Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
1
Fundamental TrainingFundamental TrainingLevel 1
Level 1 - Pressure 2
2
Topics: Slide No: DP Accuracy on Flow Measurement 3 - 4 Liquid Level Calculation 5 - 13 Liquid Density Calculation 14 Liquid Interface Calculation 15 Remote Seal Overview 16 - 21 Factors Affecting Seal Performance 22 - 29 Calibrating Analog Pressure Transmitter 30 - 32 Calibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter 33 - 44 Basic Applications 45 - 53 Exercise 54 - 56
ContentsContents
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
3DP Accuracy on Flow MeasurementDP Accuracy on Flow Measurement
Is determined by the specification of the DP transmitter because DP is under the square root, the DP range will not
be the same as the flow range. The DP range is equal to the flow range squared.
A flow range of 5:1 will have a DP range of 25:1 the accuracy to be used in for a flow measurement is the %
of reading error, not % of span. An 1151S is good for 0.1% of span.
At a reading of 1/2 the span, the error is 0.2% of reading At a reading of 1/10 the span, the error is 1.0% of reading
DP has a sensitivity coefficient (0.5) on flow measurement
Level 1 - Pressure 2
4
Flow turndown is 4:1DP turndown is 16:1 DP = 32 / 16 = 2H2O
DP turndown is 16:1 DP Accuracy = 16 x 0.1% = 1.6%
Error = 1.6% x 0.5 = 0.8%
Example:A customer has an orifice plate which produces
32H2O at 800 GPM of flow. How much DP will he have at a flow of 200 GPM ?
If the transmitter accuracy spec. is 0.1% of span what will be the DP accuracy at 200 GPM ? (the xmtr span is 32H2O)
How much error will the DP measurement contribute to the flow accuracy ? (remember, DP has a sensitivity coefficient of 1/2)
DP Accuracy on Flow MeasurementDP Accuracy on Flow Measurement
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
5
Example: ZeroZero--Based Based Direct MountDirect Mount Application
What is the Calibration Range?
XMTR
H
Head
Open Vessel Level CalculationOpen Vessel Level Calculation
L
100%
0%
50
S.G = 1.1
GP = 1.1 * 0
= 0H2O
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
20mA pt? (at 100% level)GP = Head
= 1.1*50
= 55 H2OCal. Range = 0 to 55H2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
6
Example: NonNon--ZeroZero--BasedBased Direct MountDirect Mount Application
What is the Calibration Range?
XMTR
H
Head2
Open Vessel Level CalculationOpen Vessel Level Calculation
L
100%
40
S.G = 1.1
GP = Head1= 1.1*10
= 11H2O
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
20mA pt? (at 100% level)GP = Head2
= 1.1*50
= 55 H2OCal. Range = 11 to 55H2O
0%10 Head1
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
7
Example: NonNon--ZeroZero--BasedBased Remote MountRemote Mount Application
What is the Calibration Range?
XMTR
H
Open Vessel Level CalculationOpen Vessel Level Calculation
L
100%
50
S.G = 1.10%
10
Head2
GP = Head1= 1.1*10
= 11H2O
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
20mA pt? (at 100% level)GP = Head1 + Head2
= (1.1*10) + (1.1*50)
= 66 H2OCal. Range = 11 to 66H2O
Head1
Level 1 - Pressure 2
8
Zero Elevation: Example (for a DP span of 100 H2O)Wet Leg : Calibrated Range -20 H2O to 80 H2O
0% 100%
Zero Supression: Example (for a DP span of 100 H2O)Dry Leg : Calibrated Range 20 H2O to 120 H2O
0% 100%
0 H2O
20 H2O
-20 H2O
0%/LRV of Dry Leg
0%/LRV of Wet Leg
True Zero (Measured)
ZeroSuppressed
ZeroElevated
Zero Suppression & ElevationZero Suppression & Elevation
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
9
XMTR
HL
Ullage or Vapor
Head2
S.G = 1.1
Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg)Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg)Example: ZeroZero--BasedBased Direct MountDirect Mount Application
What is the Calibration Range?S.GWetLeg=1.2
