10
THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15T OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ONTARIO NUMISMATIC ASSOCIATION WATERLOO, ONTARIO 1 Vol. 5 -- No. 6 June, 1966 ~ag 2 /,,I. 0. M. 1%. OFFICERS -- Fast President -- R. X. Rekofski president -- Lloyd T. &-ith First Vice-president -- William English / / Second Vice-president -- Franlr G. Uttley Secretary -- 1.ii-s, Zuth l!Iueller, 239 kncaster St. W., ICitchener , Ont Treasurer -- Bruce H. Rasmann DIRECTORS - Howard !:.Jhitf i e l d Rudy Sauro J. Edward Stahley Ed. Schroeder Kenneth Prophet ''ilex 1-lunro Charles EEller V.\Cii'JT John 14cKay-Clements 7!slter Griggs PU3LIC ITY DIlZEC TOR I?illicm Xnglish , P. 0 . So;: 4, !';a-ierloo, Ont . 0 ~>TT~;X 10 FIUE'fIS1ii;T IST - - P C . EDITOR 44G Pineland ive. Oalmille , Ont . LIBRizIi'LN 1.b s . Hazel 1.1unro , 3703 Kingston Rd. , Scarborough, Ont . See next page for other Service Directors. ?luaust 19 t o September 5, 12% -*-. The Ontario ITumismatic -',ssociation has again been invited to bring to the attention of the general public the world's greatest hobby - ~kmismatics - at the 1966 Canadian ilJational Exhibition t o be held i n Toronto from August 19 t o September j inclusive (not including Sundays). The 0. M. A. booth will consist of over 2,000 square feet of space, consisting of 48 displays housed in specially-constructed tables plus a number of exliibits nladr, up by Banlcing Institu-Lions. In adclition, the films "Money 18ntersI' and lll!Ioney i n pour Pocket" will be sho~n to the non-collecting p~iblicin a specially-coiistructcd theatre tha,t will house approxhately 5G peojde per shc~ .. ing. Last year, over 1,000 people viewed the films dm;., judging by their comnents, many have now joined theiv local coin club and/or the 0. N. 2. Canadian IJati.oi-ni Exhibition i:hagertent estimated that appro:iinately a quarter of a million people passed through the General Exhibits Building in wl~ich the Coin Disp1e.y was houscrl. 2ii.I. it is estimated that the same number will again Dess through this building's doors. Readers are requested to volunteer displays for this event. The tl~erne of this year's exhibits is llTiorld Coiils and Currencies" and a l l displays nust f i t the 0. I?. A'L. Display Cases, which r.le will supply. You are requested to ~n~rite to either the Chairman or the .Issistant Chaiman of the 0. N. l'i.-C. N. E. Coin Ediibit to l e t them know ctji~~.t you are will to displaj~, how ma.qT d i s p l a y c a s e s a r e necessary, etc. Displays of Canadian material will be kept t o a minimum a s it is planned to make 1967 displays Itall Canadian, ver3- timely on account of the Centennial ;Teay. It should be pointed out that the type of displays required are the type th3.t would Se of the most interes.! to the non-collecting public. The infom~a.tion in the display should not be too lengthly, the display shodd bf? neat and eye-appealing. ;ill gaterial in your display ~iill be insured for its full replacement value while on dis$r:,,~ and in addition, 24-hour security guards will be on iia;1'1 .for tlie d.11.ra-l;ion of the C. N. E.

THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

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Page 1: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

T H E Olli i l~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15T OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ONTARIO NUMISMATIC ASSOCIATION

WATERLOO, ONTARIO

1 Vol. 5 -- No. 6 June, 1966 ~ a g 2 /,,I. 0 . M. 1%. OFFICERS -- Fast President --

R. X. Rekofski president --

Lloyd T. &-ith F i r s t Vice-president --

W i l l i a m English / / Second Vice-president --

Franlr G. Ut t ley

Secretary -- 1.ii-s, Zuth l!Iueller, 239 k n c a s t e r St . W., ICitchener , Ont

Treasurer -- Bruce H. Rasmann

DIRECTORS - Howard !:.Jhitf i e l d Rudy Sauro J. Edward Stahley Ed. Schroeder Kenneth Prophet ''ilex 1-lunro Charles EEller

V.\Cii'JT John 14cKay-Clements

7!slter Griggs

PU3LIC I T Y DIlZEC TOR

I?i l l icm Xnglish , P. 0. So;: 4, !';a-ierloo, Ont .

0 ~>TT~;X 10 FIUE'fIS1ii;T IST - - P C .

EDITOR

44G Pineland ive . Oalmille , Ont .

LIBRizIi'LN

1.b s . Hazel 1.1unro , 3703 Kingston Rd. , Scarborough, Ont . See next page f o r o ther

Service Directors.

?luaust 19 t o September 5 , 12% -*--.

The Ontario ITumismatic -',ssociation has again been i nv i t ed t o bring t o the a t t en t i on of t h e general public t h e wor ld ' s g r ea t e s t hobby - ~kmismat ics - a t the 1966 Canadian ilJational Exhibition t o be held i n Toronto from August 19 t o September j inclus ive (not including Sundays).

The 0 . M. A. booth will cons i s t of over 2,000 square f e e t of space, consis t ing of 48 displays housed i n specially-constructed t ab l e s p lus a number of exli ibi ts nladr, up by Banlcing Institu-Lions. In adclition, the f i lms "Money 18ntersI' and lll!Ioney i n pour Pocket" w i l l be s h o ~ n t o the non-collecting p~ ib l i c i n a specially-coiistructcd t h e a t r e tha, t w i l l house app roxha t e ly 5 G peojde per s h c ~ .. ing. Last year, over 1,000 people viewed t he f i lms dm;., judging by t h e i r comnents, many have now joined t he iv l o c a l coin club and/or t he 0 . N. 2. Canadian IJati.oi-ni Exhibit ion i:hagertent estimated t h a t appro:iinately a quar te r of a mi l l ion people passed through t he General Exhibits Building i n wl~ich the Coin Disp1e.y was houscrl. 2ii.I.

i t i s estimated t h a t t he same number w i l l again Dess through t h i s bu i ld ing ' s doors.

Readers a r e requested t o volunteer d isplays f o r t h i s event. The tl~erne of t h i s y e a r ' s exh ib i t s i s llTiorld Coiils and Currencies" and a l l d isplays nus t f i t t h e 0. I?. A'L.

Display Cases, which r.le w i l l supply. You a r e requested t o ~ n ~ r i t e t o e i t h e r the Chairman o r t he . Iss is tant Chaiman of t h e 0 . N . l'i.-C. N. E. Coin Ed i i b i t t o l e t them know c t j i ~ ~ . t

you a r e w i l l t o d i sp la j~ , how ma.qT d i sp lay cases a r e necessary, e tc . Displays of Canadian mate r ia l w i l l be kept t o a minimum as it i s planned t o make 1967 displays I ta l l Canadian, ver3- t imely on account of the Centennial ;Teay.

It should be pointed out t h a t the type of d isplays required a r e t he type th3.t would Se of t h e most interes.! t o t h e non-collecting public. The infom~a. t ion i n the d i sp lay should not be too lengthly, the d i sp lay s h o d d bf? nea t and eye-appealing. ;ill g a t e r i a l i n your d i sp lay ~ i i l l

be insured f o r i t s f u l l replacement value while on dis$r:,,~ and i n addit ion, 24-hour secur i ty guards w i l l be on iia;1'1 . fo r tlie d.11.ra-l;ion of the C . N. E.

