T H E Olli i l~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15T OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ONTARIO NUMISMATIC ASSOCIATION

WATERLOO, ONTARIO

1 Vol. 5 -- No. 6 June, 1966 ~ a g 2 /,,I. 0 . M. 1%. OFFICERS -- Fast President --

R. X. Rekofski president --

Lloyd T. &-ith F i r s t Vice-president --

W i l l i a m English / / Second Vice-president --

Franlr G. Ut t ley

Secretary -- 1.ii-s, Zuth l!Iueller, 239 k n c a s t e r St . W., ICitchener , Ont

Treasurer -- Bruce H. Rasmann

DIRECTORS - Howard !:.Jhitf i e l d Rudy Sauro J. Edward Stahley Ed. Schroeder Kenneth Prophet ''ilex 1-lunro Charles EEller

V.\Cii'JT John 14cKay-Clements

7!slter Griggs

PU3LIC I T Y DIlZEC TOR

I?i l l icm Xnglish , P. 0. So;: 4, !';a-ierloo, Ont .

0 ~>TT~;X 10 FIUE'fIS1ii;T IST - - P C .

EDITOR

44G Pineland ive . Oalmille , Ont .

LIBRizIi'LN

1.b s . Hazel 1.1unro , 3703 Kingston Rd. , Scarborough, Ont . See next page f o r o ther

Service Directors.

?luaust 19 t o September 5 , 12% -*--.

The Ontario ITumismatic -',ssociation has again been i nv i t ed t o bring t o the a t t en t i on of t h e general public t h e wor ld ' s g r ea t e s t hobby - ~kmismat ics - a t the 1966 Canadian ilJational Exhibition t o be held i n Toronto from August 19 t o September j inclus ive (not including Sundays).

The 0 . M. A. booth will cons i s t of over 2,000 square f e e t of space, consis t ing of 48 displays housed i n specially-constructed t ab l e s p lus a number of exli ibi ts nladr, up by Banlcing Institu-Lions. In adclition, the f i lms "Money 18ntersI' and lll!Ioney i n pour Pocket" w i l l be s h o ~ n t o the non-collecting p~ ib l i c i n a specially-coiistructcd t h e a t r e tha, t w i l l house app roxha t e ly 5 G peojde per s h c ~ .. ing. Last year, over 1,000 people viewed t he f i lms dm;., judging by t h e i r comnents, many have now joined t he iv l o c a l coin club and/or t he 0 . N. 2. Canadian IJati.oi-ni Exhibit ion i:hagertent estimated t h a t appro:iinately a quar te r of a mi l l ion people passed through t he General Exhibits Building i n wl~ich the Coin Disp1e.y was houscrl. 2ii.I.

i t i s estimated t h a t t he same number w i l l again Dess through t h i s bu i ld ing ' s doors.

Readers a r e requested t o volunteer d isplays f o r t h i s event. The tl~erne of t h i s y e a r ' s exh ib i t s i s llTiorld Coiils and Currencies" and a l l d isplays nus t f i t t h e 0. I?. A'L.

Display Cases, which r.le w i l l supply. You a r e requested t o ~ n ~ r i t e t o e i t h e r the Chairman o r t he . Iss is tant Chaiman of t h e 0 . N . l'i.-C. N. E. Coin Ed i i b i t t o l e t them know c t j i ~ ~ . t

you a r e w i l l t o d i sp la j~ , how ma.qT d i sp lay cases a r e necessary, e tc . Displays of Canadian mate r ia l w i l l be kept t o a minimum as it i s planned t o make 1967 displays I ta l l Canadian, ver3- t imely on account of the Centennial ;Teay.

It should be pointed out t h a t the type of d isplays required a r e t he type th3.t would Se of t h e most interes.! t o t h e non-collecting public. The infom~a. t ion i n the d i sp lay should not be too lengthly, the d i sp lay s h o d d bf? nea t and eye-appealing. ;ill g a t e r i a l i n your d i sp lay ~ i i l l

be insured f o r i t s f u l l replacement value while on dis$r:,,~ and i n addit ion, 24-hour secur i ty guards w i l l be on iia;1'1 . fo r tlie d.11.ra-l;ion of the C . N. E.

Coin Clubs and individuals a r e a l so requested t o wr i te and l e t us know when their r.,~ould be wi l l ing t o come t o t he CNE and help us man the booth. The du t ies of ONA at tendants w i l l be t o answer v i s i t o r s numismatic questions with the help of a reserence L i b r a p provided by the ONA, d i s t r i b u t e ce r t a in l i t e r a t u r e provided f o r the occasion, receive membership appl icat ions t o t he ONA and coin clubs i n Ontario, a s s i s t in maintain- ing order around t he coin displays, e tc . Attendants w i l l receive a f r e e admission t i c k e t t o the CfiE grounds f o r which they must spend a few llours helping us man the booth, .then they a r e f r e e t o roam t h e spacious grounds a s they see f i t : They w i l l a l so receive a spec ia l ONA-CI\E ribbon so as t o i den t i fy then t o the public, which they w i l l be allowed t o keep a s a souvenir. I f a group of people a re coming from out-of-town to'man t h e booth; please l e t us knov! and we w i l l supply a car-pass t ha t w i l l allow you, i n adclition t o s a v i x you $1.00 i n parking f ee s and the problem of f inding a parking s>ace, t o dr ive r i g h t i n to t he Cls'E behind t he General Building ~:.ihere our booth i s located.

Displays should be s e t up between 7:00 and 9:00 p. lil. on lA7ednesday, August 17, - if ancl w i l l be taken down a f t e r the closing of t h e C!E on ldbndag, September 5,

o r anytime on September 6. I f you a r e unable t o come t o Toronto a t these times, we w i l l nalte t he necessary arrangements t o pick up and de l iyer the c!isplay f o r you, through the co-operation of the Regional Directors of the ONA.

Exhibits should include t h e exhibi tors name and club a f f i l i a t i o n , o r if desired, jus t t he c l ~ ~ b a f f i l i a t i o n ; i. e. "Alex PIunro, Toronto Coin Club. "

I n unclerta!cing t h i s &hibit ion, t he OXA i s f u l f i l l i n g one of i t s du t ies by bringing t h e co-ordinated e f f o r t s of i t s member clubs together i n what i s probably the l a rge s t unc!e-rtalting of the OiVA i n bringing nunismatics t o t!le a t t en t i on of t h e general public. 20 y6ur share - volunteer a display o r two - help us man the booth.

.OM member coin clubs a r e asked t o supp1:y us with a publicit21 re lease t ha t can be handed out a t t h e show. This can be of any s i ze desired, and we suggest a quantit-- of appro::ha.l;ely 200 t o 250 copies, a s these w i l l not be handed out indiscriminately but only -LQ those people sl~o~!ing a genuine i n t e r e s t i n a coin club i n your area. Tliese~should be mailed t o John Regitko Jr., c/o Remington Rancl Ltd., 984 Bay Street , Toronto 5, Ontario, t o a r r i v e no l a t e r than Au~us t 15, 1966.