50
100%
0%
Head1
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
20mA pt? (at 100% level)
Cal. Range = -84 to -29H2O
70
DP = Phigh - Plow= 0 - Head1= 0 - (1.2*70)= -84H2O
DP = Phigh - Plow= Head2 - Head1= (1.1*50)] - (1.2*70)= -29H2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
10
XMTR
HL
Ullage or Vapor
S.G = 1.1
Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg)Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg)Example: NonNon--ZeroZero--BasedBased Direct MountDirect Mount Application
What is the Calibration Range?S.GWetLeg=1.2
100%
Head1
DP = Phigh - Plow= Head2 - Head1= (1.1*10) - (1.2*70)= -73H2O
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
20mA pt? (at 100% level)DP = Phigh - Plow
= (Head2 + Head3) - Head1= [(1.1*10) + (1.1*40)] - (1.2*70)= -29H2O Cal. Range = -73 to -29H2O
10 Head2
Head340
0%
70
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
11
XMTR
HL
Ullage or Vapor
S.G = 1.1
Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg)Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg)Example: NonNon--ZeroZero--BasedBased Remote MountRemote Mount Application
What is the Calibration Range?S.GWetLeg=1.2
100%
Head1
10
Head3
0%
70
Head2
DP = Phigh - Plow= Head2 - Head1= (1.1*10) - (1.2*80)= -85H2O
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
20mA pt? (at 100% level)DP = Phigh - Plow
= (Head2 + Head3) - Head1= [(1.1*10) + (1.1*50)] -(1.2*80)= -30H2O Cal. Range = -85 to -30H2O
50
Level 1 - Pressure 2
12
The transmitter must be mounted level with or below the lowest tap to ensure positive pressure at the transmitter.
Diaphragm seals for tanks under VACUUM
DP = Hside - Lside= (L*SGp + h*SGf ) - (H+h)*SGf= L*SGp - H*SGf
Dist. Betw. Taps = H
h
H L
L
CapillaryRemote Seal
1.0 psia(27.7
inH2O) DP Transmitter
SGp SGf
H
Level Calculation with Remote SealsLevel Calculation with Remote Seals
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
13
HL
30S.G = 1.1
Level Calculation with Remote SealsLevel Calculation with Remote Seals
100%
Head1Head3
0%
7050
S.Gfill=0.9
Head2
Example: Double RemoteDouble Remote Seal ApplicationWhat is the Calibration Range?
DP = Phigh - Plow= Head2 - Head1= (0.9*30) - (0.9*100)= -63H2O
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
20mA pt? (at 100% level)DP = Phigh - Plow
= (Head2 + Head3) - Head1= [(0.9*30) + (1.1*50)] -(0.9*100)= -8H2O
Cal. Range = -63 to -H2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
14
Example: To measure change in density
What is the Calibration Range?
Max. Allowable S.G = 0.2
Ullage
Pbottom
Ptop
L H
Remote Seal
10 ft
Dist. Betw. Taps = 10 ft = 10 x 12= 120
SGp 1.1 to 1.3
Density Calculation with Remote SealsDensity Calculation with Remote Seals
SGf = 0.95
DP = 120 * (SGp - SGf)= 120 * (1.1 - 0.95)= 18H2O
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
20mA pt? (at 100% level)
Cal. Range = 18 to 42H2O
DP = 120 * (SGp - SGf)= 120 * (1.3 - 0.95)= 42H2O
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
15
Application Example: To determine % of interface of Liquid A with respect to Liquid B.
What is the Calibration Range?
Dist. Betw. Taps = 10 ft = 10 x 12= 120
Vapor
0%
100%
SG1= 1.1
SG2= 1.3
Pbottom
Ptop
L H
Remote Seal
10 ft
Liquid A
Liquid B
SGf = 0.95
DP = 120 * (SG1 - SGf)= 120 * (1.1 - 0.95)= 18H2O
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
20mA pt? (at 100% level)
Cal. Range = 18 to 42H2O
DP = 120 * (SG2 - SGf)= 120 * (1.3 - 0.95)= 42H2O
Interface Calculation with Remote SealsInterface Calculation with Remote Seals
Level 1 - Pressure 2
16
Chemical Spray(Clean in Place)
(CIP)
Effluent
Bacteria
Cracks and Crevices
Debrisclogging upthe transmitter
High temperatures Corrosive processes Prevent clogging Sanitary applications
Why Use Remote Seals?Why Use Remote Seals?