Page 2: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

Coin Clubs and individuals a r e a l so requested t o wr i te and l e t us know when their r.,~ould be wi l l ing t o come t o t he CNE and help us man the booth. The du t ies of ONA at tendants w i l l be t o answer v i s i t o r s numismatic questions with the help of a reserence L i b r a p provided by the ONA, d i s t r i b u t e ce r t a in l i t e r a t u r e provided f o r the occasion, receive membership appl icat ions t o t he ONA and coin clubs i n Ontario, a s s i s t in maintain- ing order around t he coin displays, e tc . Attendants w i l l receive a f r e e admission t i c k e t t o the CfiE grounds f o r which they must spend a few llours helping us man the booth, .then they a r e f r e e t o roam t h e spacious grounds a s they see f i t : They w i l l a l so receive a spec ia l ONA-CI\E ribbon so as t o i den t i fy then t o the public, which they w i l l be allowed t o keep a s a souvenir. I f a group of people a re coming from out-of-town to'man t h e booth; please l e t us knov! and we w i l l supply a car-pass t ha t w i l l allow you, i n adclition t o s a v i x you $1.00 i n parking f ee s and the problem of f inding a parking s>ace, t o dr ive r i g h t i n to t he Cls'E behind t he General Building ~:.ihere our booth i s located.

Displays should be s e t up between 7:00 and 9:00 p. lil. on lA7ednesday, August 17, - if ancl w i l l be taken down a f t e r the closing of t h e C!E on ldbndag, September 5,

o r anytime on September 6. I f you a r e unable t o come t o Toronto a t these times, we w i l l nalte t he necessary arrangements t o pick up and de l iyer the c!isplay f o r you, through the co-operation of the Regional Directors of the ONA.

Exhibits should include t h e exhibi tors name and club a f f i l i a t i o n , o r if desired, jus t t he c l ~ ~ b a f f i l i a t i o n ; i. e. "Alex PIunro, Toronto Coin Club. "

I n unclerta!cing t h i s &hibit ion, t he OXA i s f u l f i l l i n g one of i t s du t ies by bringing t h e co-ordinated e f f o r t s of i t s member clubs together i n what i s probably the l a rge s t unc!e-rtalting of the OiVA i n bringing nunismatics t o t!le a t t en t i on of t h e general public. 20 y6ur share - volunteer a display o r two - help us man the booth.

.OM member coin clubs a r e asked t o supp1:y us with a publicit21 re lease t ha t can be handed out a t t h e show. This can be of any s i ze desired, and we suggest a quantit-- of appro::ha.l;ely 200 t o 250 copies, a s these w i l l not be handed out indiscriminately but only -LQ those people sl~o~!ing a genuine i n t e r e s t i n a coin club i n your area. Tliese~should be mailed t o John Regitko Jr., c/o Remington Rancl Ltd., 984 Bay Street , Toronto 5, Ontario, t o a r r i v e no l a t e r than Au~us t 15, 1966.

If desired, coin clubs should a l so make up a poster, prefe-rably of l e t t e r o r l e g a l s i z e , ~11iich we *: i l l put on our b u l l e t i n board a t the C?E. This poster should s t a t e t he time and day of meetings, locat ion, ancl what programme i s provided (guest spealcers, auction, bourse dealers , e tc . ), plus any other information of i n t e r e s t . These posters

- 0 --

OTHEF1 SERVI CE DEEC TORS

Spea t e r l s Circuit -__ Display Case Service i"I~~dio-Visual Servic es

Ke-nneth Prophet, Frank G. Uttley, David -lshe, Camp '3orden Sta t ion Hospital, 136 Joseph Street , 1069 Iakeshore Rd. E., Camp Borden, Ontario. Kitchener, Ontario. Oakville, Ontario.

'The ONl'iRIO NUMISpCITIST i s published montli'.y b.7 t he Ontario Numismztic isso so cia ti on, The publication may be obtained with memberships of one of the following ca.tegories: Lclult -- $2 yearly; Junior -- $1 year ly (up t o 16 years oj. age); Husband .and Wife (one copy) -- $3 yearly; Club -- $10 yearly.

Remittances (plus bank exchange i f paid by cheque) payable t o t he Ontario b i s - matic ;issociation, P. 0. Box 33, 14aterloo, Ontario.

L'iuthorized a s second c l a s s mail by the Post Office Department, Ottawa, and f o r p q p e n t of postage i n cash.

Page 3: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

s f~ou l& a l so be sent t o John Regitko a t -the above address.

- - :?ri . - t e t o : John Recitko Jr . , Chailman, o r - Vince Doran, Ass is tant Chairr~an,

1966 ONA-CNE Coin Exhibition, - 1966 ONA-CIE Coin E / ~ l ~ i b i t i o n ,

29 Spruce S t ree t , 606 Pape Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario. Toronto, Ontario.

June 18 VICTGGIA-SE1COE I:TIJIIIZC\'I'IC LSSOC1'-.TIOFT Annual B a n q ~ ~ e t , Legion !!.kill,

I::oodville, Ontario. Tickets : $2.50 complete with dinner. 3ouyse t a b l e s $5.50 ciinner iwludec!. Guest speaker - 1.1~. Donald Fl ick , Oakville. Turkey dinner a t 6 :00 p. rn.

OkEM SOU1.D CO Ii\: CLUB 6th Annual Coin Shol.:~ , Sau5le Beach P2villi0l-i~ - - Sauble Seach, Ontario. F i f teen bourse t a b l e s avai lable . Ylrite: 3ourse Cl~aimnan, Ken I;IacLntosl~, Box 94, &.!en Sound, a?t. General Chairman - E l l i o t t Je;?hson; Display - Jin hugheed; Auction - Harold Stobbe; Judging - Del Curt is ; Pub l ic i ty - George Grimoldl3y.

jlugust 25, 26, ancl 27 C-iNi iDIAN T~VI.I.~IS~I,.~TIC ASSOCI.iTION 13th !'ini?ual Convention, New - -

I:krlborough Hotel, S ~ l i t h St . , and E l l io t - t live. , Xixxipeg, fUn. General Chairman - Albert Stern, 457 ?&in St . , !..linnipeg, ihn .

October 1 5 ST. C:;TH'AI!'ES COIIJ CLUB I ' ~ n ~ 1 . d Ehnquet, Queensway Hotel. Co- chairmen: Pat Lambert ancl S ~ I T.iclEIullen

I'ipplicaiions published i n t h e Eia;:i i s s u e of t11.e Ontario f k i s m a t i s t have now been accepted. The following anp l i ca t ions ]lave been received. I f no w r i t t e n object ions a r e received, t h e i r acceptance w i l l he acknowledged i n t h e July i s sue of t h e Ontayio X u i i ~ i sma t i s t . 543. 1;ks. Eleanor Shantz, 1142 Victor ia S t r e e t TJorth, Ilitchener, Ont..

544. John H. Neufeld, 65 i3yng Yive., Kapuskasing, Ont.

545. Jack C. S ~ m e r l i n , Room 202 - 500 &st I:krliham, L i t t l e Rock, k k a n s a s , U . S. A.

546. Ken L. Lafrmboise, 131 Niagara S t . , S t . Catharines, 03%.

54'7. L. -1. Frank, 187 Thin S t . S.T., L i s t o ~ : e l , Gnt . C ' 54.2. Thomas F. Franke, 1860 Cragin D r . , Bloomfield H i l l s , 1:iichigan 48013, 11. 12. A.