If desired, coin clubs should a l so make up a poster, prefe-rably of l e t t e r o r l e g a l s i z e , ~11iich we *: i l l put on our b u l l e t i n board a t the C?E. This poster should s t a t e t he time and day of meetings, locat ion, ancl what programme i s provided (guest spealcers, auction, bourse dealers , e tc . ), plus any other information of i n t e r e s t . These posters

- 0 --

OTHEF1 SERVI CE DEEC TORS

Spea t e r l s Circuit -__ Display Case Service i"I~~dio-Visual Servic es

Ke-nneth Prophet, Frank G. Uttley, David -lshe, Camp '3orden Sta t ion Hospital, 136 Joseph Street , 1069 Iakeshore Rd. E., Camp Borden, Ontario. Kitchener, Ontario. Oakville, Ontario.

'The ONl'iRIO NUMISpCITIST i s published montli'.y b.7 t he Ontario Numismztic isso so cia ti on, The publication may be obtained with memberships of one of the following ca.tegories: Lclult -- $2 yearly; Junior -- $1 year ly (up t o 16 years oj. age); Husband .and Wife (one copy) -- $3 yearly; Club -- $10 yearly.

Remittances (plus bank exchange i f paid by cheque) payable t o t he Ontario b i s - matic ;issociation, P. 0. Box 33, 14aterloo, Ontario.

L'iuthorized a s second c l a s s mail by the Post Office Department, Ottawa, and f o r p q p e n t of postage i n cash.

s f~ou l& a l so be sent t o John Regitko a t -the above address.

- - :?ri . - t e t o : John Recitko Jr . , Chailman, o r - Vince Doran, Ass is tant Chairr~an,

1966 ONA-CNE Coin Exhibition, - 1966 ONA-CIE Coin E / ~ l ~ i b i t i o n ,

29 Spruce S t ree t , 606 Pape Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario. Toronto, Ontario.

June 18 VICTGGIA-SE1COE I:TIJIIIZC\'I'IC LSSOC1'-.TIOFT Annual B a n q ~ ~ e t , Legion !!.kill,

I::oodville, Ontario. Tickets : $2.50 complete with dinner. 3ouyse t a b l e s $5.50 ciinner iwludec!. Guest speaker - 1.1~. Donald Fl ick , Oakville. Turkey dinner a t 6 :00 p. rn.

OkEM SOU1.D CO Ii\: CLUB 6th Annual Coin Shol.:~ , Sau5le Beach P2villi0l-i~ - - Sauble Seach, Ontario. F i f teen bourse t a b l e s avai lable . Ylrite: 3ourse Cl~aimnan, Ken I;IacLntosl~, Box 94, &.!en Sound, a?t. General Chairman - E l l i o t t Je;?hson; Display - Jin hugheed; Auction - Harold Stobbe; Judging - Del Curt is ; Pub l ic i ty - George Grimoldl3y.

jlugust 25, 26, ancl 27 C-iNi iDIAN T~VI.I.~IS~I,.~TIC ASSOCI.iTION 13th !'ini?ual Convention, New - -

I:krlborough Hotel, S ~ l i t h St . , and E l l io t - t live. , Xixxipeg, fUn. General Chairman - Albert Stern, 457 ?&in St . , !..linnipeg, ihn .

October 1 5 ST. C:;TH'AI!'ES COIIJ CLUB I ' ~ n ~ 1 . d Ehnquet, Queensway Hotel. Co- chairmen: Pat Lambert ancl S ~ I T.iclEIullen

I'ipplicaiions published i n t h e Eia;:i i s s u e of t11.e Ontario f k i s m a t i s t have now been accepted. The following anp l i ca t ions ]lave been received. I f no w r i t t e n object ions a r e received, t h e i r acceptance w i l l he acknowledged i n t h e July i s sue of t h e Ontayio X u i i ~ i sma t i s t . 543. 1;ks. Eleanor Shantz, 1142 Victor ia S t r e e t TJorth, Ilitchener, Ont..

544. John H. Neufeld, 65 i3yng Yive., Kapuskasing, Ont.

545. Jack C. S ~ m e r l i n , Room 202 - 500 &st I:krliham, L i t t l e Rock, k k a n s a s , U . S. A.

546. Ken L. Lafrmboise, 131 Niagara S t . , S t . Catharines, 03%.

54'7. L. -1. Frank, 187 Thin S t . S.T., L i s t o ~ : e l , Gnt . C ' 54.2. Thomas F. Franke, 1860 Cragin D r . , Bloomfield H i l l s , 1:iichigan 48013, 11. 12. A.

C55 NiCmL BXLT C O I N CLUB, c/o Gerald J. Albert, P. 0. Box 593, S ~ l d b u ~ , Onto

B?,'L?.TTFO?LD C O I N CLUS had a s t h e i r gues t speaker i n April, Pk. J i n Turvey who gave a, s l i d e by s l i d e desc r ip t ion on t h e l i f e of t h e people i n s i d e t h e Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very i n t e r e s t i n g a.nd a l l enjoyed h i s t a l k . Theye wei.e severa l d i sp lays and a ta.ble auct ion was held.

CEXTRdL COI!\J CLUB oron onto) held a veyy successful coin show April 22, 23 and 24, a t the Westbury Hotel. F i f t y bourse d e a l e r s were a c t i v e i n t h e l%ple Leaf Ballroom. Forty-si-lc disl2lays i n 5 ca tegor ies were judged by _;lex ffunro ( ~ e a c l Judge), Ifr-s. \5Ji~i!mifrecl ilkther,

Devicl L'~she, B i l l Engl ish and Steve Oko. Winners i n t h e va r ious c a t a g o r i e s were: Canadian Decimal: 1st - Ed Surne; 2nd. - i r n o l d L i n e t s b ; 3 rd . - I'Lrnold Linetsky; 7 !?oileign: 1st. - Steve Oko; 2nd. Reanus Holtman; 3 rd . Vince Foran. paper ioney: 1 s t . - . - ! !a l te r ;;llan; 2nd. - Bob Reidelmeier. Iliedals and Tokens : 1 s t . - Ber t 1;~Jooning; 2nd.. - . - A l a n i le ighe l l ; 3 rd . - Jack Brown ancl "!alter Brink. !-Tiscellaneous: 1st. - Fyed 3ub;y; 2nd. - John Cur t i s ; 3 r d . - I r e n e V!ooning. Educat ional programmes inc luded Xr. 3 i l l English, Katerlo'o, on lt1Ent Errors11 and a l s o a s h o r t sunmary on t h e Canadian !.iumisrlatic Var ie ty Collect.ors A '~s soc ia t ion ; i.1alter D. :;llan, Oabvil le , on I1Caiiadian Paper i'ioney" ~ i h o R ~ S G spoke b r i e f l y on t h e m e r i t s of' jo in ing t h e Canadian Paper b n e y Society.; D r . 1-krvin Kay, Scarborough, spoke on "I'iedicsl Piedals and Tokens"; and- John Regitko, Jr., con~:l~~ct,ec! a quiz on Canaclian co ins .

