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8/19/2019 Updating Information Communication Technology (ICT) Skills

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Two-Day Workshop on

“UPDATING INFORMATION COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY (ICT) SKILLS”

College of Veterinary Science, TirupatiOrganised by

Convenor, SC & ST CellSVVU, Tirupati


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Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University

Admn. Office : Dr. Y.S.R. Bhavan, TIRUPATI A.P., INDIA - 517 502

Dr. Manmohan Singh, I.A.S.,Principal Secretary to Govt.,AH, DD & F Department &

Vice - Chancellor

TIRUPATI, ANDHRA PRADESH - 517 502

MESSAGE

I am pleased to know that a two-day workshop on “Updating Information

Communication Technology (ICT) skills” for SC & ST faculty is being organized by the SC & ST

cell of the University at College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati during 10th to 11th March, 2016.

Veterinary Education plays a pivotal role in economic development and human and animal

welfare. As competition grows sharper, raising educational attainment ensures competitive

advantage. Delivering many kinds of learning at a lower cost and with higher quality than

traditional methods of teaching is possible only with use of ICT tools in the teaching process. The

newly recruited faculty have limited of experience using ICT tools for effective teaching,

interpretation of data and extension activities. I appreciate the efforts of the SC & ST cell in

organizing the two day workshop on “updating information communication technology (ICT)

skills for SC/ST faculty” for creating a platform to refresh their knowledge on ICT skills .

I extend warm greetings to the organizers and participants and wish the two day workshop

a grand success .

(MANMOHAN SINGH)


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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI

Dr.T.S.Chandrasekhara Rao M.V.SC,Ph.D,FNAVS,FIAVA

Dean Faculty of Veterinary Science

&

Director of Research(FAC)

0877-2249787, 2249786(F)

[email protected]

MESSAGE

I am happy to note that a two day workshop is being organized by SC&ST Cell of the

university from 10th to 11th March, 2016 on “Updating Information Communication

Technology (ICT) skills” for SC&ST faculty of the university. The theme of the workshop is

aptly selected in view of growing importance of ICT in teaching, education and research.

One of the primary challenges faced by developing countries today is the preparation

of the societies and governments for globalization and the information and communication

revolution. Globalization and innovations in technology have led to an increased use of

ICTs in all sectors and education is of no exception. It is generally believed that ICTs can

empower teachers and learners, making significant contributions to learning and

achievement. Interaction with majority of the teachers on the effectiveness of ICT in

education, indicated that introduction and use of ICT adequately will be extremely effective

in student’s learning and achievement. However, use of ICTs, in Veterinary education

besides in day to day life activities is still in limited scale.

In this scenario, this workshop is quite appropriate to upgrade the ICTs skills in

the faculty. I expect the participants to utilize the expertise available to continue their

further research. I wish the organizers a great success in their efforts.

(T.S.CHANDRASEKHARA RAO)(T.S.CHANDRASEKHARA RAO)(T.S.CHANDRASEKHARA RAO)(T.S.CHANDRASEKHARA RAO)(T.S.CHANDRASEKHARA RAO)


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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY Admn. Office : Dr. Y.S.R. Bhavan, TIRUPATI - 517 502

Phone : 0877 - 2248894 (O)Res : 0877 - 2235885 (R)Mobile : 99890 51541Pabx : 0877 - 2248155, 2248006Fax : 0877 - 2248881

Email : [email protected]@yahoo.i

Prof. P. Sudhakara Reddy M.Sc ., Ph.D.

REGISTRAR

MESSAGE

Veterinary Education plays a vital role in animal well being , food security, rural

development and provides immense opportunity for collaborative research in various

fields. Processing information and deriving scientific inferences requires not only data

handling but also applying latest ICT tools in the this era of globalization and knowledge

economy. The effective integration of ICTs into the educational system is a complex

process involving not just technology but also improving teacher competence to handlethese technologies. The ICT tools maximize output in the learners and have made the

learning process more students centric. The newly recruited faculty have limited

knowledge of applying these technologies for education, research and extension.

This two day workshop is an important step in this direction as it attempts to

refresh the skills of the faculty on various information and communication technology

skills .

I extend warm greetings to all the participants and compliment the SC & ST cell

for organizing this workshop.

I wish the workshop a great success.

(P.SUDHAKARA REDDY)


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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI

COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, TIRUPATI

Dr. P. Eswara PrasadPh.D.

Associate Dean

Phone : 0877- 2249932Fax : 0877- [email protected]

MESSAGE

It gives me immense pleasure to note that the SC& ST Cell of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati is organizing a two day workshop on “UpdatingInformation Communication Technology (ICT)” for faculty from 10th – 11th March, 2016. The theme is opt withappropriate significance in the present scenario of

information technology revolution.

Now-a-days the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT),especially internet in the education sector is becoming important, especially inthe process of empowering the technology to educational activities. Educationsector can be the most effective sector to anticipate and eliminate the negativeimpact of ICT. Technology on the side can be the most effective way to increasethe student’s knowledge. Being aware of the significant role of ICT in our life,

especially in the educational activities, education authorities should be wiseenough in implementing the strategies to empower ICT in supporting theteaching and learning process in the classroom. ICT is not just the bloom of theeducational activities, but also it will be the secondary option to improve theeffective and meaningful educational process. Teachers should be the main

motivator and initiator of the ICT implementation at colleges. The teachersshould be aware of the social change in their teaching activities. They should

be the agent of change from the classical method into the modern one. Theymust also be the part of the global change in learning and teachingmodification.

I expect all the participants in this workshop would benefit with the

technical deliberations and demonstration/ hands on sessions and will adopt

these technologies in their respective fields. I hope this workshop a grand

success.


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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITYCOLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE : PRODDATUR

Dr.B.RAMBABU NAIKMVSc., PhD

Course DirectorAssociate Professor & Head

Convenor of SC & ST Cell,SVVU

Tel: +91 8564 259924Fax: +91 8564 248075Mobile: +91 99518 92740

+91 99890 77222

[email protected]

MESSAGE

It is our privilege to organize a two day

workshop on “Updating Information

Communication Technology (ICT) skills “ to SC &

ST faculty of SVVU from 10th – 11th March, 2016 at

College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati. On behalf of

the organizing committee and the institution, I

whole heartedly extend my warm welcome to all the

participants.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is increasingly

becoming crucial part of the education system. ICT has changed the style offunctioning of the educational system and its governance. Further, ICT

applications has brought about markedly drastic technological, social and

economic transformations. These changes have caused educational

institutions, administrators, teachers to rethink their roles, teaching and vision

for future. The proper integration of ICT with teaching/learning environment

increases education and increased productivity.

ICT provides various opportunities to educational learners and make

teachers aware of their new roles & responsibilities in teaching and learning

process. The growing use of ICT will change many of the strategies employed by

both Teachers and Students in the learning process.

Keeping in view the importance of ICT, this workshop involves deliberation

form eminent resources persons and hands on training / demonstrations for

effective learning and dissemination of knowledge.

We are highly indebted to Hon’ble Vice- Chancellor and Team of university

officers and college administration, for giving necessary permission, financial

support, and facilities .

We also thank all the resource persons, committees, faculty, students,

non-teaching staff, sponsors, and media personnel for the kind cooperation tothis mega event.


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List of Contents

S.No. Title of the presentation Page No.

