1
The role of Geographic
Information for good
governance
Joep Crompvoets KU Leuven
EuroSDR
Wageningen, 19 January 2016
Leuven
KU Leuven
Founded 1425
1968 – Split into KU Leuven – UC Louvain
KU Leuven
- 16,000 Staff (incl. 8000 ‘medical’ staff)
- 55,000 students (9900 foreign students)
- Satellite campuses in Kortrijk Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend,
Geel, Diepenbeek, Aalst, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Brussels
- 3 Leuven Campus (Hospital, Science, Human)
Strong research-oriented
Numerous spin-offs
Famous Professors: Erasmus, Mercator, Vesalius
Famous Alumnus: Herman Van Rompuy
– Not-for Profit Organisation (+ Member Organisation)
– Linking National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies with
Research Institutes and Universities
– Aim: Applied Research in Provision, Management and
Delivery of Spatial Data and Mapping Products
– Technical structure:
• Commission 1: Data acquisition
• Commission 2: Modelling and Processing
• Commission 3: Updating and Integration
• Commission 4: Information usage
• Commission 5: Business Modelling and Operation
• Commission 6: Knowledge transfer
EuroSDR
European Spatial Data Research Network (EuroSDR)
http://eurosdr.net/
Scientific
Meetings Rolling Research Plan
Research Proposals Projects, Workshops, Taskforces
Reports
Engagement with Standards and Specifications Organisations
Official Publications and EduServ Courses
EuroSDR – Research & Dissemination
NMCAs Research
Organisations +
Transferring Results of Research to Mapping / Production Domain
Mapping Agencies together with Research Institutes
Leading in Calibration and Validation Initiatives
EuroSDR – The network idea
• Form a network of GI experts within EuroSDR
• Build and maintain alliances with neighbouring
organisations in GI research, development and
practice:
– EuroGeographics
– ISPRS, ICA, FIG, AGILE, OGC
– INSPIRE
– JRC, OGC Europe, ISO TC 211, CEN TC 287
– ...
Relevant topics
UAV
Cloud
Mobile Laser Scanning
Imaging Sensors
Mobile Mapping 3D Cadastres
Smart City Automated Change Detection
Data Archiving Crowd-Sourcing
Open data Open Standards
City GML
Geospatial Web Services Registries
Spatio-Time Modelling Coordination models
E-governance
Location EduServ pre-course seminars
8
Year Host Organisation Country
2002 Aalborg University, Aalborg Denmark
2004 Budapest University, Budapest Hungary
2005 Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin Ireland
2006 ITC, Enschede The Netherlands
2007 Charles University, Prague Czech Republic
2008 University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart Germany
2009 Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås Norway
2010 KU Leuven, Leuven Belgium
2011 ENSG, Paris France
2012 Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin Ireland
2013 CISM, Udine Italy
2014 Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento Italy
2015 Vienna University of technology Austria / Trento
2016 Warsaw University Poland
EduServ Courses
• Integrated Sensor Orientation
• Automatic Orientation of Aerial Images on Databases
• Laser scanning & Airborne Interferometric SAR
• Digital Cameras/Sensors
• Co-ordinate Reference Systems and Transformations for Spatial Data Position
• Positional Accuracy Improvement in GI Databases
• Quality of Geospatial Data and Related Statistical Concepts
• Mapping with SAR
• Laserscanning for 3D city models
• CityGML
• Geometric performance of digital airborne cameras
• Schema matching, mapping and
• Laser scanning for Tree Extraction
• Assessment of the quality of Digital Terrain Models
• The INSPIRE Directive and its Implementing Rules
• Geodetic Reference Systems
• 3D Urban Modelling
• Radiometric performance of Digital Photogrammetric Cameras and Laser Scanners
• Open Standards & Open Source Web Mapping
• Integrated use of airborne laser scanning and aerial photogrammetry
• High Density Image Matching
9
EduServ 14 (2016)
• Pre-course seminar
– 7- 8 March 2016, University of Warsaw
• Courses
– RPAS in land survey – theory and practice (14 – 25 March 2016)
Dr.-Ing. Görres Grenzdörffer, University of Rostock & Dr.-Ing.