C55 NiCmL BXLT C O I N CLUB, c/o Gerald J. Albert, P. 0. Box 593, S ~ l d b u ~ , Onto

B?,'L?.TTFO?LD C O I N CLUS had a s t h e i r gues t speaker i n April, Pk. J i n Turvey who gave a, s l i d e by s l i d e desc r ip t ion on t h e l i f e of t h e people i n s i d e t h e Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very i n t e r e s t i n g a.nd a l l enjoyed h i s t a l k . Theye wei.e severa l d i sp lays and a ta.ble auct ion was held.

CEXTRdL COI!\J CLUB oron onto) held a veyy successful coin show April 22, 23 and 24, a t the Westbury Hotel. F i f t y bourse d e a l e r s were a c t i v e i n t h e l%ple Leaf Ballroom. Forty-si-lc disl2lays i n 5 ca tegor ies were judged by _;lex ffunro ( ~ e a c l Judge), Ifr-s. \5Ji~i!mifrecl ilkther,

Page 4: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

Devicl L'~she, B i l l Engl ish and Steve Oko. Winners i n t h e va r ious c a t a g o r i e s were: Canadian Decimal: 1st - Ed Surne; 2nd. - i r n o l d L i n e t s b ; 3 rd . - I'Lrnold Linetsky; 7 !?oileign: 1st. - Steve Oko; 2nd. Reanus Holtman; 3 rd . Vince Foran. paper ioney: 1 s t . - . - ! !a l te r ;;llan; 2nd. - Bob Reidelmeier. Iliedals and Tokens : 1 s t . - Ber t 1;~Jooning; 2nd.. - . - A l a n i le ighe l l ; 3 rd . - Jack Brown ancl "!alter Brink. !-Tiscellaneous: 1st. - Fyed 3ub;y; 2nd. - John Cur t i s ; 3 r d . - I r e n e V!ooning. Educat ional programmes inc luded Xr. 3 i l l English, Katerlo'o, on lt1Ent Errors11 and a l s o a s h o r t sunmary on t h e Canadian !.iumisrlatic Var ie ty Collect.ors A '~s soc ia t ion ; i.1alter D. :;llan, Oabvil le , on I1Caiiadian Paper i'ioney" ~ i h o R ~ S G spoke b r i e f l y on t h e m e r i t s of' jo in ing t h e Canadian Paper b n e y Society.; D r . 1-krvin Kay, Scarborough, spoke on "I'iedicsl Piedals and Tokens"; and- John Regitko, Jr., con~:l~~ct,ec! a quiz on Canaclian co ins .

CF.'2GI,ATN C O I N CLUB, , ' ~ p r i l meeting, x a s chsirecl -D;T Presiclent, Fred Car te r , and time I-!as cievoted -to d i scuss ion of s c v e r a l t q p o r t a n t t o p i c s . iL s p e c i a l donat ion ( 1 s t and 2nd Vorld - - i'!ar medals) t o -the c l ~ z b was so ld t o Nrs. S. Tregenza, w i th t h e approvzl of t h e club.

- - lGGELFH C O I N CLUB i s planning a c o i n qu iz f o Y t h e i y 1.a~~ meeting.

HA'-i.iILTON C O I N CLUE plans t o hea r a b r i e f t n l k on t h c o r i g i n of coinage i n the w s t e ~ n r;iorld, a t t h e i'%y nee t ing , by T;k. 3ruce Brace.

P7jROFlL; ~\K~~~IS~-L'L?'IC .;ESGCL;TiON had 40 menher s ancl g u e s t s ou t t o t h e i r i p r i l neet i i lg t o view t h e 0 . N. ;,udio-visual by .',Jex I.lunro, Itseafaring. l1 L'L very i n t e r e s t i n g i tem shr~wn by Howrd J ~ h n s t o n was a n 1854 French Centjme t h a t opened i n t h e c e n t r e i n ~;!liic!l secre-L messages %]ere passed i n t h e 1800 ' s .

IYG.ERSC'LL COIT! CLUB vlas att.enciec1 by 27 members ancl gues t s , who enjoyed a t a l k on "Canadien - kaper Zbncy" given by . 'Jan !kcnab and researchnd and prepared by The Canadian h p e r i;ioney Socie ty . 'The 73 s l i d e s shown served a s an i n t r o d u c t i o n t o Canadian paper money and co-vereil i s s u e s by both Federa l and P rov inc i a l Gover~iments, Chartered banks, e-tc. S i x c,zse-s of Canadian no te s were on d i s p l a y . ?IT. Jack Herbert , chairman of t h e Eas t e r Sez l C?i-?paign t o l d c f t h e need an? t h e work being done by t h e Iii?.-ianis f o r t h e c r ipp led cl~. i ldren. 1'~en-Ly-one clolla.rs, r e a l i z s d from t h e Dutch .'Luctioli 1:.las presented t o M r . Herbert by l\Torfi~. 3urnes, t h e I .C . C . t r e a s u r e r .

LO!TlOI\? I-VI..IiS?.i',TIC SQCIETI, cha i r ed by Fresiclent, Thomas !:hsters, !firelcorned 72 members and g u e s t s i n ky. Fec..tu.re of t h e evening was a four-part t a l k on I1fiJunismatic Books and F e r i o d i c a l s f l by i.iessrs. d'ilex Sli~eeton, !~Tillicm Clarlce, B L I ~ blasters and Lloycl T. 15mit.h. Displays were s:;hibitec! by 1!h. Clarke, L. T. Smith and Crl-rzhax Es l c r .

O:'Z<7iLLLE C O I N CLUS had t h e l a r g e s t t u rnou t of t.he :rear a.t -the fk~y rnceting t o hcar ?es. E t h e l Sentcs , i.l.r?-LTilton, who gave a very i n t e r e s t i n g t a l k on Chinese money. She descr ibed the cowrie s h e l l s s-nd nose money which d a t e iron1 1766 t o 255 R. C. The f i r s t co ins were p.1 and syades. The most i n t e r e s t i n s v ~ r i e t i e s of t h e s e were kn i f e - s l z~ .~ed co ins rvllich were used up u n t i l t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h e 1 9 t h century. i k s . Seqtes accented h e r tali ; if i~ith a d i s p l a y of Chinese co ins .

0':..Zj\I SGUl\iD C O I N CLUB i s going a l l o u t i n prcpcl..rations f o r t h n i r forthcoming 6tlz Annual She+?, J u l y 24th, Sauble Beach, Ontar io. ... . :J.LRIilil; ?iil.iISi.I..%IC SOCIET'i. d'Lt t h e i ' ipril o e e t ing , Fres ident J5n kioore presented P a ~ t - p re s iden t Dave F r i ce , wi th a plaquc a s 2 token of a .ppreciat ion f o r h i s s e r v i c e s as p r e s i d e n t of t h e club f o Y t h e y e a r s 1964-1965. h i - i n s h i s two y e a r s i n o f f i c e , save i n i t i a t e d s e v e r a l new ide2.s i n t h e c lub and spent many hours arranging progran?cS, pre- ;xiring l c ~ t u ~ e s and o t h c r m a t t e r s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o a s ~ ~ o o t h rurming c lub .

