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Full Course Title
ENU 4612
Nuclear Radiation Detection and Instrumentation
Fall 2011
1. Catalog Description
Credits: 4 Physics and electronics of radiation detection and instrumentation systems for
application to nuclear energy, radiological sciences, radiation protection, medical
physics and imaging, and industrial safety and control systems.
2. Pre-requisites and Co-requisites
Pre-requisites: EEL3003, ENU4103, and ENU4605 Co-requisites: None
3. Course Objectives
- Provide students with the opportunity to learn the principals of radiation interactions with matter, radiation detection techniques and characteristics of
different radiation detectors;
- Development of communication skills including technical writing and oral
presentations;
- Prepare students for independent research and/or design projects.
4. Contribution of course to meeting the professional component (ABET only)
- Provide students with the ability to apply advanced mathematics, computational skills, science and engineering science, including atomic and nuclear physics, to
identify, formulate, analyze, and solve nuclear and radiological engineering
problems
- Provide students with knowledge of the fundamentals of radiation transport,
interactions, and detection and with the principles required for the analysis,
design, and safe operation of radiation producing devices and using equipment
and systems.
- Provide students with the ability to design and conduct experiments and analyze
and interpret data using current experimental, data acquisition and data analysis
techniques
- Provide students with the skills needed to communicate effectively, work
collaboratively, and understand their professional and ethical responsibilities and
the impact of engineering solutions in a societal and economic context so they can
pursue successful, productive careers in nuclear and radiological engineering
5. Relationship of course to program outcomes (ABET only)
The course supports the following program outcomes: a. an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering
b. b1. an ability to design and conduct experiments;
b2. an ability to analyze and interpret experimental data;
c. an ability to develop an engineering design to meet specific technical
requirements within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental,
health and safety and reliability;
d. an ability to function in multidisciplinary skills teams;
e. an ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems;
g. an ability to communicate effectively, using both oral and written
presentations, in engineering practice;
k. an ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools, including
modern computational skills and tools, necessary for nuclear and radiological
engineering practice;
l. an ability to apply advanced mathematics, science, and engineering sciences,
including atomic and nuclear physics, to nuclear and radiological systems and
processes;
m. an ability to measure and interpret measurements of nuclear and radiological
processes;
k. An ability to work professionally in one or more areas of: nuclear power
systems, nuclear instrumentation and measurement, radiation protection and
shielding, and radiation sources and applications.
6. Instructor: Dr. Gabriel Ghita
a. Office location: 104 Nuclear Reactor Building
b. Telephone: 352-392-1401x332
c. E-mail address: [email protected]
d. Class Website: http://plaza.ufl.edu/ghita1gm/enu46125615.htm
e. Office Hours: Monday, 1:00 – 2:00 pm
Wednesday, 1:00 – 2:00 pm
Friday, 1:00 – 2:00 pm
7. Teaching Assistant: Kayla Ficarrotta
a. Office location: 226 Nuclear Science Building
b. Telephone: N/A
c. E-mail address: [email protected]
d. Office hours: TBD
8. Meeting Times:
Lectures during Period 4 (10:40 – 11:30 am); Laboratory session (to be scheduled)
9. Class/laboratory schedule:
Three (3) 50-min lectures each week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) One (1) 3-hour laboratory session each week (to be scheduled)
10. Meeting Location:
Lectures: 227 NSB (Nuclear Science Building) Laboratory: 125 NSB (Nuclear Science Building)
11. Material and Supply Fees
As stated on ISIS.
12. Textbooks and Software Required a. Title: Radiation Detection and Measurement
b. Author: Glenn F. Knoll
c. Publication date and edition: 2010, 4th
Edition d. ISBN number: 0470131489
13. Recommended Reading
a. Title: Measurements and Detection of Radiation
b. Author: Nicholas Tsoulfanidis
c. Publication date and edition: 1995, 2nd
Edition d. ISBN number: 0470131489
Access to Chart of Nuclides: You will need access to a chart of nuclides during the course. Feel free to use anyone of
the numerous resources available (so long as it is accurate). The following can be ordered
from: http://www.nuclidechart.com/orders.html
a. Title: Nuclides and Isotopes
b. Author: Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation/Knolls Atomic Power
Laboratory
a. Publication date and edition: 2010, 17th
Edition b. ISBN number: 0984365303
14. Course Outline (provide topics covered by week or by class period)
Introduction, Course Goals and Objectives Radiation Sources 1
Radiation Interactions 2
Radiation Interactions 2 Counting Statistics 3
Counting Statistics 3
No class – Labor Day Lab 0.