Michael Cramer, University of Stuttgart
– International standards for geographic information (4 -15 April
2016)
Prof. Wolfgang Kresse, University of Applied Sciences,
Neubrandenburg
– 3D city modelling (18 -29 April 2016)
Prof. Jantien Stoter, MSc. Ravi Peters, Dr. Hugo Ledoux, Delft
University of Technology
– Synthetic aperture radar for mapping applications (16 -27 May
2016)
Prof. Olaf Hellwich, Technical University Berlin
12
Objectives Presentation
• Role of spatial data for good governance
• Levels of good governance
• Conditions for good governance
• Propositions
• INSPIRE
13
Expectation
• What do you expect from the lectures of today?
14
1. Role of spatial data for good governance
15
Trend of governance (OECD, EGPA)
• Open
• Performance
• Accountability/Control
• Restructuring for fit for purpose
• Market type mechanisms within public sector
• Modernize personnel policies
16
From good government to good governance
Criteria for good governance:
• -performing policies and service delivery
• -responsibility/accountability
• -transparency
• -rights and duties
17
Performing policies and service delivery
Location target groups (Wevelgem) Location schools and services(Kortrijk region)
Waste Water (Deerlijk) Child care (Kuurne)
18
Unoccupied houses (Wevelgem)
Impact Tour de France (Deerlijk) Roadworks (Wevelgem)
Cemetaries (Avelgem)
Levels of good governance
-Corporate Governance: GI Agencies / GI Users/Producers
-Holding Governance: Territorial/Functional
-Public Service Governance: Public, Private, NGO, citizen
-State Governance: Macro systems
Three systems:
NPM (market), NWS (Hierarchy), NPG (Networks)
20
Macro/meso governance
Task allocation at the public
Sector
What is the best task
allocation scenario for
GI-development?
- Hierarchy
- Market
- Network
Private
companies
NGO’s, citizen
Organisations
Supranational
(incl. EU)
Sub-national
(e.g. local)
National
(nation) state
Private sector Public sector
21
central government
agency A agency B
organization C organization D
Hierarchy
direct control (strict ex ante, structural and financial control)
quasi-automatic coordination between agencies and organizations
public sector
22
central government
agency A agency B
organization C organization D
Markets
indirect control (mainly ex post control)
'horizontal' 'spontaneous' coordination between agencies and organizations
market
market creation®ulation and by government
public sector
23
central government
agency A agency B
organization C organization D
NetworkCoordination = network management + indirect control (agency A - N)
+ self-coordination
indirect control (mainly ex post control)
'horizontal' 'spontaneous' coordination between agencies and organizations
network
network management by government
public sector
24
Spatial data infrastructures
A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an
• Shared network of organizations
• to facilitate
• the access, use and sharing of spatial data
25
SDI – network in Flanders (Belgium)
26
SDI-Flanders – network (2)
Perceelsnetwerk Adresnetwerk
Wegennetwerk Hydrografienetwerk
Parcels network Address network
Roads network Hydrography network
SDI – Chains
Process step
Organisation
A
B
C
F
E
D
H
G
I
Process step
Organisation
A
B
C
F
E
D
H
G
I
SDI-Flanders – Chain
Traffic accident registration
29
2. Conditions for good governance
30
GI-management development
Organisations with Databases with
Databases Organisations
31
First SDI-condition for good governance
• Good governance requires:
A shift from
Organisations with databases
to
Databases with Organisations
Why is the obvious not obvious?
CBA of GI :
Costs: creating, transferring, collecting, processing, storing,
making available, …
Benefits: comparing, registering change, improved
decisions, better allocations, transparency,
responsibility/accountability, learning, ...
CBA of the Performance of GI:
Costs: immediate, allocated to specific organisation (for us),
budgeted, not conditional
Benefits: not always immediate, spread over organisations
(for others), not always tangible, conditional
33
Supply and demand
• We technically have superior data and Geo
Information
• What about its use?
34
Bouckaert & Halligan (2008) Managing Performance, International Comparisons.
Routledge, London, p. 113.