1. Comm unicat ion Ski l ls for Popularizing Science

Dr. M. Narayana Swamy, Professor & Head, Dept. of Veterinary Physiology,Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru

1-3

2. Process Docum entat ion in Agricul ture and Rural Development

Innovations

Dr. Kadiri Mohan, Scientist, Agricultural Extension, RARS, Tirupati

4-6

3. Methods o f Effect ive Internet Brows ing

Prof. S. Jyothi, Professor & Head, Dept. of Computer Science, SriPadmavathi Mahila University, Tirupati

7-9

4. Introduct io n to Microsoft Off ice

Prof. S. Jyothi, Professor & Head, Dept. of Computer Science, Sri

Padmavathi Mahila University, Tirupati

10-13

5. Introduct io n to Microso ft Power Point

Mr. K.Bhaskar Naik, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science &Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineerign College, Ranganmpeta

14-25

6. Bio-Informatics and Its Appl icat ion in Veterinary Research

Prof.D.Sreenivasulu, Professor & University Head, Dept. of VeterinaryMicrobiology, College of Veteirnary Science, Tirupati

26-32

7. Data Analysis Using Excel

Dr.A.Ravi, Professor, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, College of VeterinaryScience, Tiruapti

33-44

8. ICT tools as viable alternat ives in Technolo gy Transfer tow ards

sustainable l ivestock developm ent

By Dr.G.R.K.Sharma, Professor & University Head, Dept. of VeterinaryExtension and Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati

45-48

9. Data Analysis By Using Stat ist ical Tool Packages

By Dr. B. Punya Kumari, Assistant Professor & Head, Dept. of AnimalGenetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati

49-55

10. Measuring the impact of research: H-index and how you c an

assess you r impact us ing Google Scholar

By Dr.M.Alpha Raj, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Veterinary Pharamcology &

Toxicology, College of Veteirnary Science, Proddatur

56-58

11. Managing Citat ions and Bibl iography Using Zotero By Dr. Anil Kumar. C, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, NTRCollege of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram

59-64

12. Online Anti-Plagiarism Tools for Scholarly Community

By Dr. K. Kumar, Assistant Professor, Library & Information Science,College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur

65-70

List of Part ic ipants 71

Brief Bio -data of Course Director & Co-ordinators 72-73


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1. Communication Skills For Popularizing Science

Dr. M. Narayana SwamyProfessor & Head, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

– 560 024; Email: [email protected]

The communication skills for popularizing science for common people include writing

technical articles, popular science articles, popular books, blogs, radio interviews, television

interviews, training programmes, poster presentation and oral presentations. Oral presentations

encompass impressive lecturing, power point presentations and poster presentations.

It is always advised to construct short sentences for scientific technical articles and

popular science articles. Very long sentences are difficult to read and understand. However,

shortest sentences will not impress the reader. Writing of shortest sentences is called as ‘Staccato

effect’ (meaning detached or disconnected). But, these sentences can be joined and refined

during editing to make them impressive and reader attractive. The scientist or a teacher should

have the urge of stretching the science to the general public which is the very meaning of the

word ‘extension’.

The paragraphs should not be too lengthy in a page. It is better to have at least 3 to 4

paragraphs in a page. The sentences should be in active tense not the passive tense.

It is always very difficult to begin the writing. This is termed as ‘Writer’s Block’. When the

matter is well conceptualized with good mind mapping of the facts then it become easy to write

any communication. It is better to refine the written or typed communication with the use of

computers which are user friendly. Editing of written communication needs to be done many a

times. Ernest Hemingway’s quote in this regard is “First draft anything is always shit”.

The peer reviewed research publication will make the writer of confident of further writing.

Before submitting a paper to the journal, discuss with the experts in the field and add the stuff.

Bradford (1965) has set some questions in his article “The Reasons for writing”. As per the author

while writing research papers one has to answer to the questions raised such as Why did I start

? (Introduction), What did I do? (Methods), What did I find? (Results) and What does it mean?

(Discussions and Conclusion) (Deshpande, 2006).

Many a times the popular articles are written in vernacular language. The scientist who is

in the habit of reading the published materials of others will automatically imbibe the art of

attractive writing.

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When the radio and TV interviews are conducted give your own dimension to the topic.

The words which are not understandable by the readers or audience should not be used. It is

advised to avoid jargon and acronyms.

When the power point slides are prepared use bullet form of sentence or telegraphic

language. Use 7 to 8 lines of text in a slide.

Knowledge is important in science communication. Science communication is required for

transformation of societies. But, still there is big communication gap between scientists and the

public.

Verbal communications are the interpersonal communications. Only the voice of the

speaker will not form the effective communication skill. Non – verbal signals such as gestures,

facial expressions, body language and appearance will enrich verbal communications.

The verbal communications are short lived. It is easier to present a paper in a conference

or symposium. But, it is difficult to write a paper for peer-reviewed journals. The research papers

published will have a long lasting impact. The written communication should be clear, complete,

accurate, convincing, and acceptable and it should not have any ambiguity. Grandiloquent writing

or the use of flowery language is not required in the scientific communications. It is better to use

simple language. Good writing skills could be cultivated by practice and experience (Deshpande,

2006).

There is a saying as “work, write, publish”. But, as per the present times it needs to be

changed as “work, patent, write, publish”.

“Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man and writing an exact man”. The more

we read, we equip ourselves with information and knowledge. The more we discuss, we equip

ourselves for healthy conversations. And the more we write, we evolve ourselves into

perfectionists (Moharir, 2007).

There are many papers carrying the research information which has no relevance to

production, productivity, health, management and animal welfare (Balaraman, 2011). But, when

it needs to popularize science to the general public, these objectives need to be addressed. It is

always a must to indicate social concern in the popular communications. Few popular science

writers have said it as “Popular Science means Poetic Narration”. The meaning of this quote is

the language used in written communications should have some literary value.

The Science Clubs are working sincerely to develop the science education. They are trying

to bridge the gaps of the institutional education. They are working for the spread of joyful science


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education by organizing science fairs where the learners get the opportunity of doing science in

a joyful manner (Chatterjee, 2013).

Effective communication will make a person as popular person, a leader, gives

confidence, causes less stress, makes better relationship, can become good role model, canintroduce changes or suggest policies and can take up better training programmes. Earlier it was

told as knowledge is power. Now it is changing to communication is power. Therefore, one has to

get out of comfort zone to become a popular speaker. One can become a great popular science

communicator by rehearsal, practice and experience.

Physiologically, what is needed for better communication skills is the good coordination

between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area of the brain. The Broca’s area is known as ‘speech

centre’ and the Wernicke’s area is known as ‘word formation centre’. The better coordination

achieved between these two centres by doing rehearsal makes a person a good communicator.

References

Balaraman, N., 2011. Editorial. Indian Vet. J., Vol. 88 (1) : 8.Bradford, H. A. 1965. The reasons for writing. Br. Med. J., ii: 870.Chatterjee, S., 2013. Changing Role of Science Clubs in Communicating Science. Global Media

Journal, 4 (1) : 1-22.Deshpande, S. B. 2006. Art of writing a scientific paper. Indian Journal of Physiology and

Pharamacology, 50 (1) : 1-6.Moharir, A. V., 2007. Research Paper Writing: Skill in Effective Writing and Communication.

Current Science, 93 (1): 6-7.