.5T. C-'LTX'EIIE:' C O I N CLUE i s s u e d r ibbons f o r d i s p l e p s a t t h c i r ~ L p r i l meeting as fol loTls: i s t . .'.~,fa.~d - G. O b l i n s b ; 2nd. - Xf. Roebuck; 3rd . - John SawatzQ. ?.hny long t ime absentees were present and welcomed by t h e club. !,irs. SernaTd Cook donated l a p e l l a b e l s f o r menbers and gues t s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

Page 5: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

f o r nembcrs and gues t s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

ST. THOPL,S ?~NIIISI.i',TIC rlSSOC1.-TZOM i s adding t h e f i n a l touches f o r t h e i r Annual Coin Shol:~. Tile 1.h~ meeting i s t o f e a t u r e "Foreign Coin Night. l r

ThUhQER B A ' 3 C O I N CLUB (por t .;rthur and For t i ~ i l l i a n ) i s a l s o i n t h e midst of Coin Shold a c t i v i t i e s (Apri l 30) and an . 'mua l dinner of t h e Thunder Bay Coin Club i s planned f o r 1 . h ~ 25. Lots of f e s t i v i t . i e s . . . l e t u s hear t h e r e s u l t s .

:. :,.LTZTZLOO C O I N SOCIETY 6ispla:i winners f o r . 'Lpril inrere L'ignes i'.hethm- an6 - ' Jber t Fu l l e r . I n t h e junior group, it was Sherry English and John Znzlish.

IDENTIFICLTICN OF COINS -'LF,D TOIEI<S

iL new Service suggested and activatzcl by Howmd Thitf ielcl f o r t h e Ontario Mumisnatic ;Lssocia.-l;ion . . . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of Coins and Tokens.

14embers may send a d e s c r i p t i o n of i tems t o be i d e n t i f i e d t o t h e e d i t o r t o be pub- l i s h e d i n THE O N T . 3 I O i\JUIIISZL .TIST. .',nyone recognizing t h e p ieces , w r i t e t o t h e e d i t o r , g iv ing t h e no. and inforr-lation.

1 1. Token. J m ~ i n u m . 2 1 1 -- 1 . Obverse - C. 0 . Gardiner General iJe+c!lant .The People ' s Store. Reverse - Good f o r 5c on t r ade . n 2 , lo]cen, Brass, 21$ r:z1, -- 16 m. Obverse - P. T..'. f~Ic!7',ueen Tobc..cconist. Reverse - Caod f o r 5$ i n Trade.

3 . Token. Brass. 2 -- 1 I - . Obverse - J. T. S. Reverse - Caod f o r 25 {: i n Trade.

FOURTH -.,NbKJl,L 0. IJ. .; . COiflE:!TIOl?i 23DZZSS

It i s a very g r m t honour t o be asked t o address t h e . 'mua l Convention of t h e Ontario i'b.~ismatic . ' .ssociztion a second time, 2nd a g r e a t pleasure iiideecl t o do so i n I~~Jindsor, whoso Coin Club i s co lcb ra t ing i t s fif-tccn.th ann ive r sa r?~ year . I't may be a l o t of o l d r spe t o the members of t h e 1;incLsnr Coin Club, but I th ink t h a t a l i t t l e b i t of h is tomj c;f Oi?ta.rio's thircl o1des.t co in c lub m e y be i n order a t t h i s poin t .

The f i r s t meettng of thc T'lindsor Coin Club was held i n Oc~tobcr, 1951, i n t h c G i r l Giiiide Off iccs a.bove t h e olcl ilojial Banlc brc?nch a t Oue l l e t t c :;venue and P i t t S t r e e t , throu:;h t 1 1 ~ kindness of XI-s. stin. in. A t t h i s nce t ing I was c l e c t z d in t e r im president, ?sitil l!kS. Lus t in a s Vice-president, and Frank Hic!cs as Secretar3r-Trcasurcr. I n J a n ~ 1 ~ i - j ~ ~ 1952, this teluporary execu-Live i:.las e l e c t e d t o c a r r y on f o r t h e year. 2y t h i s t ime t h e Club had outgrown t h e G i r l Guide Off ice an3 had novecl t o t h e olcl. Iiercer S t r e e t school. 'I'he Club mei; i n t h e potter^; room, through t h e good o f f i c e s of t h e 12tc il:iiss I;kbbel 1-10ncy.

During t h e I.iercer S t . e r a t h e Club i.ias a s s i s t e d f i n a n c i a l l y by t h e De t ro i t Coin Club, I n t11c svr,lr;lcr of 1952 seve ra l D e t r o i t neri:bers cane over anr! r a n a donc..t,ion aucti0;l f o r t h e b c n e f i t of t h e 7!inclsor Club. This was t h e beginy!ing of a long and p leasant a s s o c i a t i o n wi th our ncighbours over t h e r i v e r . ?&en t h e p o t t c r y room i n i t s t u r n proved t o o sr:lall, t h e Club I:!ZLS a b l c t o securc q u a r t e r s i n t h e i~!ill isteacl Library. The Club i;,JaS s t i l l !i~eet.ing a t t h e Library when, on grailuation froin t h e Univers i ty of l;iindsor, 3: departecl t h z s e scenes i n scarch n f a cooler sumer climxte.

The e a r l y members of t h e club were very c o s m o p ~ l i t a n i n t h e i r i n t e r e s t s . 1nd.ec.d t h e r e ?.!as c7. ggreater va.rie-ty of nu!lislnatic interests i n 1:Tinclsor Is Club than i n many izcJi r l u h s organized today. h few examples .r~ill i l l u s t r a t e t h i s very wel l . I'.ks. A'~.ustii?

Page 6: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

c o l l e c t s co lns of India and of t h e B r i t i s h Comonwe=?lth. The l a t e i i i s s i b n e y c o l l e c t e d Chincse coins and could sl~ol~l b e a u t i f u l specimens of t h c 3epublican coinage of Szechuan, iaiiich she hacl gathered during h e r y e a r s o f teaching .it a n i s s i o n a r y school i n China. The l z t e i i r . .',. H. Browning owned some of t h e f i n e s t e ighteenth-century J n g l i s h s i l v e r I 17c7.v.j ever scen. The l a t e Iir. G. F. Biggs llacl a n exce l le l i t gene ra l fo re ign c o l l e c t i o n . Everybody i n the Club c o l l e c t e d t h e co ins of a t l e a s t one country o t h e r t h a n Canada.

Since those e a r l y days t h e V!indsor Coin Club has grown i n s i z e and influence, experiencing t h e i lsual ups and dowl~s of c o i n c lubs everjwhcre. It has tivo outs tanding honours t o i t s c r e d i t . The f i r s t i s i t s sponsoring of the! 1 z ~ k i . Z ~ ~ E l i zabe th T.'$n lJoodls e x h i b i t o f p l a s t e r c a s t s by &lnun-?nuel Eahn ancl. h e r s e l f du r inz t h e j o i n t I.L. N. l'i.-C. N. A.

8 . Conventioil i n 1962. The secoi~cl i s i t s a c t l n g a s g rac ious h o s t t o t h e p re sen t Conve11-Lion o f t h e 0 . 13. A.

Now it i s t ime t o i n t roduce t h e main sub jec t of xlclrcss. I'JIlerever I have spoken i n publ ic , r.rith t h e e:rception of i n Hamilton i n 1963, I havc d e a l t wi.th t l ~ c C o i n ~ g c s of Canada i n Colonia l t i m e s . Tonight, hor.vcver, I p lan t o be d i f f e r e n t , and speak on anothcr specialty o f mine, t h c o l d coinagcs of China.