Avoid frustration: Shifting from supply (availability) feeding
demand (needs) to demand generating supply
Supply and demand
35
SDI-Development + Community
Techno-Centric
Spatial data community
Focus on technology
Technology push
Because it’s possible
Others are developing
Specified by technologist
Static in nature
Socio-Technical
Spatial data community
People and technology
Demand pull
Because it’s needed
We need it
Specified by Users
dynamic in nature
36
Second SDI-condition for good governance
• Good governance requires:
Matching supply and demand -> more demand driven
supply
37
Implementation
• Classical domino dynamics are sequential:
Technology/ Legislation/ Finance/ Organisation/ Service
delivery
38
SDI performance in the Flemish Region
geomatics
law
economics
sociology
public management
SDI-
configuration
SDI-
performance
access, use and
exchange of spatial
information in the
business process
+
contribution to
business process
performance
standards
rules and agreements
funding and pricing
organisational structures
data policy
Spatial Planning
Mapping Floods
Traffic accident registration
Address Management
Performance results
Spatial
Planning
Address
Maintenance
Accidents
registrations
Flood risk
mapping
Efficiency High Average Low High
Use intensity Average /
High
Low Average High
Sharing Average /
High
Low Low Average
Success factors:
- Degree of Standardisation
- Open Privacy Attitude
- Consistent Data Policy
- Organisational data management integrated in work
processes
Legal framework in Flanders
• 2 types of regulations
– Facilitating the availability of spatial data
– Limiting the availability of spatial data
Governance framework in Flanders
Pricing & Funding
– Benefit Cost Analysis
Examples 4:1 (AUS / Malaysia) / 23:1 (AT) / 30:1 (DK)
– Funding • Direct Central Government funding – direct from citizens and private sector taxes
• Indirect Central Government funding – e.g. waiving of taxes
• Direct revenue – sale of products and services
• Sponsorship / advertising (e.g. via the geo-portal)
• Indirect revenue – from products and services related to spatial data e.g. real estate
registration
• Partnerships:
• Government and Donor agencies joint funding partnerships (e.g. World Bank );
• Donor agencies and private sector partnerships;
• Donor agencies, government and private sector partnerships; and
• Partnerships with international private sector
• Donor “gift” funding
• Private sector non-cash contribution e.g. services such as software development,
advertising
• Special Bank / Special Loans
Pricing & Funding
– Pricing Policies • Free
• Below price of provision
• Price of provision
• Price of provision ‘plus’: reproduction, distribution
• Price of provision and part of the maintenance costs
– Marketing
45
Third SDI-condition for good governance
• From sequential implementation
• to parallel and simultaneous implementation
• Requirement: multidisciplinary task force
Functional GI Governance
Three challenges:
• 1 Managing Databases with Organisations
• 2 Demand-driven Supply
• 3 Creating a multi-disciplinary Approach
47
3. Propositions
Staten-Generaal
Annual event/meeting with key decision makers and
GI-practitioners of Flanders (at different administrative levels)
Subject: Sustainable Flemish SDI
Nature: Mobilising, Steering
Organisers: SPATIALIST, NGI, Flemish Services for Government
Policy, Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities, AGIV
Time: 1 December 2012
Location: Brussels, Academy Palace
Number of inscriptions: 280
49
Voting
COMMUNICATOR
DISPLAY__________
CORRECTION ____
______VOTING BUTTONS
YOU CAN CHOOSE ONLY ONE OPTION
81%
16%
3%
0%
0%
Helemaal Eens
Eerder Eens
Noch Eens / Noch Oneens
Eerder Oneens
Helemaal Oneens
Proposition 1
THE GOVERNMENT COULD IMPROVE ITS COMMUNICATION INTERNALLY, WITH THE CITIZENS AND PRIVATE SECTOR BY USING SPATIAL DATA
FULLY AGREE
AGREE
NOT AGREE / NOT DISAGREE
DISAGREE
FULLY DISAGREE
81%
16%
3%
0%
0%
Helemaal Eens
Eerder Eens
Noch Eens / Noch Oneens
Eerder Oneens
Helemaal Oneens
Proposition 1