CF.'2GI,ATN C O I N CLUB, , ' ~ p r i l meeting, x a s chsirecl -D;T Presiclent, Fred Car te r , and time I-!as cievoted -to d i scuss ion of s c v e r a l t q p o r t a n t t o p i c s . iL s p e c i a l donat ion ( 1 s t and 2nd Vorld - - i'!ar medals) t o -the c l ~ z b was so ld t o Nrs. S. Tregenza, w i th t h e approvzl of t h e club.

- - lGGELFH C O I N CLUB i s planning a c o i n qu iz f o Y t h e i y 1.a~~ meeting.

HA'-i.iILTON C O I N CLUE plans t o hea r a b r i e f t n l k on t h c o r i g i n of coinage i n the w s t e ~ n r;iorld, a t t h e i'%y nee t ing , by T;k. 3ruce Brace.

P7jROFlL; ~\K~~~IS~-L'L?'IC .;ESGCL;TiON had 40 menher s ancl g u e s t s ou t t o t h e i r i p r i l neet i i lg t o view t h e 0 . N. ;,udio-visual by .',Jex I.lunro, Itseafaring. l1 L'L very i n t e r e s t i n g i tem shr~wn by Howrd J ~ h n s t o n was a n 1854 French Centjme t h a t opened i n t h e c e n t r e i n ~;!liic!l secre-L messages %]ere passed i n t h e 1800 ' s .

IYG.ERSC'LL COIT! CLUB vlas att.enciec1 by 27 members ancl gues t s , who enjoyed a t a l k on "Canadien - kaper Zbncy" given by . 'Jan !kcnab and researchnd and prepared by The Canadian h p e r i;ioney Socie ty . 'The 73 s l i d e s shown served a s an i n t r o d u c t i o n t o Canadian paper money and co-vereil i s s u e s by both Federa l and P rov inc i a l Gover~iments, Chartered banks, e-tc. S i x c,zse-s of Canadian no te s were on d i s p l a y . ?IT. Jack Herbert , chairman of t h e Eas t e r Sez l C?i-?paign t o l d c f t h e need an? t h e work being done by t h e Iii?.-ianis f o r t h e c r ipp led cl~. i ldren. 1'~en-Ly-one clolla.rs, r e a l i z s d from t h e Dutch .'Luctioli 1:.las presented t o M r . Herbert by l\Torfi~. 3urnes, t h e I .C . C . t r e a s u r e r .

LO!TlOI\? I-VI..IiS?.i',TIC SQCIETI, cha i r ed by Fresiclent, Thomas !:hsters, !firelcorned 72 members and g u e s t s i n ky. Fec..tu.re of t h e evening was a four-part t a l k on I1fiJunismatic Books and F e r i o d i c a l s f l by i.iessrs. d'ilex Sli~eeton, !~Tillicm Clarlce, B L I ~ blasters and Lloycl T. 15mit.h. Displays were s:;hibitec! by 1!h. Clarke, L. T. Smith and Crl-rzhax Es l c r .

O:'Z<7iLLLE C O I N CLUS had t h e l a r g e s t t u rnou t of t.he :rear a.t -the fk~y rnceting t o hcar ?es. E t h e l Sentcs , i.l.r?-LTilton, who gave a very i n t e r e s t i n g t a l k on Chinese money. She descr ibed the cowrie s h e l l s s-nd nose money which d a t e iron1 1766 t o 255 R. C. The f i r s t co ins were p.1 and syades. The most i n t e r e s t i n s v ~ r i e t i e s of t h e s e were kn i f e - s l z~ .~ed co ins rvllich were used up u n t i l t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h e 1 9 t h century. i k s . Seqtes accented h e r tali ; if i~ith a d i s p l a y of Chinese co ins .

0':..Zj\I SGUl\iD C O I N CLUB i s going a l l o u t i n prcpcl..rations f o r t h n i r forthcoming 6tlz Annual She+?, J u l y 24th, Sauble Beach, Ontar io. ... . :J.LRIilil; ?iil.iISi.I..%IC SOCIET'i. d'Lt t h e i ' ipril o e e t ing , Fres ident J5n kioore presented P a ~ t - p re s iden t Dave F r i ce , wi th a plaquc a s 2 token of a .ppreciat ion f o r h i s s e r v i c e s as p r e s i d e n t of t h e club f o Y t h e y e a r s 1964-1965. h i - i n s h i s two y e a r s i n o f f i c e , save i n i t i a t e d s e v e r a l new ide2.s i n t h e c lub and spent many hours arranging progran?cS, pre- ;xiring l c ~ t u ~ e s and o t h c r m a t t e r s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o a s ~ ~ o o t h rurming c lub .

.5T. C-'LTX'EIIE:' C O I N CLUE i s s u e d r ibbons f o r d i s p l e p s a t t h c i r ~ L p r i l meeting as fol loTls: i s t . .'.~,fa.~d - G. O b l i n s b ; 2nd. - Xf. Roebuck; 3rd . - John SawatzQ. ?.hny long t ime absentees were present and welcomed by t h e club. !,irs. SernaTd Cook donated l a p e l l a b e l s f o r menbers and gues t s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

f o r nembcrs and gues t s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

ST. THOPL,S ?~NIIISI.i',TIC rlSSOC1.-TZOM i s adding t h e f i n a l touches f o r t h e i r Annual Coin Shol:~. Tile 1.h~ meeting i s t o f e a t u r e "Foreign Coin Night. l r

ThUhQER B A ' 3 C O I N CLUB (por t .;rthur and For t i ~ i l l i a n ) i s a l s o i n t h e midst of Coin Shold a c t i v i t i e s (Apri l 30) and an . 'mua l dinner of t h e Thunder Bay Coin Club i s planned f o r 1 . h ~ 25. Lots of f e s t i v i t . i e s . . . l e t u s hear t h e r e s u l t s .

:. :,.LTZTZLOO C O I N SOCIETY 6ispla:i winners f o r . 'Lpril inrere L'ignes i'.hethm- an6 - ' Jber t Fu l l e r . I n t h e junior group, it was Sherry English and John Znzlish.

IDENTIFICLTICN OF COINS -'LF,D TOIEI<S

iL new Service suggested and activatzcl by Howmd Thitf ielcl f o r t h e Ontario Mumisnatic ;Lssocia.-l;ion . . . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of Coins and Tokens.

14embers may send a d e s c r i p t i o n of i tems t o be i d e n t i f i e d t o t h e e d i t o r t o be pub- l i s h e d i n THE O N T . 3 I O i\JUIIISZL .TIST. .',nyone recognizing t h e p ieces , w r i t e t o t h e e d i t o r , g iv ing t h e no. and inforr-lation.