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
17
Reduce number of joints
Wet or dry leg replacement
Cold Ambient Temperatures
Process Connection Fitting
Viscous Applications
TOXIC
Threaded Connection
Threaded Connection
Variable height
Changes headpressure
Why Use Remote Seals?Why Use Remote Seals?
Level 1 - Pressure 2
18
LEVEL
ACID BIO HAZARD
REACTOR
DENSITY
PRESSURE
FLOW
SANITARY
Remote Seal ApplicationsRemote Seal Applications
Level Pressure Flow Density Interface
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
19
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
PROCESS ISOLATING DIAPHRAGM
FILL FLUID
H
How Remote Seal Works?How Remote Seal Works?
Level 1 - Pressure 2
20
Pressure transmitter Low volume transmitter flange Connection between seal and transmitter Fill fluid One or two seals
Diaphragm
Capillary
Fill Fluid
Mounting Ring or Flange
Lower Housing/Flushing Ring
Upper Housing
Remote Seals System ComponentsRemote Seals System Components
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
21
Diaphragm seals fall into five groups:Flange Mount - FlushedFlange Mount - ExtendedFlange Mount - InternalThreadedSanitary
Classifications of Remote SealsClassifications of Remote Seals
Level 1 - Pressure 2
22
A Remote Seal Assembly has its own performance characteristics that are additive to the transmitter performance.TemperatureTime ResponseHead Temperature Effect
Seal performance is primarily affected by fill fluidand diaphragm stiffness.
Factors Affecting Seal PerformanceFactors Affecting Seal Performance
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
23
Pressure Error
Volume Displacement
Ambient Hot Cold Max volume
VolumeDisplacement
Volume
DiaphragmStiffness Curve
No Fill Fluid
Factors Affecting Seal PerformanceFactors Affecting Seal Performance
Level 1 - Pressure 2
24
Center Diaphragm Deflection in Inches
Volume - Cubic Inches
pressure inches H2O
Stiffness is affected by: Diameter of measuring surface (Larger diaphragm = Less stiff) Material (modulus of elasticity) ThicknessConvolution pattern
P2P1
V
P
V2
V1
Typical Diaphragm Stiffness Curve
Remote Seal Temperature Effects
Factors Affecting Seal PerformanceFactors Affecting Seal Performance
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
25
H
Remote Seal Temperature Effects
Fill FluidVolume
Fill FluidCoefficient of
Expansion
DiaphragmStiffness
Increase
TemperatureEffect
TemperatureEffect
TemperatureEffect
Increase
Factors Affecting Seal PerformanceFactors Affecting Seal Performance
Level 1 - Pressure 2
26
Fill fluid density (specific gravity) changes due to temperature changes.Zero offset is affected by fill fluid density changes.Calculate Head Temperature Error (HTE).