Prof. Narayana Swamy

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

The author is currently working as Professor & Head at thedepartment of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary College,Hebbal, Bengaluru. He has a total teaching experience of 25years and published 45 articles in national and international

journals, 50 popular articles, and four books. He has guided 13MVSc students and one PhD student till date. He is an alumnusof Veterinary College, Bengaluru and completed his BVSc & AH

in 1987, MVSc in 1998 and PhD in 2005.


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2. Methods of Effective Internet Browsing

Prof. S. JyothiDept. of Computer Science, Sri Padmavati Women’s University, Tirupati.Email: [email protected]

Internet Browsing can be most important and useful learning to use the Internet for

research. To a beginner the Internet seems to be a large desert where it is difficult to find anything

useful; however Internet Research can find an oasis on the desert. Once correctly utilized, Internet

research can be used for a myriad of purposes such as company research, research for a term

paper or just getting essential information such as a weather forecast or local news. This talk will

outline some of the methods necessary to conduct an efficient, internet search quickly, and get

the information you need.

The first step to an effective internet search is being familiar with the terms you are

searching for. You search term should be as concise as possible, while still covering the area you

would like to find. You should attempt to form keywords (main topic of research), phrases (avoid

common phrases unless they are placed in quotes) and terms that describe your topic. The search

should use nouns and pronouns as keywords when possible with the most important terms being

placed first. Many search engines operate by Boolean operators which are set theory based and

include the terms and, or and but among other terms. For example, if you would like to find the

current price of oil in the United States a search term of “Oil” would come up with too many

responses, such as baby oil, many of which would be totally unusable. A good search should be

stated in the terms that you are looking for. In this case “oil prices in the United States” would be

a better search term. Placing the search term in quotes asks the search engine for a match ONLY

based on the terms within the quotes. Unless the search engine selected can accept plain English

(which a growing number of search engines can) searching a search term not placed in quotes

would result in a search for EVERY term in the search box. This obviously would not lead to an

efficient search.

A good starting point for effective internet research is finding an effective search engine.

Many different types of search engines are available such as a standard search engine such

as www.google.com , an invisible web search engine such as www.incywincy.com , a Meta search

engine such as www.ez2find.com, or a specialized search engine such as www.firstgov.gov . A

standard search engine such as Google, Yahoo and other popular search engines perform many

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.google.com/http://www.incywincy.com/http://www.ez2find.com/http://www.firstgov.gov/http://www.firstgov.gov/http://www.ez2find.com/http://www.incywincy.com/http://www.google.com/mailto:[email protected]


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functions. It may in addition to conducting searches look up phone numbers, create maps, give

local news and other functions.

In the academic research, it is a major source for scholarly journals, current news, books,

credible magazines, general information and other relevant content. Here are a few tips to help

you efficiently conduct online research and find the information you want:

Tap into reputable sources

Many reliable statistics, articles and other information can be found on government and

educational websites. These websites are easily identified because their domain names end in

.edu or .gov. Additionally, you can conduct a search for only scholarly information. See the

sources below.

Subscribe to RSS Feeds

Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds is new technology that allow subscribers an

immediate update when new information is posted. RSS feeds are particularly handy for news

sources or other websites that are constantly updated. If you need to collect current events on a

particular topic, RSS feeds will practically do your work for you.

Join or Create a Group

A number of websites like Google, Yahoo and MSN offer online groups where members

can share information. This is an excellent way to meet people who share your same interests

and discover new resources.

Understand and Use Boolean Logic or an advanced search

Boolean Logic is becoming less common as more search engines offer advanced search

features. Boolean Logic uses the words “and”, “or” and “not” to create relationships among search

terms and allow you to narrow your search.

The advanced search feature on Google, Yahoo, MSN, Ask.com and other popular search

engines accomplish the same goal. Use these methods to filter your results and find

the information you’re looking for.

Use Synonyms, Alternate Spellings and Related Topics

As you conduct your research, take note of synonyms, alternate spellings and related

keywords of your topic. For example, if you’re looking for information on dogs, you may also

want to search “puppies”, “canines” and “pets”.


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Use Different Search Engines

Different search engines function differently. Google and Ask.com are link –ranking

engines, which mean they consider the relevance and importance of the links that link to a website

and the sites the website links to. On the other hand, Yahoo and altavista rank by general content.

They look at keywords in metatags and in the webpage’s content. Therefore, different search

engines provide different results.

Choose a Browser That’s Conducive to Research

There are many free internet browser downloads—Internet Explorer, Firefox and Opera

are just a few. Some browsers allow you to add notes, save groups of websites and have

integrated search engines that make web research easier and faster. Any of the three listed above

are great for web research.

From the sources of

1. Prof. Eric Popkoff,

2. Top ten reviews

Prof. S.Jyothi

ABOUT THE AUTHORShe is a Professor in Computer Science. She worked as Director,

University Computer Centre, Head, Dept. of Computer Science, Head

(I/C), Dept of Computer Science and Engineering, BOS Chairperson,

BOS member and so on. She has 25 years teaching experience and 30

years research experience. She is handling core and electives subjects

of Computer Science for post graduate and graduate level. 9 Ph.D., 7

M.Phil were awarded and 8 Ph.D. scholars are being guided under her

supervision. She is senior member of IEEE & IACSIT, fellow of Royal

Society of Statistics & SSARSC, member of ACM & IAENG and life

member of CSI, ISTE and ISCA. More than 80 papers published in

International and National Journals and 60 papers presented in

International and National conferences. 8 books were authored and

edited by her. She has completed one UGC major Project and she is

handling one DBT major project and to be handled two more DBTprojects.

http://internet-browser-review.toptenreviews.com/index.htmlhttp://internet-browser-review.toptenreviews.com/index.html


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3. Introduction to Microsoft Office

Prof. S. JyothiDept. of Computer Science, Sri Padmavati Women’s University, Tirupati.Email: [email protected]

Microsoft Office is an office suite of applications, servers, and services developed

by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1, 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas.

Initially a marketing term for a bundled set of applications, the first version of Office

contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, andMicrosoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office

applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell

checker, OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. Microsoft also

positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Office

Business Applications brand. On 10 July 2012, Softpedia reported that Office is used by over a

billion people worldwide.

The desktop version of Office is available for Windows and OS X. A touch-optimised

version of Microsoft Office is available pre-installed on Windows RT tablets. A mobile version of

Office, Office Mobile, is available for free on Windows Phone, iOS and Android. A web-based

version of Office, Office Online, is also available. Microsoft has stated that it plans to create a

version of Office for other popular platforms as well. The current desktop version is Office 2016 for

Windows and OS X, released on 22

nd

September 2015 and 9

th

July 2015, respectively.

Ms-Word

Microsoft Word is a word processor available for Windows and OS X. Word is also

available in some editions of Microsoft Works. The first version of Word, released in the autumn

of 1983, was for the MS-DOS operating system and had the distinction of introducing the mouse

to a broad population.

Let us consider an office scene. Many letters are typed in the office. The officer dictates a

letter. The typist first types a draft copy of the letter. The officer goes through it to check mistakes

regarding spelling errors, missing words, etc. and suggests corrections. The typist changes the

letter as suggested by the officer. This is a simple example of word processing.

There are many software packages to do the job of word processing. Some of them work in DOS

environment. Example are WordStar, Word Perfect and Professional Write. But in these days

working in WINDOWS is becoming more and more popular. So let us consider software for word

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMDEXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Wordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embeddinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Business_Applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Business_Applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softpediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_RThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Mobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Onlinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2016https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Workshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Workshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2016https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Onlinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Mobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_RThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softpediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Business_Applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Business_Applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applicationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embeddinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Wordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMDEXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitemailto:[email protected]


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processing which works in WINDOWS. Our choice is MS-WORD because it is the most popular

software in these days.