Error Analysis 3 Introduction & Lab Safety
Error Analysis 3
General Properties of Radiation Detectors 4 Lab 1.
General Properties of Radiation Detectors 4 NIM Usage
General Properties of Radiation Detectors 4 General Properties of Radiation Detectors 4
Lab 2. Gas Detectors – Basics 5
Proportional Counters Gas Detectors – Ionization Chamber 5
Gas Detectors – Proportional Counters 6 Lab 3.
Gas Detectors – Proportional Counters 6 Counting Statistics
Gas Detectors– Geiger-Mueller Counters 7
Gas Detectors– Geiger-Mueller Counters 7 Lab 4.
Recap Alpha Particle Range in Air
Exam 1 Scintillation Detectors (Inorganic) 8
Scintillation Detectors (Inorganic) 8 Oral Reports for Lab 4.
Scintillation Detectors (Organic) 8
Scintillation Detectors (Organic) 8 Lab 5.
Photomultiplier Tubes and Photodiodes 9 Gamma Ray Attenuation
Photomultiplier Tubes and Photodiodes 9 Radiation Spectroscopy with Scintillators 10
Radiation Spectroscopy with Scintillators 10
Recap
Exam 2 Lab 6.
Semiconductor Detectors – Basics 11 SCA Spectroscopy
No class – Homecoming Semiconductor Detectors – Basics 11
Lab 7. Semiconductor Detectors – Intrinsic 11
Gamma Ray Spectroscopy No class – Veterans Day Semiconductor Detectors – Contacts 11
Lab 8. Semiconductor Detectors – Doping and Diodes 11
Neutron Detection Semiconductor Detectors – Design 11 Semiconductor Detectors – Ge(Li), Si(Li) & HPGe 12
Semiconductor Detectors – Others 13
No class – Thanksgiving
Neutron Detectors – Thermal 14
Neutron Detectors – Thermal 14 Oral Reports for Lab 8.
Neutron Detectors – Fast 15
Neutron Detectors – Fast 15
Neutron Detectors – Activation Analysis 19
Reading Day
Final Exam Monday December 12th
, at 3:00 – 5:00 pm in NSB 227
Course Schedule
Date Course Topic Ch. Lab Topic for that Week
August 22
24
26
29
31
September 2
5
7
9
12
14
16
19
21
23
26
28
30
October 3
5
7
10
12
14
17
19
21
24
26
28
31
November 2
4
7
9
11
14
16
18
21
23
25
28
30
December 2
5
7
9
12
15. Attendance and Expectations Students are expected to attend each class period. While attendance is not directly
recorded and scored, in-class quizzes will be given without notice at my discretion. Only
students with excused absences will be allowed to take make-up quizzes. All unexcused
absent students will receive quiz grades of zero. Periods that will be missed should be
brought to my attention in writing as far in advance of the class period as possible. In the
event of an unexcused absence, it is the student's responsibility to obtain and review the
material that was covered during that class period.
Students must participate in each laboratory exercise and produce an individual
laboratory report on each exercise. Students may make up experiments provided that they
provide a valid medical reason or previously excused reason. Students must perform
ALL laboratory experiments in order to receive a passing grade.
A Few Simple Rules - Do NOT show up late. It disrupts and annoys the class.
- Do NOT eat food in class. You may bring a drink in a spill-proof container during
lecture only. NO food or drink is allowed within the laboratory.
- All work, unless specifically noted in writing, must be the student's own work. Group work will not be acceptable unless Prof. Ghita has specifically assigned the work to be a group effort. Plagiarism and other forms of cheating are
unacceptable and will be dealt with strictly in accordance with UF policy. (See
19. Honesty Policy)
16. Grading
Your overall grade is based on your performance in both the lecture and laboratory, with each weighted equally. Note: you MUST receive a passing grade in both parts of the
course in order to receive a passing grade (e.g., an A in lecture and an E in lab does not
equal a C; it will be recorded as an E!). Below is a breakdown for the grading in the
lecture and laboratory:
50%
Lecture Grading
50%
Laboratory Grading
Homework Sets 15% Lab Worksheet 5% In-Class Quizzes 10% Tech. Memo 1 5%
Section 1 Exam 25% Tech. Memo 2 15%
Section 2 Exam 25% Tech. Memo 3 20%
Final Exam 25% Formal Report 1 10%
Formal Report 2 20%
Oral Presentation 1 10%
Oral Presentation 2 15%
Lecture Grading Homework – From time to time (approximately couple of weeks), I will provide you with a number of homework problems. Due dates will be indicated on the problem sets I hand
out. Be prepared to turn in about 5-6 homework sets throughout the semester. Homework
accounts for 15% of your total lecture grade.