d = Distance Between TapsSGf = Specific Gravity of Fill FluidE = Coefficient of Thermal ExpansiondT = Temperature Change
Initial Head (Hi) = d*SGf
HTE = - d*SGf *E*dT
Remote Seal Head Temperature Error
Factors Affecting Seal PerformanceFactors Affecting Seal Performance
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
27
Initial head: d*SGf = 93.4With +25o Temperature changeHTE = - (100*25*.0006*.934)
= -1.380 Therefore, at a higher temperature, the head pressure on the
transmitter = (93.4 - 1.40) = 92.0
d= 100 SGf = 0.934exp. coef. = .0006 in/in/F
Calculating Head Temperature Error
Factors Affecting Seal PerformanceFactors Affecting Seal Performance
Level 1 - Pressure 2
28
Larger DiaphragmThinner DiaphragmSmaller Capillary IDDirect Mount
Smaller DiaphragmThicker DiaphragmLarger Capillary ID
High Pressure Side Seal
HighSide
Stiffness
HighSide
Volume
DECREASE
LowSide
Volume
Low Side
Stiffness
INCREASE
Low Pressure Side Seal
Optimizing Seal System
Factors Affecting Seal PerformanceFactors Affecting Seal Performance
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
29
Is affected by:
Fill fluid viscosityCapillary I.D.Capillary lengthType and range of transmitter
Remote Seal Time Response
Factors Affecting Seal PerformanceFactors Affecting Seal Performance
Level 1 - Pressure 2
30
50 psi20 psi80 psi
Calibrating Analog Pressure TransmittersCalibrating Analog Pressure Transmitters
50 psi
Full Span : 0 to 100 psi
4 mA 20 mA
Set 4 mA point at 20 psi using Zero PotSet 20 mA point at 80 psi using Span Pot
At 50 psi ReadingAnalog Output = 50/100*16 + 4 mA
= 12 mA
New Range : 20 to 80 psiNew Span : 80 - 20 = 60 psiAt 50 psi ReadingAnalog Output = (50-20)/60*16 + 4 mA
= 12 mA
4 mA 20 mA
Zero & Span adjustments are interactive:Zero & Span adjustments are interactive:
During Span adjustment, Zero point shifts
OutputElectronics
SensorModule
Zero Pot Span Pot
Process Connection
Accurate Input
Source
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
31Calibrating Analog Pressure TransmittersCalibrating Analog Pressure Transmitters
Linearity Adjustment Screw marked as LIN
LINDAMP
Damping Adjustment Screw marked as DAMP
On Amplifier BoardOn Amplifier Board
LinearizingLinearizing ProcedureProcedure Use accurate input source Apply mid scale input Note Desired - Actual Output = x Multiply by a correction factor = xy Multiply by Range Down factor = xyz Apply full scale input Adjust linearity to (full scale output -/+ xyz) depending on +ve/-ve error at mid scale input
All in all, only 3 types of calibration / configuration that can be performed on an analog transmitter : Calibrating 4-20 mA points Damping Linearity Adjustment
Level 1 - Pressure 2
32Calibrating Analog TransmitterCalibrating Analog Transmitter
Calibrator connected to the TEST Terminals for calibration with accurate sensor input source.
282 Loop Validator
Model 272 , 4-20 mAField Calibrator
Accurate Sensor Input Source
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
33
SMARTTransmitter
MemoryCommunicator
Memory
Retrieve Configuration data
at On-Line
Send Edited Configuration data
at On-Line
Master Slave
Using a HART CommunicatorUsing a HART Communicator Create OR Edit:
Tag Name Engineering Units Damping - Smoothening the transmitters Output Transfer function - Linear to Square-root Output or vice-versa Sensor Setup - For temperature transmitter LCD Meter configuration
Review transmitter information
Configuration Smart Pressure Configuration Smart Pressure Transmitter OnTransmitter On--LineLine
Level 1 - Pressure 2
34
Indicator
Meter
Performing OnPerforming On--Line Diagnosis Line Diagnosis in Smart Pressure Transmitter in Smart Pressure Transmitter
Loop TestLoop TestLoop test allow user to commission via the HART Protocol the Smart Transmitter to varify:
FIELDTERMINALS
+ -COMM TEST
Z S
P.S
RecorderController
250
Force Transmitter to Output a Constant Analog Value
12 m
A
12 mA
The integrity of the loop.
The operation of other devices in the loop.
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
35Calibrating Smart Pressure TransmitterCalibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter
Using Local Zero & Span AdjustmentUsing Local Zero & Span Adjustment
Use accurate input source. Apply 0% input & activate
zero button to set 4 mA. Apply 100% input & activate
span button to set 20 mA.
