THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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The industrial revolution started in England in the last decades of the XVIIIth century, and it spread ou to other European countries very soon. It had huge consequences on production, society, towns, ideologies…
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THE INDUSTRY DEVELOPED IN XIX CENTURYIN POLAND
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In XIX century Poland was divided into three parts between Russia, Austria
and Prusy, so the industrial revolution
was not as strong as in other parts of Europe.
The industry developed the best in German part then in Russian and finally in
Austrian land.
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- Śląsk – mining and steel industry (mines of iron,
stone coal and zinc ores)- Łódź and Żyrardów –
textile industry- Dąbrowa Górnicza –
heavy industryThere were used modern methods and equipment.
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In this time many great Polish scientists left the country, because of difficult political
situation, so a lot of inventions were originated abroad.
–he built Trans-Andean Railways; it is the second highest in the world.
Ernest Malinowski
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Kazimierz Gzowski – he built the bridge between Canada and USA
above Niagara Falls.
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Gabriel Narutowicz – he built hydroelectric power station in
Switzerland and other countries.
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Ignacy Mościcki – he invented a method of getting synthetic fertilizer.
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Michał Doliwo-Dobrowolski – he worked on electricity and he invented many
useful things
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In Poland it is worth to mention:- Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski – they condensed oxygen and nitrogen in low temperature.- Ignacy Łukasiewicz – he founded first oil mine in the world and created oil lamp.
Wróblewski and OlszewskiIgnacy Łukasiewicz
INDUSTRY IN FRANCE
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Coal mineIron and steel industry
Cloth industry
Industrial areaMain industrial town
Financial place
The main French industrial areas are located in - Northen France - Paris - Lyon
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Cloth industry in Roubaix, Northern France ( Motte-Bossut firm)
Iron and steel industry in Uckange, Lorraine
Coal pit on Northern France
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Working conditions were very hard:-children from 6 years old worked in the mines and cloth industries.- women and childre were very poorly paid, half of what men got- 15 hours work a day- no safe working conditions-- hard rules in the firm
By the end of the XIXth century, after many strikes, laws had improved the working condition
• 1813 : employing children under 10 in the pits is forbidden
• 1841 : rules about childre working time• 1874 : creation of Labour inspectors;
children’s work forbidden under 12.• 1893 : law about safety and healthyness at
work; workday for children mustn’t excess 10 hours
• 1914: some jobs are forbidden for women and children
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FRENCH RAILWAY
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1831: first locomotive between Lyon and Saint-Etienne
1831 First locomotive between Lyon and Saint-Etienne
1837: first train for passengers between Paris and Saint-Germain-en-Laye
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Towns change: they grow, they are more modern: underground, electricity, large avenues…48% of French inhabitants live in towns
Industrialisation in Norway
Development in the 19th and beginning of the 20th century
Norway in the beginning of the 19th century
• Norway was a peasant society.• There were about 883 000 Norwegians and about 80%
of these lived on agriculture.• Other important sections of the economy were
fisheries and forestry.• Industry consisted of small businesses manufacturing
soap, bricks, glass, iron furnaces and beer.• Production was small and the majority of operations
performed by hand.
Farm from the 19th century
First development of industry from the mid 19th century
• New, manufacturing industries arrived in Norway from Great Britain in the 1840s.
• Knowledge and machines imported from England.
• The first textile mills built in Christiania (later called Oslo) and near Trondheim and Bergen.
• Engineering workshops came around the same date.
• Cellulose factories came in the 1860s and 1870s.
Textile industry was dominated by women
Several new industries• Development in iron and metal industry.• Norway started producing its own machines.• Companies that used Norwegian ingredients (fish and
timber) in production for a foreign market appeared in the 1870s.
• Canning and pulp industry date from this period.• The power of waterfalls harnessed, factories began
using electricity.• The exploitation of hydroelectric power lead to
construction of electrochemical factories producing e.g. aluminium, zinc, nitrate, carbide.
Development of new industrial towns
Høyanger 1917, one year after the work on establishing industry began
Høyanger 1934
The aluminium factory today
Development in infrastructure and migration
• New roads built.• New railways made it much easier to travel and send mail and
packages.• The steamer, the postal and telegraphic services linked the
different parts of the country.• The urban population increased from 15% to 30% of the total
population between 1865 and 1900.
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Authors:
Alicja PazderOlga ZiębaAntonello SacchiEnrico LanzilottiCosimo LoparcoYanis JoachimLouis HecqKristin Søreide, Basema Abujayyab, Eirin Eldevik