- Centur ies before Chr is t , t h e Chincse ba r t e r ed knives, weeding t o o l s , an3 r ings .

Thc va lues ~f a l l goods were expressed i n t e r ~ s of t h e s e 8 r t i c l c s , and so i t i s no t sur- p r i s i n g t h n t t h e f i r s t co ins were made i n t h e shape of a k n i f e , weeding t o o l , o r ring. Ti? corxton 1t1it.h t h e h i s t o y ? of sll z n c i e n t c i v i l i z a t i o n s , China's !?istory i s a fen b i t s of f s c t buriecl i n an enormous rhleltcr of myths and legends, It i s n o t 1cnob:n w i t h c e r t a i n t y r:,:llcn Chincse co ins were f i r s t usecl. Some w r i t e r s !lave placed them a s e r z r ly ~s tho Hsia d.ynasty (2122-1766 B. C. ) o r t h e Shang dynasty (1766-1122. B. C. ) . Recent s cho la r s b c l i c v c thn'i co ins r:.lcre no t usccl i n Chills e a r l i e r t han t h e n i n t h century 3. C., whcn .the Chou dyriasty 1:is.s r u l i n g . Spadcs havc been found d z t i n g f r o n t h e e i g h t h centxry B. C., l.:.hich i s long bcfore t h e Lydiens introcluced co ins i n t h e West.

Sp.?.cle, o r Fu monq, evolved f r o n co_r?per weeding< t o o l s . The f i r s t spncle co ins were about s i x inches long end holloi~~-hc?ndlacl, t h e h o l l o + ~ extendill2 i n t o t h e bi-..de. Thus t h c g coljlcl be used a s t o o l s o r co ins , ~~s c i r c w ~ s t a n c e s requi red . l i t t l e 1at.m t h e l?oll?ow handle t e n l i n a t e d a t t h e shoulder of t h e spscle. As t i n e wont on, t h e 11ollov~ hnndlc Tias elirniiintccl, ancl t h e slxclss l o s t t h e i r o r i g i n a l func t ion . Fla.-t-hc?.ncllod spades were i n u s e tz:lroughout China between t h e Yanctze Kiang ancl FI~~iang 1-10 dur ing t h e seventh t o t h i r d c c n t u r i e s 3. C . , spreading in-to T~hnchuria and no r th KO!- ea . Tlle s e f k t - h a n d l e d spades d i n i n i s h c d i n s i z e u n t i l , about 300 13. C. , t hey iqcre O~L-y two inches long . These l a t e spades of ~ 7 - 2 1 1 s i z e z r c scnetjmc ri?fcrred t o t h a t abysmally stupicl t e r x "Pants lqollcy". P I lncy Zro in sc r ibed -i.:!ith t h c nxiles of t h e i s s u i n g c i t i c s , such as .'in Yang and F l ing Yang. I n t h i s f o r 2 thoy continued t o t h e e ~ t ? ~ b l i s h m e n t of t h c Ch l in dynas ty i n 256 B. C.

ICnif c , o r Tao, noney i s known d a t i n g f ron t h e e a r l y n i n t h century R. B . , during which t ime t.hc prophet E l i j a h was clefying t h c porhrer of .',hab ancl Jczcbol i n I s r a e l . Or ig ina t ing i n Shantung Peniilsula., t h e h l i v e s spreacl i n t o t h e e n s t c r n aiicl nor-th- @ a s t e r n s t a t e s of China , ~ n d i n t o ~.i~nchurria and no r th Iiorea i n t h e course ~f t r a d e . Thesc c:arly Icnives, some e i g h t i nches long ancl shaped l i k e a s t m l g l i t r ezo r , rvcre c a s t by -the s t a t e s of Ch l i , Chi-mo, ,*a Y ?*ng, and T'an. Thc enrl j - knives havc a r i n g on t!lc end, prcsuxably t o make it e z s i c r t o c a r r y t h e n about . Like t h e spades, t h e lcnivcs decreased i n s i z e , neve r the l e s s preserv ing t h c i r o r i g i n a l shnpe, u n t i l t h e y were aholisl?crl by t l lc Ch i n d p a s t y .

.;5out 600 B. C. , ~111en ; l s sy r i a ' s b l o o d t h i r s t y a m i e s rdzx-e no n o r e 2nd Piinevch a hear, of rubble, t h e k n i f e co ins were about six inches lo11g ancl sharp-pointed. Thi?:. were i n s c r i b e d wi th s i n g l e ch? . rac te rs , mos t ly from t h e Chinose c l a s s i c s . Very fcw werc i m - c r ibcd wi th t h e llano of t h e i s s u i n g c i t y o r stg.te. The Chinese were us ing t h e s c and f l a - t - handlccl spades fou r inches long dur ing t h e days of Nehuchadnezzar ancl .the Bab;.rlonian

Page 7: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

c e p t i v i t y of t h e Jews, Belsh2zzar1s 5npious f e a s t , and t h e conquests of t h e Pers ians under Cyrus and Cmbyses.

Sorner.ihere i n t h e f i f t h century B. C . t h e l tnife co ins a.sswj-cd t h e i r f i n a l f o r x ~ ~ t h a t of t h e I ~ ~ i g k n i f e . The bEng k n i f e i s t h e cornonest of k n i f e co ins , and i s fou r inches l o n ; ~ , i n sc r ibed t,he cha rac t e r i.iing. Other sma.11 ltnivcs arc? known, but t hey a r c r a r e .

Ferhaps t h e o l d e s t f o m of Chinese noney i s r i n g ;-.loneyo According -to Coole, a d e c ~ e e of 1091 F3. C . l i n i t e d t h e forr!ls of money t o golcl cubes weighing one ounce, copper r i n g s , ancl s i l k . The copper r i n g s were o r i g i n a l l y used i.11 payr~cnts made t o co~?~?iu?;e t h e punishments prescr ibed f o r c r i r x s . Even t h c dea th pena l ty could be avoided if m e had ellough copper. Eventual ly -the r i n g s were allor*~ecl t o be used f o r orclinary coll?erce.

Two o'ther anc i en t forr!ls o f coinage were used i n t h e s t a k e of Chru i n t h e south. 111

t ? ~ e seventh century B. C. t h e r l I u ~ t noscn co ins were c a s t t o rep lace cowrie s h e l l s , which had been i n u se f o r c e n t u r i e s . m e s e co ins were c a l l e d "ant nose" co ins by IIW-lisrxatists i n China because of t h e famci fu l resenbl.3nce of sorle s p e c h e n s t o t h e liead of a n a n t . I?; was a t one t k ~ l e bel.ieved t h a t t h e co ins were placecl i n graves t o ward o f f a n t s . They ?Jcre a l s o c a l l e d lfGhost-liea.clll coin,s, s i n c e t h e i n s c r i p t i o n on one vqrie-by !:lade t h e co in aj?pear t o po r t r ay 2 f a c e cugges.tive of a ghos t . Tliese coyns were used clown -to t h e -ti-~ircl cen-turg B. C. They a r e t h e only a n c i c n t Chinese co ins r e lno te l j~ reser inl inz Vestern co ins .