THE GOVERNMENT COULD IMPROVE ITS COMMUNICATION INTERNALLY, WITH THE CITIZENS AND PRIVATE SECTOR BY USING SPATIAL DATA
FULLY AGREE
AGREE
NOT AGREE / NOT DISAGREE
DISAGREE
FULLY DISAGREE
38%
19%
37%
2%
4%
het Europese
het federale
het regionale
het provinciale
het lokale
Proposition 2
THE MAIN BENEFICIARY OF SDI IS:
PUBLIC SECTOR
PRIVATE SECTOR
NGOs
CITIZENS
ACADEMIA
3%
1%
4%
0%
92%
de voorbereiding van beleid
de bepaling van beleid
de uitvoering van beleid
de evaluatie van beleid
alle fasen van beleid
Proposition 3
THE PROVISION OF SPATIAL DATA HAS TO FOCUS ON:
THE PREPARATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING
THE DEFINITION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING
THE EXECUTION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING
THE EVALUATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING
ALL PHASES OF POLICY MAKING
3%
1%
4%
0%
92%
de voorbereiding van beleid
de bepaling van beleid
de uitvoering van beleid
de evaluatie van beleid
alle fasen van beleid
Proposition 3
THE PROVISION OF SPATIAL DATA HAS TO FOCUS ON:
THE PREPARATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING
THE DEFINITION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING
THE EXECUTION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING
THE EVALUATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING
ALL PHASES OF POLICY MAKING
3%
1%
4%
0%
92%
de voorbereiding van beleid
de bepaling van beleid
de uitvoering van beleid
de evaluatie van beleid
alle fasen van beleid
Proposition 4
THE MAIN BENEFIT OF SDI FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS IS:
COST AND TIME SAVINGS
SIMPLIFICATION OF PROCESSES
MORE EFFECTIVE POLICY MAKING
INCREASED COLLABORATION AND COORDINATION
IMPROVED QUALITY OF PROCESSES
67%
21%
9%
3%
Gratis zijn
Tegen transactiekostprijs
Tegen integrale kostprijs (inclusief verrekening
van de investeringen)
Tegen marktprijs
Proposition 5
THE EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL DATA WITHIN AND BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE LEVELS HAS TO HAPPEN:
FOR FREE
BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE
BY INTEGRAL COST PRICE (INCLUDING PRICE
FOR INVESTMENTS)
MARKET PRICE
67%
21%
9%
3%
Gratis zijn
Tegen transactiekostprijs
Tegen integrale kostprijs (inclusief verrekening
van de investeringen)
Tegen marktprijs
Proposition 5
THE EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL DATA WITHIN AND BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE LEVELS HAS TO HAPPEN:
FOR FREE
BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE
BY INTEGRAL COST PRICE (INCLUDING PRICE
FOR INVESTMENTS)
MARKET PRICE
3%
1%
4%
0%
92%
de voorbereiding van beleid
de bepaling van beleid
de uitvoering van beleid
de evaluatie van beleid
alle fasen van beleid
Proposition 6
THE MAIN BENEFIT OF SDI FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR IS:
COST AND TIME SAVINGS
BETTER SERVICE DELIVERY
DELIVERY OF NEW SERVICES AND PRODUCTS
ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW COMPANIES
INCREASED BUSINESSES
13%
31%
25%
31%
Gratis zijn
Tegen transactiekostprijs
Tegen integrale kostprijs (inclusief verrekening
van de investeringen)
Tegen marktprijs
Proposition 7
MAKING SPATIAL DATA PRODUCED BY THE GOVERNMENT AVAILABLE TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR HAS TO BE:
FOR FREE
BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE
BY INTEGRAL COST PRICE (INCLUDING PRICE
FOR INVESTMENTS)
MARKET PRICE
13%
31%
25%
31%
Gratis zijn
Tegen transactiekostprijs
Tegen integrale kostprijs (inclusief verrekening
van de investeringen)
Tegen marktprijs
Proposition 7
MAKING SPATIAL DATA PRODUCED BY THE GOVERNMENT AVAILABLE TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR HAS TO BE:
FOR FREE
BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE
BY INTEGRAL COST PRICE (INCLUDING PRICE
FOR INVESTMENTS)
MARKET PRICE
5%
15%
36%
29%
15%
Helemaal Eens
Eerder Eens
Noch Eens / Noch Oneens
Eerder Oneens
Helemaal Oneens
Proposition 8
THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN ACQUIRE SPATIAL DATA MORE EFFICIENT THAN THE GOVERNMENT
FULLY AGREE
AGREE
AGREE / DISAGREE
DISAGREE
FULLY DISAGREE
5%
15%
36%
29%
15%
Helemaal Eens
Eerder Eens
Noch Eens / Noch Oneens
Eerder Oneens
Helemaal Oneens
Proposition 8
THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN ACQUIRE SPATIAL DATA MORE EFFICIENT THAN THE GOVERNMENT
FULLY AGREE
AGREE
AGREE / DISAGREE
DISAGREE
FULLY DISAGREE
3%
1%
4%
0%
92%
de voorbereiding van beleid
de bepaling van beleid
de uitvoering van beleid
de evaluatie van beleid
alle fasen van beleid
Proposition 9
THE MAIN BENEFIT OF SDI FOR CITIZENS IS:
IMPROVED PUBLIC TRANSPARENCY / TRUST
GREATER PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CONTRIBUTION
TIME SAVINGS
HIGHER CITIZENS ENGAGEMENT
38%
19%
37%
2%
4%
het Europese
het federale
het regionale
het provinciale
het lokale
Proposition 10
THE ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL THAT HAS TO TAKE
THE LEAD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI IS:
THE EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL
THE NATIONAL
THE REGIONAL
THE PROVINCIAL
THE LOCAL
38%
19%
37%
2%
4%
het Europese
het federale
het regionale
het provinciale
het lokale
Proposition 10
THE ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL THAT HAS TO TAKE
THE LEAD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI IS:
THE EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL
THE NATIONAL
THE REGIONAL
THE PROVINCIAL
THE LOCAL
13%
43%
4%
7%
33%
het Europese
het federale
het regionale
het provinciale
het lokale
Proposition 11
THE WEAKEST SDI IS THE FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL:
THE EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL
THE NATIONAL
THE REGIONAL
THE PROVINCIAL
THE LOCAL
13%
43%
4%
7%
33%
het Europese
het federale
het regionale
het provinciale
het lokale
Proposition 11
THE WEAKEST SDI IS THE FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL:
THE EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL
THE NATIONAL
THE REGIONAL
THE PROVINCIAL
THE LOCAL
3%
1%
4%
0%
92%
de voorbereiding van beleid
de bepaling van beleid
de uitvoering van beleid
de evaluatie van beleid
alle fasen van beleid
Proposition 12
THE MAIN BOTTLENECK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI IS:
TECHNOLOGICAL
POLITICAL
FINANCIAL
HUMAN CAPACITY
LEGAL
6 CULTURAL – WILLINGNESS TO SHARE
24%
3%
73%
Duidelijke regels, wetten en werkstructuren
Concurrentie en marktwerking
Diepgaandere samenwerking
Proposition 13
In order to develop a successful Spatial Data Infrastructure, there is a strong need for:
Clear rules, laws, and working structures
Competition and market
Profound cooperation
24%
3%
73%
Duidelijke regels, wetten en werkstructuren
Concurrentie en marktwerking
Diepgaandere samenwerking
Proposition 13
In order to develop a successful Spatial Data Infrastructure, there is a strong need for:
Clear rules, laws, and working structures
Competition and market
Profound cooperation
1%
31%
26%
31%
4%
7%
Nieuwe geografische gegevens
Actuele geografische gegevens
Gestandaardiseerde geografische gegevens
Toegankelijke geografische gegevens
Op maat gemaakte geografische gegevens
Eénmalig ingezamelde geografische gegevens
Proposition 14
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI HAS TO ADDRESS MAINLY TO:
NEW SPATIAL DATA
ACTUAL SPATIAL DATA
STANDARDISED SPATIAL DATA
EASY SPATIAL DATA ACCESS
SPATIAL DATA PRE-PROCESSING
AVOIDANCE OF SPATIAL DATA DUPLICATION
1%
31%
26%
31%
4%
7%
Nieuwe geografische gegevens
Actuele geografische gegevens
Gestandaardiseerde geografische gegevens
Toegankelijke geografische gegevens
Op maat gemaakte geografische gegevens
Eénmalig ingezamelde geografische gegevens
Proposition 14
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI HAS TO ADDRESS MAINLY TO:
NEW SPATIAL DATA
ACTUAL SPATIAL DATA
STANDARDISED SPATIAL DATA
EASY SPATIAL DATA ACCESS
SPATIAL DATA PRE-PROCESSING
AVOIDANCE OF SPATIAL DATA DUPLICATION
73
Conclusions
What are your conclusions of the lecture?
Have I fulfilled your expectation?