1 1. Token. J m ~ i n u m . 2 1 1 -- 1 . Obverse - C. 0 . Gardiner General iJe+c!lant .The People ' s Store. Reverse - Good f o r 5c on t r ade . n 2 , lo]cen, Brass, 21$ r:z1, -- 16 m. Obverse - P. T..'. f~Ic!7',ueen Tobc..cconist. Reverse - Caod f o r 5$ i n Trade.

3 . Token. Brass. 2 -- 1 I - . Obverse - J. T. S. Reverse - Caod f o r 25 {: i n Trade.

FOURTH -.,NbKJl,L 0. IJ. .; . COiflE:!TIOl?i 23DZZSS

It i s a very g r m t honour t o be asked t o address t h e . 'mua l Convention of t h e Ontario i'b.~ismatic . ' .ssociztion a second time, 2nd a g r e a t pleasure iiideecl t o do so i n I~~Jindsor, whoso Coin Club i s co lcb ra t ing i t s fif-tccn.th ann ive r sa r?~ year . I't may be a l o t of o l d r spe t o the members of t h e 1;incLsnr Coin Club, but I th ink t h a t a l i t t l e b i t of h is tomj c;f Oi?ta.rio's thircl o1des.t co in c lub m e y be i n order a t t h i s poin t .

The f i r s t meettng of thc T'lindsor Coin Club was held i n Oc~tobcr, 1951, i n t h c G i r l Giiiide Off iccs a.bove t h e olcl ilojial Banlc brc?nch a t Oue l l e t t c :;venue and P i t t S t r e e t , throu:;h t 1 1 ~ kindness of XI-s. stin. in. A t t h i s nce t ing I was c l e c t z d in t e r im president, ?sitil l!kS. Lus t in a s Vice-president, and Frank Hic!cs as Secretar3r-Trcasurcr. I n J a n ~ 1 ~ i - j ~ ~ 1952, this teluporary execu-Live i:.las e l e c t e d t o c a r r y on f o r t h e year. 2y t h i s t ime t h e Club had outgrown t h e G i r l Guide Off ice an3 had novecl t o t h e olcl. Iiercer S t r e e t school. 'I'he Club mei; i n t h e potter^; room, through t h e good o f f i c e s of t h e 12tc il:iiss I;kbbel 1-10ncy.

During t h e I.iercer S t . e r a t h e Club i.ias a s s i s t e d f i n a n c i a l l y by t h e De t ro i t Coin Club, I n t11c svr,lr;lcr of 1952 seve ra l D e t r o i t neri:bers cane over anr! r a n a donc..t,ion aucti0;l f o r t h e b c n e f i t of t h e 7!inclsor Club. This was t h e beginy!ing of a long and p leasant a s s o c i a t i o n wi th our ncighbours over t h e r i v e r . ?&en t h e p o t t c r y room i n i t s t u r n proved t o o sr:lall, t h e Club I:!ZLS a b l c t o securc q u a r t e r s i n t h e i~!ill isteacl Library. The Club i;,JaS s t i l l !i~eet.ing a t t h e Library when, on grailuation froin t h e Univers i ty of l;iindsor, 3: departecl t h z s e scenes i n scarch n f a cooler sumer climxte.

The e a r l y members of t h e club were very c o s m o p ~ l i t a n i n t h e i r i n t e r e s t s . 1nd.ec.d t h e r e ?.!as c7. ggreater va.rie-ty of nu!lislnatic interests i n 1:Tinclsor Is Club than i n many izcJi r l u h s organized today. h few examples .r~ill i l l u s t r a t e t h i s very wel l . I'.ks. A'~.ustii?

c o l l e c t s co lns of India and of t h e B r i t i s h Comonwe=?lth. The l a t e i i i s s i b n e y c o l l e c t e d Chincse coins and could sl~ol~l b e a u t i f u l specimens of t h c 3epublican coinage of Szechuan, iaiiich she hacl gathered during h e r y e a r s o f teaching .it a n i s s i o n a r y school i n China. The l z t e i i r . .',. H. Browning owned some of t h e f i n e s t e ighteenth-century J n g l i s h s i l v e r I 17c7.v.j ever scen. The l a t e Iir. G. F. Biggs llacl a n exce l le l i t gene ra l fo re ign c o l l e c t i o n . Everybody i n the Club c o l l e c t e d t h e co ins of a t l e a s t one country o t h e r t h a n Canada.

Since those e a r l y days t h e V!indsor Coin Club has grown i n s i z e and influence, experiencing t h e i lsual ups and dowl~s of c o i n c lubs everjwhcre. It has tivo outs tanding honours t o i t s c r e d i t . The f i r s t i s i t s sponsoring of the! 1 z ~ k i . Z ~ ~ E l i zabe th T.'$n lJoodls e x h i b i t o f p l a s t e r c a s t s by &lnun-?nuel Eahn ancl. h e r s e l f du r inz t h e j o i n t I.L. N. l'i.-C. N. A.

8 . Conventioil i n 1962. The secoi~cl i s i t s a c t l n g a s g rac ious h o s t t o t h e p re sen t Conve11-Lion o f t h e 0 . 13. A.

Now it i s t ime t o i n t roduce t h e main sub jec t of xlclrcss. I'JIlerever I have spoken i n publ ic , r.rith t h e e:rception of i n Hamilton i n 1963, I havc d e a l t wi.th t l ~ c C o i n ~ g c s of Canada i n Colonia l t i m e s . Tonight, hor.vcver, I p lan t o be d i f f e r e n t , and speak on anothcr specialty o f mine, t h c o l d coinagcs of China.

- Centur ies before Chr is t , t h e Chincse ba r t e r ed knives, weeding t o o l s , an3 r ings .

Thc va lues ~f a l l goods were expressed i n t e r ~ s of t h e s e 8 r t i c l c s , and so i t i s no t sur- p r i s i n g t h n t t h e f i r s t co ins were made i n t h e shape of a k n i f e , weeding t o o l , o r ring. Ti? corxton 1t1it.h t h e h i s t o y ? of sll z n c i e n t c i v i l i z a t i o n s , China's !?istory i s a fen b i t s of f s c t buriecl i n an enormous rhleltcr of myths and legends, It i s n o t 1cnob:n w i t h c e r t a i n t y r:,:llcn Chincse co ins were f i r s t usecl. Some w r i t e r s !lave placed them a s e r z r ly ~s tho Hsia d.ynasty (2122-1766 B. C. ) o r t h e Shang dynasty (1766-1122. B. C. ) . Recent s cho la r s b c l i c v c thn'i co ins r:.lcre no t usccl i n Chills e a r l i e r t han t h e n i n t h century 3. C., whcn .the Chou dyriasty 1:is.s r u l i n g . Spadcs havc been found d z t i n g f r o n t h e e i g h t h centxry B. C., l.:.hich i s long bcfore t h e Lydiens introcluced co ins i n t h e West.