Ms-Word not only supports word processing features but also DTP features. Some of the

important features of Ms-Word are listed below:

Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required, by

adding more text, modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it.

Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of text.

Font size and type of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer

can be included.

Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire document.

Word count and other statistics can be generated.

Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be

made.

Tables can be made and included in the text.

Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical pictures

can either be created in word itself or can be imported from outside like from Clip Art

Gallery.

Word also provides the mail-merge facility.

Word also has the facility of macros. Macros can be either attached to some

function/special keys or to a tool bar or to a menu.

It also provides online help of any option.

MS-Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that originally competed with the dominant Lotus

1-2-3, and eventually outsold it. It is available for the Windows and OS X platforms. Microsoft

released the first version of Excel for the Mac OS in 1985, and the first Windows version

(numbered 2.05 to line up with the Mac and bundled with a standalone Windows run-time

environment) in November 1987. It provided more functionality than the previous version.

Excel is the spreadsheet program created by Microsoft. Although you can use any

spreadsheet program for analyzing data, the instructions given here are specific for Excel and

you must use Excel for the three Excel quizzes. Excel is, in its most basic form, a very fancy

calculator. The information given in this quick tutorial is meant to give a working knowledge of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet


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how to use Excel. There are usually several different ways to perform the same function in Excel,

this talk will usually just give one way.

Spreadsheet or Workbook: a Microsoft Excel file which contains any number of

worksheets (3 by default)

Worksheet: consists of a large number of cells arranged in columns and rows that form a table

Cell: basic element in Excel for data entry (text, number, formula)

cell address: column letter and row number on a worksheet, e.g. A1, C7, F25

MS-PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program for Windows and OS X. It is used to

create slideshows, composed of text, graphics, and other objects, which can be displayed on-

screen and shown by the presenter or printed out on transparencies or slides.

PowerPoint is a tool you can use to communicate your ideas effectively through visual aids

that look professionally designed yet are easy to make. With PowerPoint, you can create slides

for your presentation in the output you require: blank and white overheads, color overheads,

35mm slides or on-screen electronic slide shows. In addition, you can prepare speaker’s notes,

print an outline and print audience handouts. All these components in one file make up a

PowerPoint Presentation. Starting PowerPoint To launch PowerPoint, Click the Start Button on

the Windows Taskbar, select Programs and then click on Microsoft PowerPoint. You might also

find the PowerPoint icon on your MS Office Toolbar. To begin working with PowerPoint, you will

need either to open an existing presentation or create a new presentation using one of available

options. They are

Blank Presentation

From Design template

From Auto Content Wizard

From Existing Presentation Photo album.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_programhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slideshowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(projection)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_slidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_slidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(projection)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slideshowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_program


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4. Process Documentation in Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentInnovations

Dr. Kadiri MohanScientist (Agril. Extension), Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural

Research Station for Southern Zone, Tirupati – 517502. Email: [email protected]

Documentation is the process of systematically collecting, organizing, storing, retrieving,

and disseminating information; a process used for the purpose of learning or sharing or for

recording intellectual property. Output of documentation process can be written, visual and audio

information about, for example, an object, a practice, a product or an event.

There are different types of documentation and include Annual Reports; Books; Case

Studies; Digests; Guides; Handbooks; Journals, Magazines; Newsletters or Bulletins; Occasional

Papers; Pamphlets; Policy Briefings; Position papers; Reports; (Project Reports, ResearchReports, and Technical reports); Working Papers; Success Stories etc.

Documentation is any communicable material that is used to describe, explain or instruct

regarding some attributes of an object, system or procedure. Good documentation can serve

several very important functions and can make it easier to use and thereby save users’ time and

money. It can enhance the perceived quality of the product. The value of documenting for self-

reflection and sharing of learning is often not recognized or does not figure prominently on the

agenda of development organizations.

A process a series of steps and interrelated work activities, characaterized by specific

inputs, and tasks which add value, and make up a procedure for a set of specific outputs.

An example of process would be the interaction between people engaged in launching a

product, the things that each of them did to promote purposeful and methodological work, and

there efforts produced on their colleagues.

Process possesses

Process is subtle and not visible after the task is completed.

Is derived from the interactions of the members in the group

Influences members’ behavior and contributions Has an impact on the task results.

Needs specific handling in group situations.

Needs specific awareness and skills within the group

Skills required for process management:

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Different types of skills are required for managing the process in the implementation of

tasks. Most of these skills relate to building in sensitivity of the personnel to each other, apart from

the task requirements. Various types of skills that help in managing the process in any given tasks

are: observational skills, listening to other’s ideas, supporting each other, being clear and making

others clear on the task aims, managing time and resources, establishing common procedures,

cooperation and helping each other etc. Process also embraces the reaction of people to the

physical and emotional environment in which they work, how they are affected by it and what they

do to influence it. Since process issues influence task results, and often critically, it follows that

people need to develop both sorts of skills, and to be aware of them in others.

Process Documentation

In order to understand what Process Documentation is, we also need to understand

what is ‘Process’?. A Process is a series of steps and interrelated work activities, characterized

by specific inputs and tasks which add value, and make up a procedure for a set of specific

outputs. Thus the word ‘Process’ refers to the steps and work activities a transaction follows

through an organization's systems, applications, and people. The word Documentation – refers

to a narrative, or some description of the way the process works.

Process Documentation is a systematic way of capturing what happens in a process of

change and how it happens, to reflect and analyze why it happens and to organise and

disseminate the findings. It helps to reflect, analyse and discover patterns that help or hinder

change. The purpose of process documentation is to improve the quality and impact of a project.

Process documentation allows internal project learning and joint learning with direct stakeholders.

It looks beyond the project – into the context and may help projects to break through their sharp

boundaries in time and space – enabling projects to raise issues of general interest and stimulate

reflection and debate in wider society. (Grouppe Development South Asia Regional Office 2008).

There has been growing acceptance of the need to consider the development process in addition

to simple development inputs (technology, knowledge, capital).

The basic aim of Process Documentation is to learn from implementation experience and

in the light of this modify the strategy and ultimately, policy (Mosse,1998).

Process documentation

- detailed description and analysis of the different activities undertaken during the course of

study

- describes stakeholders’ participation; the process by which specific issues, concerns and

interests are articulated, addressed or resolved; significant activities undertaken; the


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process by which resolutions were arrived at and how conflicts were resolved; the

stakeholders and key players who participated; the outcome of the activity.

- analyse significant concerns, questions and issues articulated and addressed at different

stages of the study

- serves as a tool for decision making

- helps identify problems and bottle necks, identify deviations to tackle corrective action and

institutional learning.

Process Documentation is a planning and evaluation tool that can help the project team and

stakeholders track meaningful events and discern what is happening, how it is happening and

why it may be happening. Process documentation involves a structured, focused way of capturing

the change process; organizing the information and disseminating the information quickly enough

to be the most useful.