In-Class Quizzes – In-class quizzes will be given sporadically throughout the semester
during the lecture periods at the discretion of the instructor. These quizzes will be short;
requiring at most 15 min to complete. Some quizzes may require computations, so be
prepared with a calculator. Each quiz will be assigned a certain number of points based
on difficulty. These quizzes account for 10% of your lecture score.
Section Exams – Two exams will be given during the semester on the dates specified in
the schedule. While these exams will concentrate on the material covered since the
previous exam (or since the beginning of the semester in the case of the first section
exam), any material covered up to the exam may be a topic of a question. These exams
will be given during a regular lecture period. Each section exam accounts for 25% of
your overall lecture grade.
Final Exam – At the end of the semester, a comprehensive final examination will be
administered. This exam may cover any material covered in lecture or laboratory. You
will have 2 hours to complete the final exam, which will account for 25% of your overall
lecture grade. The final exam will be held on Wednesday, December 12, 2010 from 3:00
to 5:00 pm in 227 NSB (lecture room), unless otherwise posted.
Laboratory Grading The laboratory grade will depend entirely on your reports. The laboratory course will consist of eight (8) exercises. Each laboratory exercise will have a report due of the type
listed in the table below. The percentage worth of each report is designed to be weighted
towards the end of the semester. This gives you the chance to improve your writing skills
before the reports begin to heavily affect your end laboratory grade.
One of the primary goals of ENU4612C/5615C is teach students how to write technical
documents. As such, much emphasis is given to the laboratory reports. Expect to spend a
significant amount of time (8-16 hrs) on each report. By the end of the semester, every
student is expected to be able to write a document worth publishing. Students have even
given these reports to prospective employers as writing samples.
Lab # Report Type Due Worth
0 None 0 % 1 Worksheet 5 %
2 Technical Memorandum 10 %
3 Formal Report 15 %
4 Oral Report 10 %
5 Technical Memorandum 15 %
6 Formal Report 20 %
7 Technical Memorandum 15 %
8 Oral Report 20 %
Reports will be graded according to many criteria. Every document should include four
basic parts: (1) Introduction/Theory, (2) Experimental Procedure, (3)
Results/Conclusions, and (4) Bibliography/References.
Every report must also include photocopies of your neat, legible, detailed laboratory
notes. All written reports must use 1.5 line spacing, 12 pt. Times New Roman font and 1"
margins. Each type of report is discussed in more detail below.
A. Format Reports
Formal reports are comprehensive documents that allow the reader to not only fully understand the theory and motivation behind the work, but be able to completely
duplicate the experiments and results. Formal reports should contain the following
sections: Abstract, Introduction, Theory, Experimental Procedure, Results,
Conclusions, Acknowledgements (as needed), and References. Each of these sections
is described below:
1. Abstract – The abstract is a short, succinct description of the entire
experiment and should contain only the most pertinent information of the
report and findings. Typically, it is limited to 150 words. Specific results
must be included in the abstract, e.g. rather than saying a certain detector
was 'much more efficient than its predecessor' you should say the detector
was '208% more efficient than its predecessor'.
2. Introduction – The introduction describes the problem (motivation for
study), concept and background information of the work performed. Some
devotion to prior work with references is included here.
3. Theory – The fundamental and specific theory regarding the experiment is
introduced and explained here. Include equations and concepts. Describe
how and why physical phenomena appear as they do. Include graphs or
figures that support your theory.
4. Experimental Procedure – Describe in detail how the experiment was
performed. Every possibly pertinent and known condition surrounding the
experiment is recorded here, e.g. room temperature and humidity level.
When describing the equipment used, include brand and model numbers.
(In your laboratory notes, you should have the exact serial number of
every piece of equipment you used.) Include figures, wiring diagrams,
photos, etc. of the experimental arrangement.
5. Results – Give a detailed account of the results from the experiment.
Include graphs of data. Include errors bars on all plotted data points.
6. Conclusion – Provide a discussion of the results, whether or not the
experiment worked as planned. Explain inconsistencies and discrepancies.