The sane s t a t e !?lade use of f l a t , i r regular ly-shape?L p i eces of gold w i t h c h ~ ~ ~ a c t e r s starnpec! i n s q u ~ r e s a l l over ther?,. iiccorcling t o Yti-chruan Vlang, -they were used from t h e eizl?-th century B. C. t o t h e C1ilin conquest. S ecause t ,he monetary des igna t ion rlPC1.anl' i s on 311 spacinens, t hey a r e known a s yd.an Itin. Specinens i n s i l ~ r c r , copper, l e a d , :?.nil c1a.y have been founcl, b u t t hey a r e 1:211ch r a r e r thp-n ?;he zolcl. The leacl and c l a y p i eces were probably buried i n graves.

i 'bout -the t ime of Confucius (552-479 S.C.), t h e f irst rouncl co ins were cs.sto They a r e r a t h e r l e r g e , w i th rouncl c e n t r a l ho les . These round co ins were founcl t o bc ~ ~ u c h !?-ore convenient thn-t t h e knives ancl spzdes. Many inore could 'oe s t rung up ancl carriecl i n s i d e o n e r s s l eeve . I n 221 B. C . t h e emperor Shih Ei~lan~ T i of t h e Ch ' i n dynas ty abclisliecl the knives and sp3des and in t roduced throughout t h e ernpire t h e round co ins of t h e s t a t e of C!I ! i n , h i s anc;est.ral home. These co ins al-e l a r g e , l,\rith a square l ~ o l e , ancl i n s c r i b e d wi th thc2 r.reight - Pzn Liang, o r h a l f an ounce. These became Cliiiiars f i r s t v-niforx coinage, and %!ere i n use - t i l l t h e r e i g n of t h e emperor !&!u T i of t h e Han cl~rnasty. During t h i s per iod of ty ranny ?nd innovat ion i n China, t h e Romans were locked i n t h e i r s t r u g g l e s wi th Cartli;7,ge f o r ~ n a s t e r y of t h e I:Ied.iterranean and rvcre beginning t o look e a s t . BJ t h e r e i p of 1;u T i , t h e s e earljr Ronan 2 h s were r e a l i z e d . Carthage had been clestroyed, Greece conquered, and t h e Eas t l a y r.!i.thiri Rorners grasp .

Fie Pnn Liang coinage had clwinclled i n s i z e and q u a l i t y t o a po in t where a vc ry s l ~ a l l , t h i n coinage i n t h i s design, known as Ifelm l e a v e s r r , f looded t h e enp i r e . Peoplc were 7-- Li;sor-Ling - t o b a r t e r . The emperor ldu T i , i n l l 8 E.C. introducecl a. n e ~ i coinage, bu t tias