How do we document:

Tools and Methods in Process Documentation Process documentation uses qualitative

research methods to capture information from different sources in a variety of ways: participant

observation and analysis: eg: understand the way farmer groups are performing, quality of

participation; Regular field notes and diaries; Focused Group discussions; Reviewing written

communication and records; Team meetings on issues. data collection methods can include

interviews with individuals, review of meeting minutes and other documents, observation of

meetings and photography or video. Outputs in process documentation include case studies on

specific issues; M & E reports: qualitative descriptions on how outputs are achieved and used

newsletters, reports and discussion notes

Major steps in Process Documentation:

Step 1: Documentation prior to the start of any task: involves documenting the objective of the

activity and approach; steps to be taken; why; who will be involved

Step 2: Documenting immediately following the Process task: what was actually done;

modifications made on the approach and why; successes; what worked well; indicators used to

gauge success; factors contributing to the success; actual achievements; progress; level of

participation etc.

Step 3: Synthesis of findings and insights. Feedback may be obtained from stakeholders involved

in the activities to find out factors which determined success; factors leading to failure; what

worked well; what did not work well and needs to be adjusted; capacity building needed;

Step 4: Communication of findings and insights to stakeholders for obtaining feedback.


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Process Documentation is an invaluable tool in effective project management and

governance. It aids action research, learning alliances and multi-stakeholder platforms that

recognize the impact of cultural traditions and power constellations on development.

Process documentation involves recording both formal and informal events, taking

minutes, watching what happens in meetings, and also talking to people outside meetings,

listening to them etc. The main indicators for documenting the process can be derived from the

theory of change being promoted by the project of the assumptions the project envisages.

However, key areas of process documentation normally included are as follows:

A The decision making process

B. The process of concerted action:

C. The process of behavioural and attitudinal change:

D. The process of empowerment:

Importance of process documentation in Agriculture

Innovations in agriculture are ever happening and drive towards the holistic development.

Ever changing scenarios and challenges call for contiguous innovation driven development

process. As many innovations are scalable and those pilot innovations documentation will be a

become a road map for overall upscaling.

ReferencesGrouppe Developpement South Asia Regional office 2008 at www.gd-southasia.orgMosse (1998). (Ref: Mosse, David,1998,’Process documentation research and process

monitoring”, in David Mosse, John Farrington and Alan Rew (Eds) Development asProcess: Concepts and Methods for working with Complexity, London: Routledge, pp 31-53).

Manage Reading Material on Process documentation in Development Projects. National Instituteof Agricultural Extension Management, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030.

Dr.Kadiri Mohan

ABOUT THE AUTHORDr.Kadiri Mohan is working as Scientist in Agriculture Extension

at Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Tirupati


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5. Introduction to Microsoft Power Point

Mr. K.Bhaskar Naik

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan

Engineering College, Rangampeta; Email: [email protected]

Introduction to MS PowerPoint:

Microsoft PowerPoint, part of Microsoft Office, creates and plays presentations. A presentationis something a speaker makes to an audience, typically using a computer and LCD projector todisplay material in a lecture hall or auditorium. PowerPoint works a lot like Microsoft Word, andthe assumption here is that you are familiar with Word.

A PowerPoint presentation is made up of "slides" that are individual frames or screens of

information. To create a presentation, create the slides. A PowerPoint file (*.ppt) is a collectionof slides, typically for one and only one presentation, although files can be linked together to

make up compound presentations.

PPT Orientation:

Section 1 . Each page of the working area of the presentation is called a slide. New presentationsopen with a Title slide in Normal view ready for editing.

Section 2 . This area toggles between Slides view and Outline view. Slides view shows a tinypicture of all the slides in your presentation. Outline view shows the hierarchy of the text in your

slides.

Section 3 . This part of the new user interface (UI) is known as the Ribbon. The different Ribbonstake the place of the toolbars and menus of previous versions in PowerPoint. The Ribbons offeraccess to all the different features in PowerPoint 2007.

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://presentationsoft.about.com/od/s/g/slide.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/s/g/slide.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/s/g/slide.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/no/g/normal_view.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/no/g/normal_view.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/no/g/normal_view.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/no/g/outline_view.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/no/g/outline_view.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/no/g/outline_view.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/r/g/ribbon.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/r/g/ribbon.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/r/g/ribbon.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/r/g/ribbon.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/no/g/outline_view.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/no/g/normal_view.htmhttp://presentationsoft.about.com/od/s/g/slide.htmmailto:[email protected]


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When you open a new presentation in PowerPoint 2007, the program assumes that you will begin

your slide show with a Title slide. Adding a title and subtitle to this slide layout is as easy as

clicking in the text boxes provided and typing.

Slide Layouts:

Go to the Start Menu,. In this Click Ms-PowerPoint. It shows New PPT. Then Go to Home tab, in this click Slides group, click Layout icon. A menu of layouts

appears is shown as below.

Create a new slide. Select a non-title slide as you generally will not want to change thelayout of the title slide. Select the "Home" tab on the ribbon and click the "New Slide" button. This will insert a new slide after the current slide with the same layout.

Click the "Layout" button in the "Slides" section and select a layout from the drop-downmenu. You will see a picture showing the appearance and the title of the available slidelayouts. Click on of the layout pictures to select that layout.

Select the correct layout. You can always change the layout later but you will save time ifyou choose the correct layout when you create the slide.

Types of views:

The views in Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 that you can use to edit, print, and deliver your

presentations are:

Normal view Slide Sorter view Notes Page view Slide Show view (which includes Presenter view) Master views: Slide, Handout, and Notes


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As the screen capture above illustrates, you can find PowerPoint views:

On the View tab, in the Presentations Views group, where all views are available.

Inserting text:

PowerPoint Add Text to the Title or Subtitle Placeholders:

With a presentation opened in the Normal view, click any title or subtitle placeholder on the titleslide. The placeholder opens where you can add text. Type your text and click anywhere outsidethe placeholder. The text is saved.

Recognize that each individual slide in PowerPoint 2007 holds information that shows what type

of slide it is. You will see this from the examples presented for your use as you progress throughthe presentation. Start your presentation with the Title Slide. Click into the box that holds the

identity of the presentation (or the title), and then follow up with any descriptive information that

will make the sub-title. Make sure you enter all of the important points.


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Word art:

1. Select the text that you want to convert to WordArt.2. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click WordArt, and then click the WordArt that you

want. (Or) Click the Format tab.

3. Click the Quick Styles button (found in the WordArt Styles group of the Drawing Tools

Format tab).

Formatting text:

PowerPoint enables you to change text fonts, sizes and colors. You control most of the font

settings from Font group located on the Home tab of the PowerPoint Ribbon. To change text

attributes, open a presentation and follow these steps.

Click the Home tab.

Select a Slide, in this select the some text. (or)

The first thing to do once you have entered some text on a slide is to select it by dragging the

cursor over it. Right click on your selection and select Format Text Effects.

To format text with a color :

Select the text to be change.


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On the Home tab, in the Font group, click on down arrow to the right of the Font Color icon.

Select the desire color from the Theme or Standard Colors displayed.

Bullets and numbering:

The Bullets and Numbering dialog box will be the most helpful tool you can use for formattingbullets or numbering. With it, you can change the style of your bullets or numbering, as well aschange their size and color.

From the Home command tab, in the Paragraph group, click the next to BULLETS or

NUMBERING » select Bullets and Numbering... (OR)

On the slide, in any text box, right click » select Bullets or Numbering » select Bullets andNumbering...

The Bullets and Numbering dialog box appears.

Auto shapes:


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AutoShapes are preset, intelligent shapes like circles, arrows, stars, and callouts that you can use

to draw almost anything inside PowerPoint. Combine these

shapes to create amazing visual content so fast.

