10.8 add some new functions

Dtrace

• base on dtrace

• execsnoop

• iosnoop

• opensnoop

• rwsnoop

Dtrace User Guide

• sudo dtrace -s demo.d

• http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E18752_01/html/819-5488/gcfah.html

• https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-08/Beauchamp_Weston/BH_US_08_Beauchamp-Weston_DTrace.pdf

How Dtrace (FBT) provider work

• IDT

• _hndl_alltraps

• _kernel_trap

• http://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1699.22.73/osfmk/i386/trap.c

Modify

• change one byte code

• 55 push rbp

• 48 89 e5 mov rbp,rsp

• 55 push rbp

• 0f 89 e5 lock mov rbp,rsp

Handle Exception

• if (FBT_EXCEPTION_CODE == trapno && !IS_USER_TRAP(saved_state)) {

• _fbt_perfCallback

• _dtrace_invop

• http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1456.1.26/bsd/dev/i386/fbt_x86.c

Anti Dtrace (FBT)

• Load kext

• find symbol _tempDTraceTrapHook

• tempDTraceTrapHook->fbt_perfCallback

• tempDTraceTrapHook->your function

• handle exception

• fix any dtrace modified byte code

Process Hiding

• rubilyn rootkit

• http://www.nullsecurity.net/tools/backdoor/rubilyn-0.0.1.tar.gz

• Current DKOM => unlink p_list

• http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1456.1.26/bsd/sys/proc_internal.h

How to find hided process

• listing task can find hided process’ task

• http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1456.1.26/osfmk/kern/task.h

Usermode list task for finding rubilyn rootkit

DKOM unlink Task list

• this works on 10.7.x or 10.8.x

• demo

• install truehide.kext

• sudo kextload /System/Library/Extensions/truehide.kext

• sysctl -w debug.truehide.pid=?

How to find unlinked Task list?

• In usermode, you can still find something interesting.

• Demo

Defense

• check if any kext is loaded

• check if any task is attaching to another task

• http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1456.1.26/libkern/kxld/kxld.c

• http://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1504.7.4/libkern/c++/OSKext.cpp

• OSKext::loadExecutable()

• kxld_link_file(KXLDContext *context,u_char *file,u_long size,const char *name,void *callback_data,u_char **deps,u_int ndeps,u_char **_linked_object,kxld_addr_t *kmod_info_kern,u_char **_link_state,u_long *_link_state_size,u_char **_symbol_file __unused,u_long *_symbol_file_size __unused)

monitor task_for_pid

Summary• mach-o file format

• 10.7.x vs 10.8.x ASLR

• static inject | dynamic inject

• Dtrace and AntiDtrace

• detecting rootkit with proc struct unlink and advanced task unlink

• How to detect kext loading

• Q&A