The practices and experiences
for water quality control in
China
Prof. Ma Liandi 马联弟
Division of Metrology in Chemistry, NIM, China
20, June, 2019, Cebu, Philippines
1
Importance of the Quality of Water
Water
•is an essential material to
the survival of human being
and all living things
Water Quality
➢Affects the quality of life
➢Indicates the national
development level
Water Pollution and
Protection
➢Global problem
➢Especially for developing
economies
2
Pollutions effect the water quality
3WASTEWATER ILLEGAL
DISCHARGEINDUSTRO WASTE OIL CONTAINERFARM ANIMAL SEWAGE
The Scope of Clean Water
4
• Drinking water (bottled water, tap water)
• Surface Water (river water, lake water, sea water)
• Ground water (mineral water)
• Waste water (Sewage water, Industrial waste water,
Agricultural waste water (aquaculture))
Clean Water in China
5
President Xi Jinping
indicated:
绿水青山就是金山银山
Lucid waters and
lush mountains are
invaluable assets.
Clean water is vital in
today's China
Water Quality Control System in China
6
Laws of water
protectionNational action plan for
pollution control
Lab Conformity
Assessment
Water Sampling
Samples Testing
Data Collection and
Analysis
Scheme designW
ate
r Qa
ulity
Mo
nito
ring
Quality standards and
pollutant discharge
standards
Monitoring technical
specification
Standards for testing
method
Water
Quality
Renovation
CRMs
Instruments
Calibration
Metro
log
y
sta
nd
ard
izatio
n
CCQM KCs
Accreditation CIPM-MRA
organize PT
National Laws and Action Plan
7
National Laws for Water Protection Enactment Time
Environmental Protection Law of People’s Republic of China 1979(2017)
Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People's
Republic of China1984(2017)
Water Law of the People's Republic of China 1988(2016)
Marine Environment Protection Law of the People's Republic
of China1999(2016)
Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People's
Republic of China2002(2016)
Time National action plan focus on water pollution
2011-2015 Key basin water pollution prevention and control plan
2011-2020 National groundwater Pollution Prevention and Control plan
2015-2020 Water pollution control action plan (Ten Rules of Water)
Related national standards
8
No. Content Determination items
GB3838 Surface water
environmental
quality standard
109 items, 24 Basic items include temperature, pH,
DO, COD, BOD, NH4+-N,P, N, Cu, Zn, fluoride, Se,
As, Hg, Cr, Pb, cyanide, volatile phenols, petroleum
GB5749
Standards for
drinking water
quality
106 items: Toxicological 74, Microbial 6, physical and
general chemical 20, Disinfectant 4, Radiological 2.
42 regular indicates include microorganisms, heavy
metals, cyanide, fluoride, nitrate, CHCl3, CCl4,
bromate, chlorite, odor and sapor, turbidness etc.
GB/T
14848 Quality standard
for ground water
5 class, from ‘for a variety of purpose’ to ‘not suitable
for drinking. Monitoring items include pH, NH4+-N,
nitrate, nitrite, volatile phenol, cyanide, As, Hg and Cr,
total hardness, fluoride, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, total
dissolved solids, Permanganate index, sulfate,
chloride, coliform bacteria
GB8978 Integrated
wastewater
discharge
standard
3 class, COD, BOD, heavy metals, Anionic surface-
active agent, Volatile phenol, etc.
Surface Water Survey and monitoring
• 262 National monitoring
stations for environmental
monitoring network of the ten
major basins;
• 2050 water quality automatic
monitoring stations for 997
rivers, 112 lakes;
• 3000 water quality monitoring
points.
9
Remote real time quality monitoring system for groundwater sample analysis
Groundwater Survey and Monitoring
• 20401 monitoring stations for
groundwater monitoring
• The network covers more
than 31 provinces, 3.5 million
square kilometers area;
• Advanced integration
technology of automatization
and information was applied
City Water Quality Inspection and Monitoring
• National urban water
quality monitoring network
11
• The national urban water
quality monitoring network
consists all provinces and
cities in China.
• Turbidity, chromaticity, odor
and odor, visible matter,
residual chlorine, total
bacteria, total coliforms,
thermotolerant coliform
bacteria, CODMn are
investigated and monitored.
12
ISO/IEC GUIDE99 “The science of measurement, embracing both
experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any
field of science and technology.”
Water Quality Testing
National Chemical Measurement Traceability System
Metrology Institutes SystemNational Metrology Institute (NIM)
Province Metrology Institutes
City/county Metrology Institutes
Metrology
Different
timeDifferent
place
Different labs
/methods/persons
Traceability
Comparability
Reliability
Validity
13
Chemical Metrology Research & Service
• Measurement Methods
– Primary Methods
– Reference Methods
– Routine Methods
– Rapid Methods (on-line methods)
– New Techniques
• Certified Reference Materials
– High Purity (for traceability)
– Solutions (for calibration)
– Matrix (for method validation)
• Chemical Metrology Service
– CRM service
– Calibration service
– Proficiency Testing
– Test results assessment
奶粉5(16.3mg/kg) Z比分数
24 0610
6614 02
4965 71
42 64 51 7377 21
5552 7539 76 59 35 58 16 17 13 03 45 40 53 85 04 41 70 31 79 25 87 63 29 78 09 15 67 30 86 12 23 44 11 18 34 05 38 74 80 48 61 69 37 68
83 07 19 36 26 32 89 54 43 22 72 88 08 81 56 8250
84 28
-8.00
-7.00
-6.00
-5.00
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
实验室代码
Z比分数
Calibration Specifications
for Water Monitoring Instruments
Calibration
Specification No.