Types of AutoShapes:Each type of AutoShape is accessed from the AutoShapes

toolbar. Click the Shapes button to bring up the Shapes gallery.

Launch PowerPoint and on a blank slide or existing slide, inserta Shape by clicking the Shape button in either the Home or Insert tabs of the Ribbon.

Hyperlink:

In Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007, a hyperlink is a connection from one slide to another slidein the same presentation or to a slide in another presentation.

Create a hyperlink to a slide in the same presentation

1. In Normal view, select the text or the object that you want to use as a hyperlink.2. On the Insert tab, in the Links group, click Hyperlink.3. Under Link to, click Place in This Document.4. Do one of the following:

Link to a custom show in the current presentation:1. Under Select a place in this document, click the custom show that you

want to use as the hyperlink destination.

2. Select the Show and return check box. Link to a slide in the current presentation: Under Select a place in this document, click the slide that you want to use as

the hyperlink destination.


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Inserting images:

If you already have an image file on your computer that you want to insert into a PowerPoint

presentation, PowerPoint lets you insert the file. Follow these steps to insert Pictures from a file

into your slides:

o Move to the slide on which you want to splash a picture.o Open the Insert tab on the Ribbon and then click the Picture button in the Illustrations

group.o Find the picture file to use. o Click the file and then click Insert.

Inserting clip art:

To insert ClipArt into your presentation when using PowerPoint 2007, select the Insert tab. In the

Illustrations group, select the ClipArt icon as shown below:

Do the following for all programs listed in the Applies To at the top of the article.

1. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Clip Art.

2. In the Clip Art task pane, in the Searchfor text box, type a word or phrase that

describes the clip art that you want, ortype all or some of the file name of theclip art.

3. To narrow your search, do one or both of the following: To limit the search results to a specific collection of clip art, in the Search in list,

select the check box next to each collection that you want to search.For more information about collections, see About Clip Organizer collections.


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Custom Animations:

1. Click on the object or text box you wish to animate to select it (hold down the Ctrl button

while clicking to select more than one).

2. In the Animations tab under the Animations group click on the

button.3. The Custom Animation pane opens

4. From the Add Effect drop-down menu choose the kind of effect you want (Entrance,

Emphasis, Exit, Motion Paths) and then the animation itself. The drop-down list shows

only a few possibilities, so choose More Effects... for more options.

5. To customize the speed , properties and timing of your animation, either click on the

effect you wish to modify on the Custom Animation Pane.

6. Once you have the animation you would like to modify selected, use the options in the

Modify: [Effect] section of the Custom Animation Pane. These options will change

depending on the effect selected.

7. Repeat steps 2-6 for as many animations as you would like to add.

Hidden slides:

In a PowerPoint 2007 presentation, you can hide a slide just in case you'll need it later. Thepresenter, can see hidden slides in Normal view and Slide Sorter view (where their slidenumbers are crossed through) the audience doesn't see them in the course of a presentation.

1. Select the slide or slides.

2. On the Slide Show tab, click the Hide Slide button.

You can also right-click and choose Hide Slide.

Inserting tables and charts:

Inserting Tables:

PowerPoint is a great way to present data to groups, and if you create slideshows it’s importantto know how to present information. Today we’ll briefly go over the use of tables in apresentation.


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1. Select the slide that you want to add a table to.2. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Table.3. Do one of the following:

Move the pointer to select the number of rows and columns that you want, andthen click.

Click Insert Table, and then enter a number in the Number of columns andNumber of rows lists.

4. You will get a menu which allows you to select how many rows and columns to includewith the table.

5. To add text to the table cells, click a cell, and then enter your text.

After you enter your text, click outside the table. To add a row at the end of a table, click the last

cell of the last row, and then press TAB.

Note: To convert existing text to a table, you must first add a table to the slide and then copythe text to the table cells.

Inserting Charts:

Charts make it easy for your audience to visualize trends and patterns — and can preventpeople from getting squint-eyed or distracted.

Follow these instructions to add a chart within PowerPoint 2007:

Click the Insert tab of the Ribbon and then click the Chart option.

Select the chart category you want in the left side of the dialog box.

Select the chart type within the selected category. Click OK to insert a chart.

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This will place a chart on the slide that is based on dummy data. At the same time, this

launches Microsoft Excel in a separate window as shown in Figure , containing the dummy

data of the chart.

Lets you want to change the chart type in to following formats.

Chart Tools Design tab,

Chart Tools Layout tab

Chart Tools Format tab


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After you finish editing your chart, just click anywhere outside the chart area to go back to the

normal PowerPoint interface without the Chart Tools tabs.

Inserting Audio & Video:

Inserting Audio:

1. Click on the Insert tab of the ribbon. 2. Click the drop down arrow under the Sound icon on the right side of the ribbon.3. Select Sound from Clip Organizer...

PowerPoint will display the Clip Art task pane and will select Sounds in the ResultsShould Be drop-down list. You can use the Clip Art task pane to locate a sound clipstored on your computer or on the Office Online Web site.

To insert a sound clip from an existing sound file on a local disk, a shared network location,or an Internet site (if you haven’t imported the file into the Clip Organizer), -on the Insert menu, point to Movies and Sounds, and then click Sound from File.

The Insert Sound dialog box will appear. Select the sound file that you want, and thenclick the OK button.

To record your own sound clip (you must have a microphone attached to your computer)and add it to the slide, on the Insert menu, point to Movies and Sound, and then click

Record Sound.

Inserting Video:

Insert a movie from a file:

You can insert a movie from a movie file on a local disk, a shared network location, or an Internetsite.

1. On the Insert menu, point to Movies and Sounds, and then click Movie from File.2. Select the movie file in the Insert Movie dialog box, and then click the OK button.

If you selected a movie clip in animated .gif format, the animation will run automatically the entiretime the slide is displayed in a slide show. If, however, you selected a movie in another format(such as .avi), PowerPoint will display a message box letting you choose when the movie willplay.

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To have the movie play automatically when the slide is displayed in a slide show, click theAutomatically button.

To have the movie play only after you click the movie image, click the When Clicked button.

PowerPoint will then add the clip(?) to your slide.

Mr.Bhaskar Naik. K

ABOUT THE AUTHORThe author is working as Assistant professor in the department ofComputer Science & Engineering at Sree Vidyanikethan,Rangampeta. He has B.Tech and M.Tech degrees in ComputerEngineering and holds a diploma in Computer Science. He haspublished 12 research papers in national and international journalsand also presented at 10 conferences. He has a total teachingexperience of 10 years.


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6. Bio-Informatics and Its Application in Veterinary Research

Prof.D.Sreenivasulu Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati; Email:[email protected]

With the advent of large scale gene sequencing, a new scientific discipline known as

computational molecular biology or bioinformatics was conceived. The terms bioinformatics and

computational biology are often used interchangeably. However, bio informatics more popularly

refers to the creation and advancement of algorithms, computational and statistical techniques,

and theory to solve formal and practical problems inspired from the management and analysis

of biological data. Computational biology on the other hand, refers to hypothesis-driven

investigation of a specific biological problem using computers, carried out with experimental orstimulated data, with the primary goal of discovery and advancement of biological knowledge.

Put more simply, bioinformatics is concerned with the information while computational biology

is concerned with hypothesis. Bioinformatics is one of the latest additions to scientific vocabulary

which seems to suggest a bridge between the world of biology and that of information

technology.