Sp.?.cle, o r Fu monq, evolved f r o n co_r?per weeding< t o o l s . The f i r s t spncle co ins were about s i x inches long end holloi~~-hc?ndlacl, t h e h o l l o + ~ extendill2 i n t o t h e bi-..de. Thus t h c g coljlcl be used a s t o o l s o r co ins , ~~s c i r c w ~ s t a n c e s requi red . l i t t l e 1at.m t h e l?oll?ow handle t e n l i n a t e d a t t h e shoulder of t h e spscle. As t i n e wont on, t h e 11ollov~ hnndlc Tias elirniiintccl, ancl t h e slxclss l o s t t h e i r o r i g i n a l func t ion . Fla.-t-hc?.ncllod spades were i n u s e tz:lroughout China between t h e Yanctze Kiang ancl FI~~iang 1-10 dur ing t h e seventh t o t h i r d c c n t u r i e s 3. C . , spreading in-to T~hnchuria and no r th KO!- ea . Tlle s e f k t - h a n d l e d spades d i n i n i s h c d i n s i z e u n t i l , about 300 13. C. , t hey iqcre O~L-y two inches long . These l a t e spades of ~ 7 - 2 1 1 s i z e z r c scnetjmc ri?fcrred t o t h a t abysmally stupicl t e r x "Pants lqollcy". P I lncy Zro in sc r ibed -i.:!ith t h c nxiles of t h e i s s u i n g c i t i c s , such as .'in Yang and F l ing Yang. I n t h i s f o r 2 thoy continued t o t h e e ~ t ? ~ b l i s h m e n t of t h c Ch l in dynas ty i n 256 B. C.

ICnif c , o r Tao, noney i s known d a t i n g f ron t h e e a r l y n i n t h century R. B . , during which t ime t.hc prophet E l i j a h was clefying t h c porhrer of .',hab ancl Jczcbol i n I s r a e l . Or ig ina t ing i n Shantung Peniilsula., t h e h l i v e s spreacl i n t o t h e e n s t c r n aiicl nor-th- @ a s t e r n s t a t e s of China , ~ n d i n t o ~.i~nchurria and no r th Iiorea i n t h e course ~f t r a d e . Thesc c:arly Icnives, some e i g h t i nches long ancl shaped l i k e a s t m l g l i t r ezo r , rvcre c a s t by -the s t a t e s of Ch l i , Chi-mo, ,*a Y ?*ng, and T'an. Thc enrl j - knives havc a r i n g on t!lc end, prcsuxably t o make it e z s i c r t o c a r r y t h e n about . Like t h e spades, t h e lcnivcs decreased i n s i z e , neve r the l e s s preserv ing t h c i r o r i g i n a l shnpe, u n t i l t h e y were aholisl?crl by t l lc Ch i n d p a s t y .

.;5out 600 B. C. , ~111en ; l s sy r i a ' s b l o o d t h i r s t y a m i e s rdzx-e no n o r e 2nd Piinevch a hear, of rubble, t h e k n i f e co ins were about six inches lo11g ancl sharp-pointed. Thi?:. were i n s c r i b e d wi th s i n g l e ch? . rac te rs , mos t ly from t h e Chinose c l a s s i c s . Very fcw werc i m - c r ibcd wi th t h e llano of t h e i s s u i n g c i t y o r stg.te. The Chinese were us ing t h e s c and f l a - t - handlccl spades fou r inches long dur ing t h e days of Nehuchadnezzar ancl .the Bab;.rlonian

c e p t i v i t y of t h e Jews, Belsh2zzar1s 5npious f e a s t , and t h e conquests of t h e Pers ians under Cyrus and Cmbyses.

Sorner.ihere i n t h e f i f t h century B. C . t h e l tnife co ins a.sswj-cd t h e i r f i n a l f o r x ~ ~ t h a t of t h e I ~ ~ i g k n i f e . The bEng k n i f e i s t h e cornonest of k n i f e co ins , and i s fou r inches l o n ; ~ , i n sc r ibed t,he cha rac t e r i.iing. Other sma.11 ltnivcs arc? known, but t hey a r c r a r e .

Ferhaps t h e o l d e s t f o m of Chinese noney i s r i n g ;-.loneyo According -to Coole, a d e c ~ e e of 1091 F3. C . l i n i t e d t h e forr!ls of money t o golcl cubes weighing one ounce, copper r i n g s , ancl s i l k . The copper r i n g s were o r i g i n a l l y used i.11 payr~cnts made t o co~?~?iu?;e t h e punishments prescr ibed f o r c r i r x s . Even t h c dea th pena l ty could be avoided if m e had ellough copper. Eventual ly -the r i n g s were allor*~ecl t o be used f o r orclinary coll?erce.

Two o'ther anc i en t forr!ls o f coinage were used i n t h e s t a k e of Chru i n t h e south. 111

t ? ~ e seventh century B. C. t h e r l I u ~ t noscn co ins were c a s t t o rep lace cowrie s h e l l s , which had been i n u se f o r c e n t u r i e s . m e s e co ins were c a l l e d "ant nose" co ins by IIW-lisrxatists i n China because of t h e famci fu l resenbl.3nce of sorle s p e c h e n s t o t h e liead of a n a n t . I?; was a t one t k ~ l e bel.ieved t h a t t h e co ins were placecl i n graves t o ward o f f a n t s . They ?Jcre a l s o c a l l e d lfGhost-liea.clll coin,s, s i n c e t h e i n s c r i p t i o n on one vqrie-by !:lade t h e co in aj?pear t o po r t r ay 2 f a c e cugges.tive of a ghos t . Tliese coyns were used clown -to t h e -ti-~ircl cen-turg B. C. They a r e t h e only a n c i c n t Chinese co ins r e lno te l j~ reser inl inz Vestern co ins .

The sane s t a t e !?lade use of f l a t , i r regular ly-shape?L p i eces of gold w i t h c h ~ ~ ~ a c t e r s starnpec! i n s q u ~ r e s a l l over ther?,. iiccorcling t o Yti-chruan Vlang, -they were used from t h e eizl?-th century B. C. t o t h e C1ilin conquest. S ecause t ,he monetary des igna t ion rlPC1.anl' i s on 311 spacinens, t hey a r e known a s yd.an Itin. Specinens i n s i l ~ r c r , copper, l e a d , :?.nil c1a.y have been founcl, b u t t hey a r e 1:211ch r a r e r thp-n ?;he zolcl. The leacl and c l a y p i eces were probably buried i n graves.

i 'bout -the t ime of Confucius (552-479 S.C.), t h e f irst rouncl co ins were cs.sto They a r e r a t h e r l e r g e , w i th rouncl c e n t r a l ho les . These round co ins were founcl t o bc ~ ~ u c h !?-ore convenient thn-t t h e knives ancl spzdes. Many inore could 'oe s t rung up ancl carriecl i n s i d e o n e r s s l eeve . I n 221 B. C . t h e emperor Shih Ei~lan~ T i of t h e Ch ' i n dynas ty abclisliecl the knives and sp3des and in t roduced throughout t h e ernpire t h e round co ins of t h e s t a t e of C!I ! i n , h i s anc;est.ral home. These co ins al-e l a r g e , l,\rith a square l ~ o l e , ancl i n s c r i b e d wi th thc2 r.reight - Pzn Liang, o r h a l f an ounce. These became Cliiiiars f i r s t v-niforx coinage, and %!ere i n use - t i l l t h e r e i g n of t h e emperor !&!u T i of t h e Han cl~rnasty. During t h i s per iod of ty ranny ?nd innovat ion i n China, t h e Romans were locked i n t h e i r s t r u g g l e s wi th Cartli;7,ge f o r ~ n a s t e r y of t h e I:Ied.iterranean and rvcre beginning t o look e a s t . BJ t h e r e i p of 1;u T i , t h e s e earljr Ronan 2 h s were r e a l i z e d . Carthage had been clestroyed, Greece conquered, and t h e Eas t l a y r.!i.thiri Rorners grasp .