Instrument Parameter for water
monitoring
JJG291-2008 Dissolved oxygen meter for covered-
membrane-electrode
Dissolved oxygen
JJG548-2004 Mercury Analyzer Mercury
JJG631-2013 Ammonia-nitrogen Analyzer Ammonia-nitrogen
JJG656-2013 Nitrate-nitrogen Analyzer Nitrate-nitrogen
JJG821-2005 Total organic carbon Analyzer Total organic carbon
JJG880-2006 Turbidity meter Turbidity
JJG975-2002 Chemical oxygen demand meter Chemical oxygen demand
(COD)
JJG1012-2006 On-line automatic analyzer for
chemical oxygen demand
Chemical oxygen demand
(COD)
JJG1094-2013 On-line analyzer for total phosphorus
and total nitrogen
Total phosphorus and total
nitrogen
JJF1565-2016 On-line analyzer for heavy metals Heavy metals
JJF1609-2017 Residual Chlorine Meters Residual Chlorine14
CRM type Certificate
Mono-element standardsolution for calibration
Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Cr, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni, Zn, Co,
P, etc. (total 56)
Multi-elementsMulti-elements standard solution for
environmental monitoring
Anions NO3-, NO2
-, SO42-, H2PO4
-, NH4+-N, NO3
-—N
Speciation AnalysisMeHg, EtHg, Tributyltin, Dibutyltin, Triphenyltin,
trimethyl lead, etc
Mono-Organic standard
solution
Halogenated hydrocarbon,Benzenes, Phenols,
PAHs, Pesticide (total 70)
Multi-Organic standard
solution
Halogenated hydrocarbon、Benzenes、Phenols、Nitrobenzene Series (total 15)
OtherspH, Simulated natural water, COD, Total
Hardness, Chroma, Anionic surface-active agent,
Volatile phenol15
CRMs for Water Quality Monitoring
International Comparisons
No Title of
comparison
Analyte Time
1 CCQM-K59 Determination of nitrite and nitrate in
calibration solutions and natural water
2006
2 CCQM-K87 Elemental calibration solutions 2010
3 CCQM-K122 Anionic impurities (bromide, sulfate) and
Pb in salt solutions
2014
4 CCQM-K124 Trace elements and chromium speciation
in drinking water
2014
5 CCQM-P111.1 Elements and anions in seawater 2011
6 CCQM-K126 Pharmaceutical (carbamazepine) in water 2014
7 CCQM-K156 Determination of L-PFOA and L-PFOS in
Ground Water
2019
8 CCQM-
K155/P196
Elements and tributyltin in seawater 2019
9 CCQM-K/P Anions in seawater 2020
CCQM-K87 Mono-elemental
calibration solutions
CCQM-K124 Trace elements in drinking water
Cd
NIM results in CCQM Key Comparisons
18
Proficiency Testing in China
Content No. Participants Time
Determination of dichloroacetic
acid, aluminum, dissolved solids
and lindane in drinking water
CNCA-16-A09 800 2016
Determination of benzene, mercury,
boron, COD in drinking waterCNCA-15-A06 474 2015
Determination of chloroform,
nitrate-nitrogen in drinking waterCNCA-14-A05 619 2014
Determination of total hardness,
zinc, selenium in drinking waterCNCA-13-A05 433 2013
Determination of fluorine, nitrate-
nitrogen, chloride, sulfate in
drinking water
Testing ability
assessment31 2012
PTs organized by NIM and Chinese Accreditation Body jointly
NIM provide the samples and the PT reference value which connected with NIM
published CMCs
Metrology training
20
NIM organized Symposiums, Seminars and Workshops for Metrology Training combined
with Standardization organization, Accreditation Body and Water Monitoring
organizations.
➢Introducing the concept of measurement traceability
➢Improving the technical capabilities of the testing labs
Water Measurement Traceability System
NMI
NIM China
CRMs
calibration PTs
Testing laboratories in China
Method
CIPM/MRA
KC & CMC
Sewage water
Surface Water
Groundwater
Drinking Water
Standardization AccreditationMetrology
Traceability
21
Testing
laboratories in
other countries
Other NMIs
comparability
Tra
ceability
Tra
ceability
Conclusions
• The clean water management needs National Law and
Action plans of Monitoring, and which should be based
on the reliable measurement results.
• The reliability and comparability of measurement results
come from the measurement traceability.
• Metrology acts as a fundamental role in clean water
management .
• Consolidating the Metrology, Standardization and Lab
Accreditation act as the National Quality Infrastructure
(NQI) , will support high-quality development. of society.