Non-Interactive Span & Zero Buttons
Similar to calibrating 4Similar to calibrating 4--20 20 mAmA points in Analog Transmitterspoints in Analog Transmitters
Level 1 - Pressure 2
36Calibrating Smart Pressure TransmitterCalibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter
Using HART Communicator Output 20 mA when you see 150 InH2O. Output 4 mA when you see 0 InH2O. Dont Require Accurate Input Source
F1 F2 F3 F4
3051C : PT-56391 LRV 0.00 inH2O2 URV 120.00 inH2O
F1 F2 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4
HELP HELP HELPHOME ESCDEL ENTER
3051C : PT-5639Online1 Device Setup2 PV 60.00 inH2O3 Analog Out 12.00 mA4 PV LRV 0.00 inH2O5 PV URV 120.00 inH2O
3051C : PT-5639URV
120.00 inH2O150.00
D/AA/D
Communications
From Home ScreenFrom Home Screen
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
37Calibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter Calibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter
Using CommunicatorUser can perform Digital Trims on Smart Transmitter via HART Protocol:
D/AA/D
Communications
Match Transmitters Digital 4-20 mA to Plant Standard Analog 4- 20mA
Match Transmitters Digital 4- 20 mA to Plant Standard Analog Output other than 4- 20 mA (eg. 1- 5 V)
Zero out small offset in sensor output at TRUE ZERO by resetting A/D
Linearize Transmitters Digital PV to Accurate Input Source ( Two-Point Trim )
Output Trims D/A Trim
Scaled D/A Trim
Input Trims Zero Trim
Full Trim
Low Trim High Trim
Level 1 - Pressure 2
38Why Perform 4Why Perform 420 20 mAmA Output Trim ?Output Trim ?
100 InH20
Ranged 0100 inH20
20.22 mADVM
3051C : PT-5639Online
1 Device Setup2 PV 100.00 inH2O3 AO 20.00 mA4 LRV 0.00 inH2O5 URV 100.00 inH2O
Does NOT Match !!!
+
Inaccurate Digital Interpretation of Inaccurate Digital Interpretation of Plant Standard Analog Output.Plant Standard Analog Output.
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
39
Update D/A conversion
Pla
nt S
tand
ard
Met
er R
eadi
ng
4 mA
20 mA
4 mA 20 mADigital 4- 20 mA Output
D/AA/DCommunications
How 4How 4--20 20 mAmA Output Trim Works ?Output Trim Works ?
IDEAL
IDEALA
CTUAL
ACTUAL
3.95 mA
20.15 mA
Low Trim
High Trim
Level 1 - Pressure 2
40Why Perform Sensor Full Trim ?Why Perform Sensor Full Trim ?
150 inH20
+
20.42 mADVM
3051C : PT-5639Online1 Device Setup2 PV 150.40 inH2O3 AO 20.42 mA4 LRV 0.00 inH2O5 URV 150.00 inH2O
Does NOT Match !!!
Inaccurate interpretation of process variable by Inaccurate interpretation of process variable by the A/D circuit during conversion to digital signal.the A/D circuit during conversion to digital signal.
Ranged 0150 inH20
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
41
Update A/D conversion
Digital PV
Reading
Process Variable Input
D/AA/D
Communications
How Input Trim Works ?How Input Trim Works ?
100H2O
- 50H2O
100H2O- 50H2O
IDEAL
IDEALAC
TUAL
ACTU
AL
-49.5H2O
101.5H2O
Low Trim
High Trim
Require Accurate Input Source
Level 1 - Pressure 2
42What is Input Trim ?What is Input Trim ?