f i r s t ob l iged t o d e a l ~ r i - t h widesprec?.ri f o r ~ c r y . This r:<Jas d c a l t 1.iit.h i n a n i n t e r c s t i n ~ way. n .l'~lI. c o u n t e r f e i t e r s ljdere rn~:nrl.ecl up, t o g e t h e r r:lith samples of t h e i r work. Ihosi! [ . J ~ o ~ c

~~~~~k 1qa.s goocl. r.iere 1-iirc.d i n t h e ncw 1 y i l i t ~ s e t up b l ~ t h e e:nperor. Those ~ ~ l l o s e W G ~ C was poor were how s t rung , crushed, sawn, beheacled, o r o-'l?clwise removed from t h e ca r t l i l y scene. The new coin2ge was i n s c r i b e d on ly wi th i t s weight - f i v e chu o r g r a i n s - and 11'3s .uszcl f o ~ t h e next seven liundrerl. y e a r s w i th only one j .ntcrruption. It i s known a s -the ~ J L I Chu coinage, and shows very f e t ~ va . r i a t i ons rlu?-ing i t s lifetime. Only t h e most experiencecl s cho la r s crln c l i s t inguish wi th c e r t a i n t y 211 t h e c a s t i n g s of every i s s u i n g d yiia s t y .

.. - The Vu Chu co ins were interrupted bjr t h e usurpc.,tion of i,;ang Thng, who poisonsd t h e

chilcl emperor P 1 i n g Ti i n A. D, 9 ancl s e i z e d t h e throne . I-Ie c a l l e d h i s r e i g n t h e f i rs t of t h e Sin, o r new, Dynasty. The people indeed c a l l e d it Sin, bu t -they clicl no't lleen ?Jel):.

Page 8: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

;'373cg o t h e r th ings , ?ang 3hng began t o tai;lper wi th t h e coinage, a n a c t f ~ r worse tl lan any of t h e tm-perings of ou r own l e g i s l a t o r s w i t h t h e trine. The s tom-s aroused by changing t h e t ime i n a province o r c f t y a r e innocuous compared t o t h e Chinese r e a c t i o n t o i.;ang ancl his nonetary jiggerg-pokery. F i r s t he in t roduced a s e r i e s of high dr~xo;:iinations i n a k n i f e coinage o f smc?.11 ~ o c l u l e . These p i eces were ~ t b o u t t h r e e inches long , wi th s r i n s t h e s i z e o f 2 $!u Chu cash on t h e ends, and resembled keys. They sppe~~,recl soon a f t e r t h e usurper c m e t o power. Then he in t roduced a s e t of smal l spade c s i n s i n 11 iL. D. These p i eces were clenonlinated dec i iml ly . Then came a clecimel round c c i n a - ~ e , and f i n a l l y a s i n g l e round c o i n cc7.lled t h e Fuo Chuen o r Source of Value.

1.~11 t h i s nonet;?ry confusion added t o t h e pocp lc l s resantment of h i s r u l e , by 23 ii.D. t h e people had h x l enough of !Jan6 IILqng. RebeUions broke ou t a l l ovey t h e empire, P-nd a p r i c e of H2n organizecl 2. clrive on t h e c q p i t a l . ?!an6 Ibng, v~ho livcc! by treachery, c!ic-.cl by it, f o r h i s orrm so lc l ie rs t,uyned on hi? and slew him. The r e s t o r e d Han d p a s t y i-ulcd till 206 A. D. , and r e s t o r e d t h e !'!u Chu coi.ii?.ge. The end of t h e Han cl-pasty in t~od-uced t h e Chinese Da.rk iiges, when t h e cmpirc was broken up i n t o a number of c o n t i n u a l l y f i g h t i n g st.?-tcs and ( lynast ies . Thc !ju C ~ L I coinage was continuecl, b u t i n ever poorer itlorlilnnship. No n a j o r c!langes i n t h e coinage took p lace , except f o r a f c ~ l o c z l i s s u e s such a s t h e 1;,Tu. Chu Chih Fa i co insge of t h e kingdom of Shu i n t h e t h i r d century. Daring t h i s per iod Jesus Chr i s t i l l m i n a - t c c l t h c world, anc! H i s a p o s t l e s began t.0 spread C h r i s t i a n i t y i n t o a Romn worlcl dying of p o l i t i c a l , s o c i d , and economic c o n f l i c t s r e s u l t i n s f ron s e l f - i n f l i c t e d wounds.

The Chinese Dark were en<!-ed on t h e e~t?~blis lu! lent of t h e T1ang dynasty i n 617 1;. D. ILL1 of China I:.JZS qu ick ly brought under one gove rmen t aga in , ancl a new coins2e introcl-L~cccl, Forgi.i=y was so wie-espread t h a t t ! ~ e people l o s t confidence i n inoney aid 7-icre r e s o r t i n g t o b a r t c r .

??lc ncti coinage was i n s c r i b e d i n t h e nodern Chinese s c r i p t i n s t e a d of t h e nnc icn t - .. aka1 s c r i p t : w i th t h e n?me of t h z a l p c r o r f s e r a and t h e c i ~ ~ ~ r a c - t e r s Tfung h .o , o r cur ren t TYc.-?.sure. This stc..ncIa.rd form of i n s c r i p t i o n rvas used by every succeeding clynrtsty f o r thc: next l300 y e a r s . The f i r s t were known as t i le ICai Yfian Tfung Pao, o r Current Trcasure of t h e Xew Beginning. This legend w a s used bsr most of t h e T1ang emperors on t h e i r co ins perhaps o u t of r e q e c t f o r I i a ~ Tsu, t h e f irst Tfang eE1paror. The T1ang c l ~ p s t y las tac l .>!~rce hunclred yc?rs , s f t c r l;.!hich China c o l l ~ p s e c t i n t o f i f t y y e a r s o f nn l rchy from which it was rescucd by t h e house o f Sung.

T!le SlUlg drnns ty , est.aSlishec1 i n 960, speerl-ilg rss torecl o rde r , anc! t h e Chinese c o i n r ~ e en-terccl cr,e of i t s n o s t be?.i.~t,ifill per iods . The Sung cmpcroi?~ were h i g h l y 2 r t i s - t i c li?ciiviciu~--.ls, ancl o f t e ~ r wro.tt: persoi ial ly upon the moulds t h e c h a r a c t e r s t o be used f o r t,he c o i n ~ g e . The most S e n u t i f u l ex ,mples of Chincss c-, l l igrnphy a r e seen on t h c co ins of t h e eTr?,s o l Tz IZunn ?.nc! Chuiig I~Jinz of t h e r e i g 9 of t h e p-?inter enperor Hui Tsung.

During t,he sung clynasty, t h r o e types of s c r i p t weye usccl on t h e coinage, The znciei i t se3.l s c r i p t , s o caller1 bzc3.use it I : I ~ S 1 3 ~ ~ t h i s the usecl on ly on s e a l s ancl f o r ornr7fl.ental pu-rposcs, was used c h i e f l y i n t h c e leventh mcl t1:~elfth c e n t ~ ~ i e s . The p re sen t conven- ti ona l Chinese s c r i p t , f i r s - t used on co ins clurin; t h e T1.2ng dynasty, w a s usecl cont imou-S~JT, i t s b e s t c x m p l e s being on tl iz co ihs of I-Iui Tsun;?. Gyass s c r i y t , .a. d e l i e 1 . t ~ cu r s ive v z r s i o n of t h e co i~ven t iona l , rs2s used a t t h c sx:le t b - e . The nxne cones from t h e reserlb- l nncc of t h c s t r o k c s of t h e c h z r a c t e r s t o S l adcs of 2rr1.ss. During m.ny e r z s a l l thl-ee sc??ipts were usecl concurren t ly .

l'he Sung ev-perors, hovrever, Grew c f f e t e , and nzglec ted t h e f r o n t i e r s . I n t h e c l even th century t h e y l o s t cuch of t h e nor+,h of Chin? t o t h e Khiten T?-rt?,rs, who .-re kncjwn i n Chinese anna l s as t h e Liao dmsty . 12 Tzngut s t z t e i n whr?t i s know I k n Su erg?-nizcd 2 - t %hc sane tirnc es t h e ind-epcnclent p r i n c i p 2 l i t y of Hsin. Some of i t s co ins a r e i n Tangut s c r i p t . Both t h e s e realms fought t h e Sung i n t e i m i t t e n t l y u n t i l t h e y f e & l before A 7 - - bnt= !\!u Chen Tnr ta rs , o r Golden Horde. 'The Calden Horcle advsncecl i n t o China e a r l y i n tkc:

I

Page 9: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

t i ~ ~ e l f t h cantury, ancl i n 1126 they possessed themselves of t h e whole of Chin3 north of t h e Ynngtze ICiang, c a l l i n g t h e i r government t h e Kin o r Golden dynasty. From t h i s date the Sung dynrsty, confined t o t h e south, i s known ss t h e Southern Sung.

Tle Liao, Hsia, anrl Kin clynasty coin:~ges a r e sonelwh?!.t cos r se r i n s t y l e then those of t h e Sung. The coins of t h e Kin dynssty include rmny with p i c t o r i a l reverses, such a s

. s cow ancl moon, ancl a svrord, snake, t u r t l e , and clipper clcsigii. The Southern Sung cl~masty continued t h e t r a d i t i o n s of t h e Sung, adcling a few l9"rge pieces i n t h e t h i r t e e n t h centur;~ and graclually discercling s e a l and g rass s c r i p t . The l a s t coin2.g~ of t h e Southern Sung Yiere oblong copper of 300 and 500 cnsh, c a s t a t Linnnfu i n Chekiang. These aye t h e f i r s t Chinese coins i n over twelvc hunc!recl ye?-rs th?.t were not round.

I n t h e l a s t t h i r d of t h e t h i r t e e n t h century tile f:bngols under Kublai Khan appeered upon t h e scene. They had, uncler Genghis Iihan, i n f l i c t x l a t e r r i b l e defeat upon t h e Golden !-hi-cle, but 11x1 turnecl clschwere u n t i l ICublai 1.12s given t h e Far Ea.st a s h i s share of Gcnghisls empira. The Southern Sung, i n c o n f l i c t with t h e !(in, hacl askecl t h e I1iongols f o r ?-id. Ve:li~nt , vicliunt , vicunt . Thz Pbngols overthrew t h e Iiin d]nasty, occupying ,211 tho north of China. To t h e constern?tion of t h e %uthern Sung, t h e Mongols crossec! the Y angtzc Ki2ng, resolved on t h e occupation of t h e whole country. The south of China f e l l l i k e an overripe plun i n t o t h e hands of ICublai IChan, who cstablishccl a new dynasty i n 1280.

