The first confrontation: Berlin The post-war division of
Germany and Berlin.
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Division of Germany and Berlin
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TWO CLASHING SYSTEMS EAST: communist one-party state,
nationalisation, collective farms, refusing Marshall aid,
reparations WEST: multiparty democracy, elections, free enterprise,
new currency, Marshall aid, economic recovery, 3 zones united
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Berlin
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'Berlin Blockade' In June 1948, the USSR closed all surface
routes - road, rail and canal linking Berlin and the West, cutting
off the two and a half million citizens in West Berlin
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'Berlin Airlift' The West responded to this by launching the
'Berlin Airlift'. Stalin had not closed three air lanes through to
Berlin, and so for nearly a year the West supplied West Berlin with
all it needed.
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Formal division of Germany After the Berlin Blockade ended
(49), Germany formally divided into two separate states
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DFR The three western zones became the German Federal Republic
(or West Germany), with Bonn as capital.
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DDR The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic (or
East Germany), with East Berlin as its capital.
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Alliance blocs emerged as a result of the Cold War The tension
between the superpowers in Germany led to the creation of two
military blocs.
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NATO USA formed military alliance with its western European
allies, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Headquarters: Paris
later Brussels 1966: France withdrew
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Warsaw Pact Military alliance between USSR and the eastern
European satellites Hungary(1956)+ Czechoslovakia(1968) tried to
withdraw (revolts crushed)
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Brezhnev Doctrine defined a Soviet bloc country as a socialist
one- party state belonging to the Warsaw Pact. It spelt out the
right of the Warsaw Pact to intervene in any member state which
threatened to break away from the bloc and thus endanger it.
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The spheres of influence of the superpowers stretched beyond
Europe SEATO CENTO SEATO CENTO
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SEATO The West formed other anti-communist alliances. Three
Asian nations (the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan) joined USA,
Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand to form the South East
Asia Treaty Organization) in 1954. Other newly-independent Asian
states refused to be drawn in.
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SEATO
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CENTO In the Middle East, (the Central Treaty Organization)
formed in 1955, included pro- Western states such as Iran, Iraq,
Pakistan and Turkey, together with the USA and Britain.
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CENTO
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CURRENT MILITARY ALLIANCES NATO still exists Warsaw Pact was
dissolved in 1991 All former Warsaw pact member have joined NATO
with the exception of Russia.
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THE BERLIN CRISES 1948-1949 Berlin Blockade 1953 Uprising in
East Berlin 1958-1960 U2 Spy plane incident 1961 Berlin Wall
1948-1949 Berlin Blockade 1953 Uprising in East Berlin 1958-1960 U2
Spy plane incident 1961 Berlin Wall
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1953 BERLIN UPRISING Protests by workers in East Berlin
Demands: greater political and economic freedom, union with West
Germany, end of communism, withdrawal of Soviet forces Crushed by
Red Army 600 executed 300 000 fled Result: some reforms, East
Germany allowed greater autonomy from USSR
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1958-1960: Further tensions 1958: Khrushchev demand West to
hand over West Berlin West ignored demands Khrushchev did nothing
to enforce them Seemed that relations were improving 1960
Eisenhower and Khrushchev planned to meet in Paris to discuss
Berlins future 1958: Khrushchev demand West to hand over West
Berlin West ignored demands Khrushchev did nothing to enforce them
Seemed that relations were improving 1960 Eisenhower and Khrushchev
planned to meet in Paris to discuss Berlins future
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1960: Spy plane incident USSR cancelled meeting, because a US
U2 spy plane was shot down while photographing military
installations USA denied involvement USSR provided proof Eisenhower
refused to apologise Increased tensions USSR cancelled meeting,
because a US U2 spy plane was shot down while photographing
military installations USA denied involvement USSR provided proof
Eisenhower refused to apologise Increased tensions
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Most notorious symbol of the Cold War: The Wall 1961
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Reasons 1961 about 2 thousand people a week were 'voting with
their feet' and opting for the higher standard of living and
greater freedom of the West.
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Soviet reaction The USSR viewed this as another challenge to
Soviet control in Eastern Europe. In August 1961, the East German
authorities, with Soviet backing, built the Berlin Wall to divide
East and West Berlin.
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The Wall This high, fortified wall, with its machine-gun posts
and searchlights, stopped the flow of refugees. West Berlin: island
of capitalism and democracy surrounded by East Germany.
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Cold War Symbol Many died trying to cross this notorious Cold
War symbol