The origin of bioinformatics can be traced to the developments by Sanger of’ a technique for

the sequencing of nucleic acids. The original technique devised in 1975, was subsequently improved

upon and automated. For this invention Sanger won a second Nobel Prize in chemistry, which was

awarded in 1980. His first prize for inventing the technique for sequencing of protein was

awarded in 1962, . The pioneering efforts of Sanger, paved the way for the sequencing of

other genomes, starting with bacterial plasmid pBR322. At present, over one billion DNA and

protein sequences have been determined and deposited in computerized databases which

can be accessed and retrieved for research use. These sequences contain wealth of

information hidden within them; including protein structure disease mechanisms and drug

targets sites. Therefore, bioinformatics is concerned with the access and analysis of

databases of published genes and protein sequences. The major problem facing the

researchers in biomedical and pharmaceutical disciplines is how to extract biologically

useful information from millions of sequences. So, bioinformatics is using multidisciplinary

approach which combines computer science, information technology, molecular biology,

biochemistry etc, to address this gap of knowledge.

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In all, bioinformatics can be said to be a theoretical discipline which attempt to make

predictions about biological functions from sequence data. The exploitation of the vast

amount of information in various genome sequence databases is dependent on the ability of

the researcher to assign functions to the sequences. Now, using bioinformatics algorithm

(otherwise called

bioinformatics tools) sequences could be analyzed to provide useful

biological information on the sequenced material. Some commonly used bioinformatics

tools include basic local alignment search tool BLAST, FASTA, and Clustal W.

Bioinformatics algorithms:

Bioinformatics algorithms (tools) are used in the analysis of biological

sequenced data; overviews of some of these tools are as follows.

BLAST: the full name of this tool is basic local alignment search tool BLAST; it is

employed for rapid searching of nucleotides and protein databases. It compares sequence data

with the already characterize sequences to give meaningful biological information for the

unknown sequence used for the search. It provides optimal local alignment to the query. This

algorithm has the power to detect local and global alignment; region of similarity embedded in

other wide unrelated proteins. BLAST searches provide information on the function of

uncharacterized proteins, this is obtained when the tool compare a query sequence to all

sequence in a specific databases.

Comparison of sequence by basic local alignment search tool is done in a pair wise

manner, each comparison is a given a score reflecting the degree of similarity between the query

and the sequence being compared. At the end of the comparison, the higher the score the

greater the degree of similarity. The similarity is measured and shown by aligning two

sequences. Either as indicated, the alignment of sequence can be local or global which means

local alignment is an optimal alignment that include only the most similar local regions on the

sequences, while in global alignment it include all characters from each sequence.

Clustal W: Unlike the above tool, clustal W is a general purpose algorithm used for

multiple sequence analysis for DNA or proteins. It produces biologically meaningful multiple

sequence alignments of divergent sequences, it also computes best matches for the selected

sequences and line them up so that identities, similarities and differences can be seen by

viewing cladograms and phylograms both of which are parts of the clustal W algorithm. The

physical features of the tool can be accessed at website.


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FASTA: It allows for the comparison of a query sequence to a DNA sequence database.

The tool use a fast search to initially identify sequences from database with a high degree of

similarity to the query sequence, then it conduct a second comparison on the initially selected

sequences. FAST algorithm is slower and more sensitive than the BLAST; this is because

FASTA tolerates gaps in the aligned sequences. Again, FASTA is employed in homology

searching that it is to say it search for homologous sequences in sequence databases of proteins

and nucleotides for similar sequences (Pearson and Lipman, 1988).

Bioinformatics in Veterinary Research:

1.Generation of biological data:

Sequences and structure of genes and proteins: Sequences are the simplest way to

represent a macromolecule. The structure of genes that code for the sequence of amino acids

in proteins is produced in this form by genome sequencing projects. Protein sequences are

usually obtained via computer-based translations of genomic data.

3-d molecular structures: These are obtained by physical measurement (x-ray, nuclear

magnetic resonance combined with computer modeling.)

Genome structures and functions: The genome of an organism is composed of its entire

genetic material information on genome structure and function is a basic description that is

continuously updated with new information including links to other databases.

Bibliographic data: Such as abstracts of scientific articles. The amount of date has

increase exponentially, especially since the onset of genome projects, such as the human

genome sequencing programmes. The data are currently organized into a small number of large

public databanks available through the internet. Data management, including data processing

and database maintenance, is the first and most fundamental task of bioinformatics. Another

large sub-field, biomathematics or bio computing, is concerned with developing specialized

algorithms for accessing and analyzing these data. The most frequent research tasks in this sub

field are sequence similarity searching, to find a protein or gene similar to a novel sequence,

and database retrieval.


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2.Mine, retrieve and analyze biological data:

The growing numbers of sequences in public domain, of pathogens, plants, animals that

are useful resources for the researcher to exploit for research work could be mined, retrieved

and analyzed by the use of bioinformatics tools to derive meaningful information. Another aspect

of bioinformatics in sequence analysis is the automatic search for genes and regulatory

sequences within a genome. One core aspect of research in computational biology focuses on

database development how to integrate and optimally query data from genomic DNA sequence,

spatial and temporal patterns of mRNA expression, protein structure, immunological reactivity,

clinical outcomes, publication records, and other sources.

A second focus involves pattern recognition algorithms for such areas as nucleic acid or

protein sequence assembly, sequence alignment for similarity comparisons or phylogeny

reconstruction,, motif recognition in linear sequences or higher-order structure, and common

patterns of gene expression. Both database integration and pattern recognition depend

absolutely on accessing data from diverse sources, and being able to integrate translations and

reproduce these data in new formats. For example, the wide spread utility of BLAST for the

identification of gene similarity but also to the availability of databases such as Genbank, the

European molecular biology laboratory ( EMBL) and the DNA data bank of Japan (DDBJ) which

pool genomic data from a variety of sources. BLAST would be of limited utility without a broad-

based database to query. The “post genomic era” holds phenomenal promise in understanding

metabolic processes, and disease, and we can confidently predict that bioinformatics improving

our understanding of such diverse areas as the regulation of gene expression, protein structure

determination, comparative evolution, and drug discovery.

In Veterinary research, bioinformatics tools were applied for the detection of animal

diseases and to examine the genome of animal pathogens to identify diagnostic problems and

to generate novel solutions for the continued improvement and development of molecular

diagnostics. Bioinformatics approach helped to identify antigenic epitopes from rabies virus

glycoprotein G, which could be used for the development of antirabies subunit vaccine.

3.Predict and identify protein in a sequence:

Protein structure prediction is another important application of bioinformatics. The amino

acid sequence of a protein, the so-called primary structure, can be easily determined from the


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sequence on the gen that codes for it. In the vast majority of cases, this primary structure

uniquely determines a structure in its native environment. Knowledge of this structure is vital in

understanding the function of the protein. For lack of better terms, structural information is

usually classified as one of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.

One of the key ideas in bioinformatics is the notion of homology in the genomic branch

of bioinformatics, homology is used to predict the function of a gene; if the sequence of gen A,

whose function is known, is homologous to the sequence of gene B, whose function is unknown,

one could infer that B may share A function in the structural branch of bioinformatics, homology

is used to determine which parts of a protein are important in structure formation and interaction

with other proteins. In a technique called homology modeling, this information is used to predict

the structure of a protein on the structure of a homologous protein is known. This currently

remains the only way to predict protein structures reliably. One example of this is the similar

protein homology between haemoglobin in humans and the haemoglobin in legumes both serve

the same purpose of transporting oxygen in the organism. Though both of these proteins have

complete3ly different amino acid sequences, their protein structures are virtually identical, which

reflects the near identical purposes.