Zero Trimused to zero out small
changes in output, often caused by:
Full Trim (Span Trim or Linearize)used to update A/D conversion, because of:
4-20 mA OUTPUT
Ideal Span
4-20 mA OUTPUT
4-20 mA OUTPUT
0 to 100 inH2O Input
4-20 mA OUTPUT
Ideal Span
4-20 mA OUTPUT
4-20 mA OUTPUT
0 to 100 inH2O Input
Sensor TrimSensor Trim
Mounting Effect Static Pressure Effect
Changes in Module Characteristics
Drift over time
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
43Zeroing ProceduresZeroing Procedures
On the Benchtransmitter in upright positiontransmitter ventedzero transmitter at atmospheric pressure
In the fieldstop process/wet leg input to transmitter
isolate the valvestransmitter vented
For DP Flow, equalize static pressureszero transmitter at atmospheric pressure
Level 1 - Pressure 2
44A/D A/D --Zero Trim Zero Trim vsvs D/A ZeroingD/A Zeroing
Bench Calibration- PV: 0.0 inH2OOutput: 4.00 mARange Points: 060 inH2O
After Mounting - PV: 0.85 inH2OOutput: 4.22 mARange Points: 060 inH2O
A/D - Zero Trim using Communicator
PV: 0.0 inH2OOutput: 4.00 mARange Points: 0.60inH2O
Zero based Application
Similar to Low Trim - Zero Based
D/A - Zeroing using Zero Button
PV: 0.85 inH2OOutput: 4.00 mARange Points: 0.8560.85inH2OTo get back: Rerange using
CommunicatorSimilar to Re-ranging using zero button
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
45
AP/GPLine Pressure
Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
Max. Operating Pressure = 50 psig
Min. Operating Pressure = 5 psigGP: Ranged from 5 psig to 50 psig
Operating Span = 45 psi4 mA (0% reading) = 5 psig20 mA (100% reading) = 50 psig
AP: Ranged from 19.7 psia to 64.7 psiaOperating Span = 45 psi4 mA (0% reading) = 19.7 psia20 mA (100% reading) = 64.7 psia
Gas Flow
Basic Application Basic Application Line Pressure Line Pressure -- Gas Flow in a PipeGas Flow in a Pipe
Level 1 - Pressure 2
46
AP/GPLine Pressure
Liquid Flow
Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
Max. Operating Pressure = 500 psig
Min. Operating Pressure = 50 psig
GP: Ranged from 50 psig to 500 psigOperating Span = 450 psi4 mA (0% reading) = 50 psig20 mA (100% reading) = 500 psig
AP: Ranged from 64.7 psia to 514.7 psiaOperating Span = 450 psi4 mA (0% reading) = 64.7 psia20 mA (100% reading) = 514.7 psia
GP = 50 + (8 - 4)/16 * 450 = 162.5 psig
AP = 64.7 + (8 - 4)/16 * 450= 177.2 psia
8 mA
If transmitter reads 8 mA
Basic Application Basic Application Line Pressure Line Pressure -- Liquid Flow in a PipeLiquid Flow in a Pipe
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
47
Steam Flow
Max. Operating Pressure = 100 psig
Min. Operating Pressure = 20 psig
Wet Leg Pressure = 10 psig
AP/GPLine Pressure
Wet Leg
GP: Ranged from 30 psig to 110 psig Operating Span = 80 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 30 psig 20 mA (100% reading) = 110 psig
AP: Ranged from 44.7 psia to 124.7 psia Operating Span = 80 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 44.7 psia 20 mA (100% reading) = 124.7 psia
Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
Basic Application Basic Application Line Pressure Line Pressure -- Steam Flow in a PipeSteam Flow in a Pipe
Level 1 - Pressure 2
48
100 inches
Steamline
Transmitter
Zero Suppression
Zero Suppression for Steam Line Pressure MeasurementTransmitter Ranged: 0 - 500 kPaOperating Span = 500 kPaWet Leg: 1 inch TubeWet Leg Liquid: 1.2 S.G.Steam Pressure: 400 kPa
WetLeg
At line pressure = 0 kPa, the sensor will sense wet leg pressure (Head).Wet leg pressure (Head) = Vert. Height * S.G
= 100 * 1.2 = 120 inH2O= 120 * 0.25 kPa= 30 kPa
4 mA point 20 mA point0 kPa 500 kPa
30 kPa 530 kPa
Before Suppression
After Suppression
Basic Application Basic Application Line Pressure Line Pressure -- Steam Flow in a PipeSteam Flow in a Pipe
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
49
AP/GP Static Pressure
Com
pres
sed
Gas
GP: Ranged from 0 psig to 200 psigOperating Span = 200 psi4 mA (0% reading) = 0 psig20 mA (100% reading) = 200 psig