Clearly state what can be concluded based on the experimental results (or
whether nothing can be concluded due to errors in data, etc.). This section
is often overlooked. Do NOT skim over this part as data analysis and
interpretation is absolutely critical.
7. Acknowledgements – This is where you thank those that helped you, but
did not directly contribute to the work. If someone directly contributes to
the experiment, then their name should appear as an author on the paper.
For this class, your lab partners should be put into the acknowledgements
section, but they would normally show up as authors in the real world.
8. References – You MUST cite your references in the text of a formal
report, which includes classroom notes. See the example formal report to
see how it should be done. A list of references is numbered.
9. Appendices – Photocopies of your laboratory notes should be put in an
appendix. Figures and plots are included in the body of the report, not
here.
B. Technical Memorandums
A technical memorandum is used to briefly describe an experiment and the observed results. The memo should not be any longer than five pages with a sixth
page devoted to a bibliography. A memo is designed to be brief so as to inform
technical program leaders, division leaders, department heads, project leads, etc. of
project status or results. THEY DO NOT HAVE TIME TO READ A 50 PAGE
REPORT. Hence, the message regarding your experiment, method and results must
be brief. You will find that memos are actually quite challenging to write, in that your
report must be concise while still delineating the salient features of the experiment.
The sections of a memo are described in better detail below:
1. Introduction – Brief introduction to the experiment, problem and research.
2. Experimental Procedure – Thorough but brief explanation of the
experimental procedure. The reader should have a good idea of what was
done, but not necessarily be able to completely duplicate your work
without further information.
3. Results and Conclusions – Provide important and pertinent data to the
experiment. Do not add extraneous materials. Get to the point with your
findings, the substantial support and draw your conclusions.
4. Bibliography – This is NOT a reference list. A bibliography uses a
completely different format. The references in the bibliography are not
cited in the text and the bibliography is not numbered.
5. Appendix – All figures, plots and photocopies of your laboratory notes
should be included in appendices. Figures and plots should not be included
in the body of the report.
C. Oral Reports
The oral report is designed to present project results to a larger group within a directorate. The oral report is designed to familiarize other researchers within your
division of your work progress and to stimulate interactions and ideas. It should be
brief, no more than 8 minutes long with a short period of 2 minutes afterwards for
questions. Do NOT talk past your allotted time slot. This is counterproductive and
wastes the time of everyone else. You will be docked 10% for every minute you talk
beyond 8 minutes. No one likes meetings, but you will find that every job has them.
Hence, keep it brief for the benefit of all.
You may use overhead transparencies, the chalkboard, PowerPoint, Open Office,
or any other computer program you wish to use for your presentation. HOWEVER,
you must be aware of the limitations of the equipment at the venue you will be
speaking and be prepared for disasters. You should ALWAYS be ready to speak
without any visual effects or just a chalkboard. Turn in copies of your presentation
and your laboratory notes. Within the oral report, address the following sections:
i. Introduction (~ 2 min)
ii. Theory (~ 2 min)
iii. Experimental Procedure (~ 2 min)
iv. Results (~ 2 min)
v. Questions (~ 2 min)
Report Guidelines 1) Your audience is a nuclear engineer, unfamiliar with the experiment. 2) Figures (Drawings and Plots)
a. Your goal is to make your reports as understandable as possible.
Therefore, use drawing liberally.
b. Do not turn in a report with pencil drawings on it.
c. Figures need to be very clearly drawn. Use computer software packages
to draw the figure or, if you must draw it by hand, use pen or marker.
(Only turn in a copy of hand drawn figures.)
d. Label each figure with a descriptive caption.
e. Including figures that have been scanned in or photocopied from
references are generally discouraged, but can be done IF you properly
reference the source AND ensure the figure is very clear. In the real
world, you MUST get written permission from the reference's publisher to
do this.
f. When making plots, use a software package such as MS Excel, SigmaPlot,
or the like. Include axes labels (with units).
3) Formal writing (textbook style).
a. Do NOT use a conversational tone (i.e. write in complete sentences, do a
spell check)
b. Do NOT write in the first person.
Successful Completion of Gordon Rule Writing Requirements I will evaluate your writing on a number of criteria: Content, Organization, Argument
and Support, Style, and Mechanics. In order to be a successful writer (and therefore
receive a Satisfactory evaluation for your writing/communication requirements), please
look over the following rubric for guidance of on completing the requirements.
SATISFACTORY (Y) UNSATISFACTORY (N)
CONTENT Papers exhibit at least some evidence of ideas
that respond to the experiment/laboratory topic with complexity, critically evaluation the
results, and provide at least an adequate
discussion with basic understanding of experiment.