iiuhlai Ilhan s ty led h i s rlynq,stjr the Yttan, o r Begil1ning. Hiss r e ign ws.s indeed a new beginning f o r China. Goverrment was reorg~inized, lc7..1:1 W ~ S reforned, ancl 2. network of roads and can.21~ was b u i l t t o hold t h e empire together . There w7-s l i t t l e change i n t h e coinage u n t i l z f t c r t-he cl.ez9;h of Kublai, when h i s successors began t o use 1-bngol s c r i p t instencl of Chincse. During t h i s clynasty t h e f irst pa?ar money i n t h e world was used. The notes ?:.rere seen i n c i rcu ln t ion by Ihrco Tolo rluring h i s f C o u s v i s i t t o China.

Under Icublai Khan tho Chinese were content t o accept fore ign ru le , f o r hc governed wise ly znc! benevo1entl-y . H i s successors, ho-r:rever, relapsed i n t o heavy-l~ancled cruel ty , .?.nc",n I353 the f i r s t f l=v-es of r e v o l t were kinc'3ccl. Led by a monk rimed Chu Y~an-chzr?g, t h e 1-ebels fovght f o r f i f t e e n ye3"rs before overthrov~ing t h e Ihn,zols. On achieving power Chu Wan-chang proved 3.nything but monkish. He began a vigourously rezctionaqg~ dynasty ancl ru led by n?.ked force . Tnking the n3me of Hung !~;Fu f o r himself, he f i r s t cnllccl h i s dynasty Tn Chung, o r ;hc Great l~iiclclle ICingclome, t o enphasise t h e expulsion of .the fore igner 2nd t h e re-establishment of China a s t h e cent re of t h e Far E?stcrn world. Lnter he ch.nged Vie n m e of t h e c'qnasty t o ljling, o r Sr ight . ;i coinage of t r l d i t i o n a l

- - ,-, s t y l e was cas t , with n few l a r g e coins added by Hung P.:u himsclf. lhe lakg coin2gc i s comon only i n the e ras of Hung lfu, Yung Lo, !!<Tan Li, 2nd. Chung Chen. By t h e ora of i h n L i (1573-1620)~ brnss was being usccl ins tead of coppcr.

Papt2r monuy was continuecl bj Hung ';Tun Notwitl- sta an cling i t s being a fore ign invention the emperor r ea l i zed t h e uses of p?pcr money. Ils i n t h e Nest, t h e temptr?,tion t o I1crec".teT1 noney W ~ S i r r e s i s t i b l e , and t h e empire und.ewent a ser ious i n f l a t i o n . The sac! zwakening occurred i n 1425, 2nd p p e r w2s discontinuecl. So g r e a t wzs t h e shock t h a t China d id not use paper again till 1875. Unt i l 1900 t h e notes of t h e Idiing dynasty wcre vcry re re . During t h c Boxer IZcbellion, when 2 temple i n Peiping V J ~ S being sacked, a hu,:;e urn was ovc?~-.turned during the f i g h t i n g anc!. smashed. It was discoverecl t o have been stuffecl with I4ing no t o s n e r r l y f i v e hundred y e v s before. These notes viere quickly dispersed, and r:?os-t spccinlens known today c,me from t h i s hoard.

-'is with so n.?"ny clJrnasties i n China i n t h e pas t , t h e K n g became feeble from se l f - indulgence, 2nd tol:,lnrcls t h c end of t h e s ix teen th century out ly ing d i s t r i c t s were i n re- v o l t ,;bout t h i s t i n e n i lhchu prince anti h i s son were put t o dcnth by t h e IlIing clynastp a t t h e i n s t i g a t i o n of a r i v a l prince. The grandson took up t h e leadership of t h e fzi i l i l~

2nd swore revenge. He fought ancl defeatecl. a l l r i v a l s ancl became head of a l l t h e Nc7-ncliu t r i b e s . I n 1616 hc s t a r t e d f igh t ing with t h e armies of t h e ?.'ling dynp-sty ancl proclained

Page 10: THE Olliil~l~ ll~l1l$EAB15Tthe-ona.ca/ON/V05.06.Jun.1966.pdfJin Turvey who gave a, slide by slide description on the life of the people inside the Bamboo Curtain of Ckina. Ke was very

himelf emperor of China. On h i s death h i s son carr ied on, and invaded China i n earnest , Crossing the Swang Ho, he encountered l i t t l e res is tance. The l a s t lJLng emperor, seeing t h a t a l l was l o s t , committed suicide i n 1644. The Manchu leacler entared Peiping i n triumph ancl s ty led himself emperor with t h e name Shun Chih. This Manchu dynzsty was c211ed Chling, and was last imperial dynasty of China. This was t h e dynasty i n power when Europeans began knocking i n earnest a t the gates of China.

'he e ra of Shun Chih was spent i n pacifying the country ancl consolidating t he Ch ling power. llany l i n g claimants and by~pa th i ze r s rebelled, ch ie f ly i n t h e south, ancl not u n t i l the era of K1ang H s i was t h e empire complete]-y pacified.

In recent years, a t long l a s t , several works have been publishecl i n English on t he coins of t he Chling dynasty. An i l lustratec! monograph on t he mint m?-rks of the e ras of K1ang Hsi, Yung Chang, ancl ChTien Lung was publislicd a few years ago by i"1lfred E. H, Pe t r i e . Rev. iL. B. Coole has gresr.tly expanclcd h i s treatment of Ch Iing dynasty mint narks i n h i s four th ed i t ion of ItCoirls i n C l -~ ina~s I l i s t o ~ . . ~ SchjBthts work on Chinese coins, o r i g ina l l y published i n Europe, hss been reprinted i n t he Unitecl Sta tes , with addit ions. h excellent t r e a t i s e on Chling d y n ~ s t y mint nnrks i s incluc!ec! i n t h e 1965 Museum Notes of tho imerican bhunismatic Society. It ha6 long been my fond hope t o engage i n research i n t h i s f i e l d , but o thers were ready long before nc. i .bet t he sudden appezrance of t h i s spate of excellent l i t e r a t u r e w i l l do t o t h e pr ice of Chling clynasty cash i s ye t t o be known.

The cash of t h e Chling clynasty f a l l i n t o four groups. Thc f i r s t group, c a s t only i n t hc e r a of Shun Chih, bears t h e mint mark i n Chinese on the reverse, i n t h e form of a s ingle character . This character appcnrs usual ly a t t he top, but i s sometimes founcl on r i g h t s ide and r a r e ly on t112 l e f t .

The seond group, ?.grin c m t only i n t h e e r a of Shun Chih and K1ang H si, but a f a : mints c s s t t h i s group u n t i l tho e ra of Hsien Feng. It has the n i n t nme i n Chinese a t t he r i gh t 2nd thc PIanchu Ba.0, o r Treasure, on the l e f t . It i s the commonest group of ChTing coins. Tllis group was cas t rluring cveqr era of t he clynast.ir, ancl i s most plcnJi.iiul a f t e r the e ra of Shun Chih.

The cash of Shun Chih (1644.-1662) a r e generally broad and t h in , and well macle. They a re i n yellow brass, .and inscriber1 i n a vigourous s t y l e b e f i t t i n g the leacler of a conquering clyn?-sty. The Cash of t he e ra of ilTnng HsF (1662-1723) a r e a t first i n the same s ty le , but becone smaller towards t he end of the era, and exhibi t a f i n e r f ab r i c towarcls t h e encl. The emperor illang Iisi ru l ing fo r s i x ty years, opportuni-Ly fo r the old Orienta l custom known a s rlsqueezeH arose. 1);bencver a s e t of n ~ u l c l s wore out, t h e new nouls were made the s i ze of t h e coins from the olcl ones. Thus t he new coins would bc evepyso s l i g h t l y smaller than the olc!. ',Then these moulc!s i.n t u rn wore out, the process was repeated and t h e coins made smaller ye t . So the subt le shrinkzge of t he coin ancl the swelling of the n i n t mzstersl s leeves went on u n t i l it became too obvious. In the case of. nn emperor whose reign was long, t h c coins cczst i n h i s o ld age were a s wizened a s the old emperor himself. Sometimes the people peti t ioned f o r reclress, and the emperor woulcl order an inquiry. The offenders would then be conpellecl t o disgorge t h e i r i l l -go t ten gains ancl relievecl of t h e i r du t i e s and sonetiri~es t h e i r l i v e s . N ~ F J o f f i c i a l s woulcl be chosen ancl cqreful ly wetched t o see t h a t t h i s form of dishonesty c!id not happen again.

The short e rz of Pung Cheng (1723-1736) saw the continuation of t he o r ig ina l vigourous s t y l e s ide by s ide with t h e newer, f i n c r style of cas t ing of t h e l a t s r gears of ICTang H s i . The cash of t h i s e r a a r e on broad, r e l a t i ve ly t h i n f l ans .

To be continued next month.