AP: Ranged from 14.7 psia to 214.7 psiaOperating Span = 200 psi4 mA (0% reading) = 14.7 psia20 mA (100% reading) = 214.7 psia
Max. Operating Pressure = 200 psig
Min. Operating Pressure = 0 psig
Basic ApplicationBasic ApplicationStatic Pressure Static Pressure -- Pressurized VesselPressurized Vessel
Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
Level 1 - Pressure 2
50
AP/GP
Max. Operating Vacuum = 10 psi
Min. Operating Vacuum = 5 psi
GP: Ranged from -10 psig to -5psigOperating Span = 5 psi4 mA (0% reading) = -5 psig20 mA (100% reading) = -10 psig
AP: Ranged from 9.7 psia to 4.7 psiaOperating Span = 5 psi4 mA (0% reading) = 9.7 psia20 mA (100% reading) = 4.7 psia
Vacu
um
VacuumGenerator
Process
GP = - 5 - (8 - 4)/16 * 5= - 6.25 psig
AP = 9.7 - (8 - 4)/16 * 5 = 8.45 psia
8 mA
If transmitter reads 8 mA
Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
Basic ApplicationBasic ApplicationVacuum ApplicationVacuum Application
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
51
Max. Level = 50 ft
Min. Level = 0 ft
DP: Calibration Range: 0 inH2O to 600 inH2OOperating Span = (50 * 12) * 1.0
= 600 inH2O4 mA (0 ft) = 0 inH2O20 mA (50 ft) = 600 inH2O
DP = (8 - 4)/16 * 600= 150 inH2O
Level = 150/600 * 50= 12.5 ft
If transmitter reads 8 mA
Basic ApplicationBasic ApplicationHydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure -- Inferring Liquid Level in a TankInferring Liquid Level in a Tank
Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
DP Head
Pressure
4mA
20mA Max. Level
Min. LevelL H
8 mA
0 ft
50 ft
S.G = 1.0
Level 1 - Pressure 2
52
FE
FTFICCalibration Range: 4 to 64 inH2O
Flow : 100 to 400 GPM
0% of flow 100 GPM 4 inH2O DP 100 % of flow 400 GPM 64 inH2O DPIf transmitter reads 36 inH2O
Application Example:
36 inH2O
flow (Q2) ( 400/(64) ) * (36) = 300 GPM (300/400) * 100% = 75% of flow
Basic ApplicationBasic ApplicationInferring Flow Rate in a PipeInferring Flow Rate in a Pipe
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
53
Steam Service
Liquid Service
Gas Service
Gas Service
Slope
1 inch per footSlope
1 inch per foot
Condensate fall back into the pipe/process
Thermal isolation by filling condensate
Vapor will rise back into the pipe/ process
Mounting Configuration
Basic ApplicationBasic ApplicationMounting ConfigurationsMounting Configurations
Level 1 - Pressure 2
54ExerciseExercise
1. A vessel contains a solution that is fibrous and viscous. A vacuum is pulled on the solution so that it will boil at a lower temperature. Which of the following would be most suitable technology to measure the level ?A. FloatB. UltrasonicC. Pressure transmitter with wet legD. Pressure transmitter with remote seal [ ]
An orifice plate creates a differential pressure of 64 kPa at flow rateof 40 m3/s through a pipe.
2. Calculate the differential pressure at 10 m3/s. [ ]3. Calculate the flow rate at 16 kPa differential pressure. [ ]4. Calculate DP accuracy (%) at 10 m3/s If the transmitters
reference accuracy is 0.1% of span. (DP sensitivity is 0.5) [ ]
Level 1 - Fundamental Training Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Pressure 2
55ExerciseExercise
Identify the correct configuration for the following services.
6. Liquid Service [ ]
7. Steam Service [ ](B) (C)(A)
5. In the above application, what amount of zero suppression (kPa) is required if the transmitter was ranged 0 - 600 kPa ? [ ]
Wet Leg:25mm TubeWet Leg Liquid:1.1 S.G.Steam Pressure:500 kPa6 m
Steamline
WetLeg
Transmitter (Note 1 mm H2O = 9.8 Pa)
Level 1 - Pressure 2
56ExerciseExercise
8. Calculate the calibration range of the DP transmitter for the closed tank application(dry leg).
4 mA point = [ inH2O ]20 mA point = [ inH2O ] LH
400 in.450 in.
100%
0%
S.G = 1.0
DP
9. Calculate the calibration range of the DP transmitter for the remote seal application.
4 mA point = [ inH2O ]20 mA point = [ inH2O ]
DP
S.G = 1.1
50 in.
300 in.
100%
0%S.G = 0.9
250 in.
30 kPa Vacuum
LH