Papers either include a central discussion that
is unclear or off-topic or provide only minimal or inadequate discussion of the
experimental results. Papers may also lack
sufficient or appropriate discussion of the results, with little or no tie-in with the
underlying theory.
ORGANIZATION
AND COHERENCE
Documents and paragraphs exhibit at least some identifiable structure for topics, including
a clear thesis statement but may require readers
to work to follow progression of ideas. Figures,
tables and graphs are used in a logical manner
to properly explain results, with these items
being placed within a logical
manner/progression of the experimental result.
An outside nuclear engineer should be able to
understand your report, and be able to repeat at
least some of the experiment.
Documents and paragraphs lack clearly identifiable organization, may lack any
coherent sense of logic in associating and
organizing ideas, and may also lack
transitions and coherence to guide the reader.
Poor use of figures, graphs, and tables do not
provide any cohesion with the discussion in
the report.
ARGUMENT
AND SUPPORT
The reports use persuasive and confident presentation of ideas, strongly supported with
experimental evidence (including comparisons
with what your theoretical expectations). At the
weak end of the Satisfactory range, documents
may provide only generalized discussion of the
experimental results or may provide adequate discussion but rely on weak support for
arguments.
Documents make only weak generalizations,
providing little or no support, as in
summaries or narratives that fail to provide
critical analysis.
No crucial comparisons with the underlying
theory of the experimental results.
STYLE Documents use a writing style with word
choice appropriate to the context, genre, and discipline. Sentences should display complexity and logical sentence structure. At a
minimum, documents will display a less
precise use of vocabulary and an uneven use of
sentence structure or a writing style that
occasionally veers away from word choice or tone appropriate to the experiment/topic.
Figures, tables and graphs follow an
appropriate style/format, and that style is used
consistently throughout the document.
For additional information on style and format,
you can consult the writing formats for a
variety of publications, including Nuclear Instruments and Methods in
Physics Research, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, or Journal of
Health Physics.
Documents rely on word usage that is
inappropriate for the context, genre, or discipline. Sentences may be overly long or
short with awkward construction. Documents
may also use words incorrectly. Figures,
tables and graphs are poorly constructed with little adhesion to a consistent format.
MECHANICS Reports will feature correct or error- free presentation of ideas. At the weak end of the
Satisfactory range, reports may contain some
spelling, punctuation, or grammatical errors
that remain unobtrusive so they do not muddy
the paper's argument or points.
Papers contain so many mechanical or
grammatical errors that they impede the
reader's understanding or severely undermine
the writer's credibility.
17. Undergraduate students, in order to graduate, must have an overall GPA and an
upper-division GPA of 2.0 or better (C or better). Note: a C- average is equivalent to
a GPA of 1.67, and therefore, it does not satisfy this graduation requirement.
Graduate students, in order to graduate, must have an overall GPA of 3.0 or better (B
or better). Note: a B- average is equivalent to a GPA of 2.67, and therefore, it does
not satisfy this graduation requirement.
18. Make-up Exam Policy – Make-up Exams are only allowed through prior requests or
DOCUMENTED medical reasons. In cases where students will be out of town, a
reasonable attempt to take the exam before the scheduled exam date will be performed.
19. Honesty Policy – All students admitted to the University of Florida have signed a
statement of academic honesty committing themselves to be honest in all academic
work and understanding that failure to comply with this commitment will result in
disciplinary action. This statement is a reminder to uphold your obligation as a UF
student and to be honest in all work submitted and exams taken in this course and all
others.
20. Accommodation for Students with Disabilities – Students requesting classroom
accommodation must first register with the Dean of Students Office. That office will
provide the student with documentation that he/she must provide to the course
instructor when requesting accommodation.
21. UF Counseling Services – Resources are available on-campus for students having
personal problems or lacking clear career and academic goals. The resources include:
· UF Counseling & Wellness Center, 3190 Radio Rd, 392-1575, psychological
and psychiatric services.
· Career Resource Center, Reitz Union, 392-1601, career and job search services.
22. Software Use – All faculty, staff and student of the University are required and
expected to obey the laws and legal agreements governing software use. Failure to do
so can lead to monetary damages and/or criminal penalties for the individual violator.
Because such violations are also against University policies and rules, disciplinary
action will be taken as appropriate. We, the members of the University of Florida
community, pledge to uphold ourselves and our peers to the highest standards of
honesty and integrity.