Fie Pnn Liang coinage had clwinclled i n s i z e and q u a l i t y t o a po in t where a vc ry s l ~ a l l , t h i n coinage i n t h i s design, known as Ifelm l e a v e s r r , f looded t h e enp i r e . Peoplc were 7-- Li;sor-Ling - t o b a r t e r . The emperor ldu T i , i n l l 8 E.C. introducecl a. n e ~ i coinage, bu t tias

f i r s t ob l iged t o d e a l ~ r i - t h widesprec?.ri f o r ~ c r y . This r:<Jas d c a l t 1.iit.h i n a n i n t e r c s t i n ~ way. n .l'~lI. c o u n t e r f e i t e r s ljdere rn~:nrl.ecl up, t o g e t h e r r:lith samples of t h e i r work. Ihosi! [ . J ~ o ~ c

~~~~~k 1qa.s goocl. r.iere 1-iirc.d i n t h e ncw 1 y i l i t ~ s e t up b l ~ t h e e:nperor. Those ~ ~ l l o s e W G ~ C was poor were how s t rung , crushed, sawn, beheacled, o r o-'l?clwise removed from t h e ca r t l i l y scene. The new coin2ge was i n s c r i b e d on ly wi th i t s weight - f i v e chu o r g r a i n s - and 11'3s .uszcl f o ~ t h e next seven liundrerl. y e a r s w i th only one j .ntcrruption. It i s known a s -the ~ J L I Chu coinage, and shows very f e t ~ va . r i a t i ons rlu?-ing i t s lifetime. Only t h e most experiencecl s cho la r s crln c l i s t inguish wi th c e r t a i n t y 211 t h e c a s t i n g s of every i s s u i n g d yiia s t y .

.. - The Vu Chu co ins were interrupted bjr t h e usurpc.,tion of i,;ang Thng, who poisonsd t h e

chilcl emperor P 1 i n g Ti i n A. D, 9 ancl s e i z e d t h e throne . I-Ie c a l l e d h i s r e i g n t h e f i rs t of t h e Sin, o r new, Dynasty. The people indeed c a l l e d it Sin, bu t -they clicl no't lleen ?Jel):.

;'373cg o t h e r th ings , ?ang 3hng began t o tai;lper wi th t h e coinage, a n a c t f ~ r worse tl lan any of t h e tm-perings of ou r own l e g i s l a t o r s w i t h t h e trine. The s tom-s aroused by changing t h e t ime i n a province o r c f t y a r e innocuous compared t o t h e Chinese r e a c t i o n t o i.;ang ancl his nonetary jiggerg-pokery. F i r s t he in t roduced a s e r i e s of high dr~xo;:iinations i n a k n i f e coinage o f smc?.11 ~ o c l u l e . These p i eces were ~ t b o u t t h r e e inches long , wi th s r i n s t h e s i z e o f 2 $!u Chu cash on t h e ends, and resembled keys. They sppe~~,recl soon a f t e r t h e usurper c m e t o power. Then he in t roduced a s e t of smal l spade c s i n s i n 11 iL. D. These p i eces were clenonlinated dec i iml ly . Then came a clecimel round c c i n a - ~ e , and f i n a l l y a s i n g l e round c o i n cc7.lled t h e Fuo Chuen o r Source of Value.

1.~11 t h i s nonet;?ry confusion added t o t h e pocp lc l s resantment of h i s r u l e , by 23 ii.D. t h e people had h x l enough of !Jan6 IILqng. RebeUions broke ou t a l l ovey t h e empire, P-nd a p r i c e of H2n organizecl 2. clrive on t h e c q p i t a l . ?!an6 Ibng, v~ho livcc! by treachery, c!ic-.cl by it, f o r h i s orrm so lc l ie rs t,uyned on hi? and slew him. The r e s t o r e d Han d p a s t y i-ulcd till 206 A. D. , and r e s t o r e d t h e !'!u Chu coi.ii?.ge. The end of t h e Han cl-pasty in t~od-uced t h e Chinese Da.rk iiges, when t h e cmpirc was broken up i n t o a number of c o n t i n u a l l y f i g h t i n g st.?-tcs and ( lynast ies . Thc !ju C ~ L I coinage was continuecl, b u t i n ever poorer itlorlilnnship. No n a j o r c!langes i n t h e coinage took p lace , except f o r a f c ~ l o c z l i s s u e s such a s t h e 1;,Tu. Chu Chih Fa i co insge of t h e kingdom of Shu i n t h e t h i r d century. Daring t h i s per iod Jesus Chr i s t i l l m i n a - t c c l t h c world, anc! H i s a p o s t l e s began t.0 spread C h r i s t i a n i t y i n t o a Romn worlcl dying of p o l i t i c a l , s o c i d , and economic c o n f l i c t s r e s u l t i n s f ron s e l f - i n f l i c t e d wounds.

The Chinese Dark were en<!-ed on t h e e~t?~blis lu! lent of t h e T1ang dynasty i n 617 1;. D. ILL1 of China I:.JZS qu ick ly brought under one gove rmen t aga in , ancl a new coins2e introcl-L~cccl, Forgi.i=y was so wie-espread t h a t t ! ~ e people l o s t confidence i n inoney aid 7-icre r e s o r t i n g t o b a r t c r .

??lc ncti coinage was i n s c r i b e d i n t h e nodern Chinese s c r i p t i n s t e a d of t h e nnc icn t - .. aka1 s c r i p t : w i th t h e n?me of t h z a l p c r o r f s e r a and t h e c i ~ ~ ~ r a c - t e r s Tfung h .o , o r cur ren t TYc.-?.sure. This stc..ncIa.rd form of i n s c r i p t i o n rvas used by every succeeding clynrtsty f o r thc: next l300 y e a r s . The f i r s t were known as t i le ICai Yfian Tfung Pao, o r Current Trcasure of t h e Xew Beginning. This legend w a s used bsr most of t h e T1ang emperors on t h e i r co ins perhaps o u t of r e q e c t f o r I i a ~ Tsu, t h e f irst Tfang eE1paror. The T1ang c l ~ p s t y las tac l .>!~rce hunclred yc?rs , s f t c r l;.!hich China c o l l ~ p s e c t i n t o f i f t y y e a r s o f nn l rchy from which it was rescucd by t h e house o f Sung.

T!le SlUlg drnns ty , est.aSlishec1 i n 960, speerl-ilg rss torecl o rde r , anc! t h e Chinese c o i n r ~ e en-terccl cr,e of i t s n o s t be?.i.~t,ifill per iods . The Sung cmpcroi?~ were h i g h l y 2 r t i s - t i c li?ciiviciu~--.ls, ancl o f t e ~ r wro.tt: persoi ial ly upon the moulds t h e c h a r a c t e r s t o be used f o r t,he c o i n ~ g e . The most S e n u t i f u l ex ,mples of Chincss c-, l l igrnphy a r e seen on t h c co ins of t h e eTr?,s o l Tz IZunn ?.nc! Chuiig I~Jinz of t h e r e i g 9 of t h e p-?inter enperor Hui Tsung.