4.Laboratory applications:

The use of computers for biology starts in the laboratory; for instance to plan how a DNA

molecule will be cut and tailored with the several hundreds of enzyme reagents available. In

order to carry out the relatively simple task of cutting out a precise fragment of a DNA piece, it

is necessary to find one tor two enzymes that cut somewhere near the ends of the desired piece,

but will not cut the fragment itself. One such enzyme may cut a Piece of DNA into a few, or into

several hundred fragments, depending on the sequence of the DNA piece. A computer can

enumerate all the possible fragments that can be obtained, and suggest enzyme combinations,

and a protocol for the experiment. A more sophisticated task is the characterization of a gene

sequence that is obtained from an experiment. To this end, the biologist performs a database

search o several of the publicly accessible and frequently updated sequence databases

available on the internet. The gene sequence is compared with the sequences in the DNA

database, resulting in a ranked list of the hits to the most similar sequences found in the

database. Jus t a few sufficiently similar sequences are usually enough to predict the properties

and hence the natural function of the new gene or protein with considerable probability. If no

obviously similar sequences are found in the databank, then more sophisticated tools such as


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pattern searching, could provide characteristics to predict properties of unknown genes or

proteins. The majority of current molecular biology research relies on these techniques.

Similarly, bioinformatics is applied in the laboratory for primer designing, which is used to amplify

sequence in techniques such as PCR and hybridization reactions.

4.Vaccines Development:

DNA vaccines have many ad vantages over conventional vaccines, and offer an

attractive approach to vaccination for veterinary species. Although DNA vaccination is still in its

infancy even in the west, the biggest handicap to the development of animal vaccines is the lack

of available data on immune responses to pathogens that exclusively infect veterinary species,

although many studies in mice have shown that naked DNA vaccination induces a large

spectrum of immune responses, so that this type of vaccine can readily be considered against

pathogens that have not inspired large-scale immunological studies. DNA vaccination trials

carried out in mammals (cattle, pig, sheep dog, cat, horse and rabbit), Birds (duck, chicken,

turkey) and fish (salmonide) against their target pathogens. Clearly, DNA vaccination has

already inspired great interest in the veterinary field. The use of bioinformatics in vaccine targets

identification have greatly reduces the time and the cost of vaccinology. Thus ,identification of

target antigenic peptides in a genomic sequence of pathogens made development of naked

DNA veterinary vaccines possible. This bioinformatics approach could also be used in the

development of immuno diagnostics and vaccines. Bioinformatic tools aided the identification of

antigens from the genomic sequence of Cowdria ruminatum which stimulate the proliferation of

lymphocytes in immunized cattle. It also helped in identification of VP 1 fragment from foot and

mouth disease virus genomic sequence which elicit antibody response.

Proteomics and the future of vaccine development: A molecular understanding of all

the information present in any given genome requires an interdisciplinary approach. Research

in many different fields, such as structural biology, cell and molecular biology, biochemistry,

genetics and informatics will all need to contribute, as will the veterinary practitioner. Only if

attention is focused on determining the functions and interactions of proteins will their biological

significance be revealed. A combination of the different approaches in proteomics will provide a

better understanding of physiological processes and how they regulate one another. In turn, this

information will lead to a better understanding of pathological changes related to disease. The

ultimate goal in veterinary medicine is to prevent or cure the disease before permanent damage

has occurred, or before side effects become evident. Treatment of diseases, if not curative,


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should provide palliative cure and relief from the symptoms. The choice between a preventive

course of action or a treatment relies on a clear recognition of the exact disease status of the

patient.

Proteomics will help, define and improve the process of the disease diagnosis. For

example, markers could be used to define certain tumors, so that a diagnosis can be

established, a prognosis defined, and a treatment decision made. New proteomic approaches

will also enable the identification of new therapeutic targets, which could be used to identify

small chemical compounds in high throughput screening procedures, they can also be further

developed for new drugs and vaccines, which will allow the generation of new therapeutic

concepts for the benefit of man and animals. Finally, new molecular understanding of how

biological processes are regulated in cells will allow the development of diagnostic tools and

drugs for diseases, which are yet unknown.

Prof. D. Sreenivasulu

ABOUT THE AUTHORThe author is working as Professor & Head in the department of

Veterinary Microbiology at College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati.

He also worked as Associate Dean of the same college from three

years and three months. He is an alumnus of College of Veterinary

Science, Tirupati and completed his BVSc in 1981, MVSc in 1983

and PhD in 1995. He has a vast teaching experience of 32 years

and published 42 research papers in national and international

journals. He also guided 14 students in MVSc and two students in

PhD. He has visited six countries and completed three research

projects. He received State Best Teacher award and Best

Veterinary Scientist award.


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7. Data Analysis Using Excel

Dr.A.Ravi

Professor, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati;Email: [email protected]

Installing analysis toolpak

1. Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Excel Options.2. Click Add-Ins, and then in the Manage box, select Excel Add-ins.3. Click Go.4. In the Add-Ins available box, select the Analysis ToolPak check box, and then

click OK.5. The Analysis ToolPak Add-In is will be installed and Data Analysis... command will

be available in the Analysis group on the Data tab.SortingThe default setting for sorting in Ascending or Descending order is by row. To sort by columns:

1. From the Data menu, select Sort, and then Options.2. Select the Sort left to right option button and click OK.3. In the Sort by option of the Sort dialog box, select the row number by which the columns

will be sorted and click OK.

Descriptive Statistics

The Data Analysis ToolPak has a Descriptive Statistics tool that provides you with an easy wayto calculate summary statistics for a set of sample data. Summary statistics includes Mean,Standard Error, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Variance, Kurtosis, Skewness, Range,Minimum, Maximum, Sum, and Count. This tool eliminates the need to type individual functionsto find each of these results. Excel includes elaborate and customisable toolbars, for example the"standard" toolbar shown here:

Some of the icons are useful mathematical computation:

is the "Autosum" icon, which enters the formula "=sum()" to add up a range of cells.

is the "FunctionWizard" icon, which gives you access to all the functions available.

is the "GraphWizard" icon, giving access to all graph types available, as shown in this display:

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Excel can be used to generate measures of location and variability for a variable. Suppose wewish to find descriptive statistics for a sample data: 2, 4, 6, and 8.Step 1. Select the Tools pull-down menu, if you see data analysis, click on this option,otherwise, click on add-in.. option to install analysis tool pak.Step 2. Click on the data analysis option.Step 3. Choose Descriptive Statistics from Analysis Tools list.Step 4. When the dialog box appears:Enter A1:A4 in, A1 is a value in column A and row 1, in this case this value is 2. Using the sametechnique enter other VALUES until you reach the last one. If a sample consists of 20 numbers,you can select for example A1, A2, A3, etc. as the input range.Step 5. Select an output range, in this case B1. Click on summary statistics to see the results.Select OK.When you click OK, you will see the result in the selected range.


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To conduct the desired test hypothesis with Excel the following steps can be taken:Step 1. From the menus select Tools then click on the Data Analysis option.Step 2. When the Data Analysis dialog box appears:

Choose z-Test: Two Sample for means then click OKStep 3. When the z-Test: Two Sample for means dialog box appears:Enter A1:A36 in the variable 1 range box (work-study students' hourly income) Enter B1:B36 in the variable 2 range box (student assistan