During t,he sung clynasty, t h r o e types of s c r i p t weye usccl on t h e coinage, The znciei i t se3.l s c r i p t , s o caller1 bzc3.use it I : I ~ S 1 3 ~ ~ t h i s the usecl on ly on s e a l s ancl f o r ornr7fl.ental pu-rposcs, was used c h i e f l y i n t h c e leventh mcl t1:~elfth c e n t ~ ~ i e s . The p re sen t conven- ti ona l Chinese s c r i p t , f i r s - t used on co ins clurin; t h e T1.2ng dynasty, w a s usecl cont imou-S~JT, i t s b e s t c x m p l e s being on tl iz co ihs of I-Iui Tsun;?. Gyass s c r i y t , .a. d e l i e 1 . t ~ cu r s ive v z r s i o n of t h e co i~ven t iona l , rs2s used a t t h c sx:le t b - e . The nxne cones from t h e reserlb- l nncc of t h c s t r o k c s of t h e c h z r a c t e r s t o S l adcs of 2rr1.ss. During m.ny e r z s a l l thl-ee sc??ipts were usecl concurren t ly .

l'he Sung ev-perors, hovrever, Grew c f f e t e , and nzglec ted t h e f r o n t i e r s . I n t h e c l even th century t h e y l o s t cuch of t h e nor+,h of Chin? t o t h e Khiten T?-rt?,rs, who .-re kncjwn i n Chinese anna l s as t h e Liao dmsty . 12 Tzngut s t z t e i n whr?t i s know I k n Su erg?-nizcd 2 - t %hc sane tirnc es t h e ind-epcnclent p r i n c i p 2 l i t y of Hsin. Some of i t s co ins a r e i n Tangut s c r i p t . Both t h e s e realms fought t h e Sung i n t e i m i t t e n t l y u n t i l t h e y f e & l before A 7 - - bnt= !\!u Chen Tnr ta rs , o r Golden Horde. 'The Calden Horcle advsncecl i n t o China e a r l y i n tkc:

I

t i ~ ~ e l f t h cantury, ancl i n 1126 they possessed themselves of t h e whole of Chin3 north of t h e Ynngtze ICiang, c a l l i n g t h e i r government t h e Kin o r Golden dynasty. From t h i s date the Sung dynrsty, confined t o t h e south, i s known ss t h e Southern Sung.

Tle Liao, Hsia, anrl Kin clynasty coin:~ges a r e sonelwh?!.t cos r se r i n s t y l e then those of t h e Sung. The coins of t h e Kin dynssty include rmny with p i c t o r i a l reverses, such a s

. s cow ancl moon, ancl a svrord, snake, t u r t l e , and clipper clcsigii. The Southern Sung cl~masty continued t h e t r a d i t i o n s of t h e Sung, adcling a few l9"rge pieces i n t h e t h i r t e e n t h centur;~ and graclually discercling s e a l and g rass s c r i p t . The l a s t coin2.g~ of t h e Southern Sung Yiere oblong copper of 300 and 500 cnsh, c a s t a t Linnnfu i n Chekiang. These aye t h e f i r s t Chinese coins i n over twelvc hunc!recl ye?-rs th?.t were not round.

I n t h e l a s t t h i r d of t h e t h i r t e e n t h century tile f:bngols under Kublai Khan appeered upon t h e scene. They had, uncler Genghis Iihan, i n f l i c t x l a t e r r i b l e defeat upon t h e Golden !-hi-cle, but 11x1 turnecl clschwere u n t i l ICublai 1.12s given t h e Far Ea.st a s h i s share of Gcnghisls empira. The Southern Sung, i n c o n f l i c t with t h e !(in, hacl askecl t h e I1iongols f o r ?-id. Ve:li~nt , vicliunt , vicunt . Thz Pbngols overthrew t h e Iiin d]nasty, occupying ,211 tho north of China. To t h e constern?tion of t h e %uthern Sung, t h e Mongols crossec! the Y angtzc Ki2ng, resolved on t h e occupation of t h e whole country. The south of China f e l l l i k e an overripe plun i n t o t h e hands of ICublai IChan, who cstablishccl a new dynasty i n 1280.

iiuhlai Ilhan s ty led h i s rlynq,stjr the Yttan, o r Begil1ning. Hiss r e ign ws.s indeed a new beginning f o r China. Goverrment was reorg~inized, lc7..1:1 W ~ S reforned, ancl 2. network of roads and can.21~ was b u i l t t o hold t h e empire together . There w7-s l i t t l e change i n t h e coinage u n t i l z f t c r t-he cl.ez9;h of Kublai, when h i s successors began t o use 1-bngol s c r i p t instencl of Chincse. During t h i s clynasty t h e f irst pa?ar money i n t h e world was used. The notes ?:.rere seen i n c i rcu ln t ion by Ihrco Tolo rluring h i s f C o u s v i s i t t o China.

Under Icublai Khan tho Chinese were content t o accept fore ign ru le , f o r hc governed wise ly znc! benevo1entl-y . H i s successors, ho-r:rever, relapsed i n t o heavy-l~ancled cruel ty , .?.nc",n I353 the f i r s t f l=v-es of r e v o l t were kinc'3ccl. Led by a monk rimed Chu Y~an-chzr?g, t h e 1-ebels fovght f o r f i f t e e n ye3"rs before overthrov~ing t h e Ihn,zols. On achieving power Chu Wan-chang proved 3.nything but monkish. He began a vigourously rezctionaqg~ dynasty ancl ru led by n?.ked force . Tnking the n3me of Hung !~;Fu f o r himself, he f i r s t cnllccl h i s dynasty Tn Chung, o r ;hc Great l~iiclclle ICingclome, t o enphasise t h e expulsion of .the fore igner 2nd t h e re-establishment of China a s t h e cent re of t h e Far E?stcrn world. Lnter he ch.nged Vie n m e of t h e c'qnasty t o ljling, o r Sr ight . ;i coinage of t r l d i t i o n a l

- - ,-, s t y l e was cas t , with n few l a r g e coins added by Hung P.:u himsclf. lhe lakg coin2gc i s comon only i n the e ras of Hung lfu, Yung Lo, !!<Tan Li, 2nd. Chung Chen. By t h e ora of i h n L i (1573-1620)~ brnss was being usccl ins tead of coppcr.

Papt2r monuy was continuecl bj Hung ';Tun Notwitl- sta an cling i t s being a fore ign invention the emperor r ea l i zed t h e uses of p?pcr money. Ils i n t h e Nest, t h e temptr?,tion t o I1crec".teT1 noney W ~ S i r r e s i s t i b l e , and t h e empire und.ewent a ser ious i n f l a t i o n . The sac! zwakening occurred i n 1425, 2nd p p e r w2s discontinuecl. So g r e a t wzs t h e shock t h a t China d id not use paper again till 1875. Unt i l 1900 t h e notes of t h e Idiing dynasty wcre vcry re re . During t h c Boxer IZcbellion, when 2 temple i n Peiping V J ~ S being sacked, a hu,:;e urn was ovc?~-.turned during the f i g h t i n g anc!. smashed. It was discoverecl t o have been stuffecl with I4ing no t o s n e r r l y f i v e hundred y e v s before. These notes viere quickly dispersed, and r:?os-t spccinlens known today c,me from t h i s hoard.

-'is with so n.?"ny clJrnasties i n China i n t h e pas t , t h e K n g became feeble from se l f - indulgence, 2nd tol:,lnrcls t h c end of t h e s ix teen th century out ly ing d i s t r i c t s were i n re- v o l t ,;bout t h i s t i n e n i lhchu prince anti h i s son were put t o dcnth by t h e IlIing clynastp a t t h e i n s t i g a t i o n of a r i v a l prince. The grandson took up t h e leadership of t h e fzi i l i l~

2nd swore revenge. He fought ancl defeatecl. a l l r i v a l s ancl became head of a l l t h e Nc7-ncliu t r i b e s . I n 1616 hc s t a r t e d f igh t ing with t h e armies of t h e ?.'ling dynp-sty ancl proclained

himelf emperor of China. On h i s death h i s son carr ied on, and invaded China i n earnest , Crossing the Swang Ho, he encountered l i t t l e res is tance. The l a s t lJLng emperor, seeing t h a t a l l was l o s t , committed suicide i n 1644. The Manchu leacler entared Peiping i n triumph ancl s ty led himself emperor with t h e name Shun Chih. This Manchu dynzsty was c211ed Chling, and was last imperial dynasty of China. This was t h e dynasty i n power when Europeans began knocking i n earnest a t the gates of China.

'he e ra of Shun Chih was spent i n pacifying the country ancl consolidating t he Ch ling power. llany l i n g claimants and by~pa th i ze r s rebelled, ch ie f ly i n t h e south, ancl not u n t i l the era of K1ang H s i was t h e empire complete]-y pacified.

In recent years, a t long l a s t , several works have been publishecl i n English on t he coins of t he Chling dynasty. An i l lustratec! monograph on t he mint m?-rks of the e ras of K1ang Hsi, Yung Chang, ancl ChTien Lung was publislicd a few years ago by i"1lfred E. H, Pe t r i e . Rev. iL. B. Coole has gresr.tly expanclcd h i s treatment of Ch Iing dynasty mint narks i n h i s four th ed i t ion of ItCoirls i n C l -~ ina~s I l i s t o ~ . . ~ SchjBthts work on Chinese coins, o r i g ina l l y published i n Europe, hss been reprinted i n t he Unitecl Sta tes , with addit ions. h excellent t r e a t i s e on Chling d y n ~ s t y mint nnrks i s incluc!ec! i n t h e 1965 Museum Notes of tho imerican bhunismatic Society. It ha6 long been my fond hope t o engage i n research i n t h i s f i e l d , but o thers were ready long before nc. i .bet t he sudden appezrance of t h i s spate of excellent l i t e r a t u r e w i l l do t o t h e pr ice of Chling clynasty cash i s ye t t o be known.

The cash of t h e Chling clynasty f a l l i n t o four groups. Thc f i r s t group, c a s t only i n t hc e r a of Shun Chih, bears t h e mint mark i n Chinese on the reverse, i n t h e form of a s ingle character . This character appcnrs usual ly a t t he top, but i s sometimes founcl on r i g h t s ide and r a r e ly on t112 l e f t .

The seond group, ?.grin c m t only i n t h e e r a of Shun Chih and K1ang H si, but a f a : mints c s s t t h i s group u n t i l tho e ra of Hsien Feng. It has the n i n t nme i n Chinese a t t he r i gh t 2nd thc PIanchu Ba.0, o r Treasure, on the l e f t . It i s the commonest group of ChTing coins. Tllis group was cas t rluring cveqr era of t he clynast.ir, ancl i s most plcnJi.iiul a f t e r the e ra of Shun Chih.

The cash of Shun Chih (1644.-1662) a r e generally broad and t h in , and well macle. They a re i n yellow brass, .and inscriber1 i n a vigourous s t y l e b e f i t t i n g the leacler of a conquering clyn?-sty. The Cash of t he e ra of ilTnng HsF (1662-1723) a r e a t first i n the same s ty le , but becone smaller towards t he end of the era, and exhibi t a f i n e r f ab r i c towarcls t h e encl. The emperor illang Iisi ru l ing fo r s i x ty years, opportuni-Ly fo r the old Orienta l custom known a s rlsqueezeH arose. 1);bencver a s e t of n ~ u l c l s wore out, t h e new nouls were made the s i ze of t h e coins from the olcl ones. Thus t he new coins would bc evepyso s l i g h t l y smaller than the olc!. ',Then these moulc!s i.n t u rn wore out, the process was repeated and t h e coins made smaller ye t . So the subt le shrinkzge of t he coin ancl the swelling of the n i n t mzstersl s leeves went on u n t i l it became too obvious. In the case of. nn emperor whose reign was long, t h c coins cczst i n h i s o ld age were a s wizened a s the old emperor himself. Sometimes the people peti t ioned f o r reclress, and the emperor woulcl order an inquiry. The offenders would then be conpellecl t o disgorge t h e i r i l l -go t ten gains ancl relievecl of t h e i r du t i e s and sonetiri~es t h e i r l i v e s . N ~ F J o f f i c i a l s woulcl be chosen ancl cqreful ly wetched t o see t h a t t h i s form of dishonesty c!id not happen again.

The short e rz of Pung Cheng (1723-1736) saw the continuation of t he o r ig ina l vigourous s t y l e s ide by s ide with t h e newer, f i n c r style of cas t ing of t h e l a t s r gears of ICTang H s i . The cash of t h i s e r a a r e on broad, r e l a t i ve ly t h i n f l ans .

To be continued next month.