8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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F TH E MAM U K
P T AN D S R I A
D I E S
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 2/493
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 3/493
k History5
2
5
tionof theC atalogue57
tters58
84
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 4/493
5
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 5/493
ksultansof E gyptandSyriaisone oftherichestandmost
ticsandtheree istsane tensive literatureonthesub ect.
ticeincataloguesofthe eighteenthcenturyandweregivenever-
gthenineteenthcentury.F raehnincludedtheminnearlya
ietras ew ski asearlyas1843 publishedhislargeco llectionwithgreat
tionwaslaterac uiredbytheB ritishMuseum.Towardsthe
w henthestudyof I slamicnumismaticsw asatitspeak tw ow ork s
ublished.O newastheCatalogueofO rientalCoinsintheB ritish
e- oo le( tenvo lumes theothertheC ataloguedesMonnaies
thi ueNationa lebyHenriL avo i (threevo lumes . B othw ork sare
ofI slamicnumismaticsandwillremainvaluablereference
me.
othestudyof Mamlukcoinshaveappearedsubse uently
candprivatecollectionsof varyingimportance andobservations
smaticproblems. O liverCodrington sarticle" O naH oardfound
aprominentplaceamongstthesepapers hedescribedane tremely
oldandsilvercoins whichcontainedseveralhundreddinarsand
meof al-NasirMuhammadtothereignofal-Mansur' Ali.
reuni ueandw ouldhaveremainedunk now ne ceptforC od-
maincataloguesandthenumerousshorterarticlesare theyare
reover ahugenumberofnewcoins hasbeendiscoveredduring
ublishedmaterialhasaccumulatedinpublicand private
wpossibletofill inwidegapsin poorly-knownseriesandeven
whohadnotbeenrepresentednumismaticallyatall.F urther-
onw hichthenameof therulerisnotclear( e . g. a l-Malik a l-Z ahir
sent cannowbesafelyattributedto thesultanswhocoined
ndinthe samehoardwithcoinsofthe sametypeonwhichthe
ypresent.
A ntiochHoardintheA mericanNumismaticSocietyco llectioncon-
endof theB ahriperioduntilthetimeofB ar u . C onse uently
henameal-Malik a l-Z ahircannotbutbe longtoB ar u theonly
etit le" a l-Z ahir.
y saprominentroleonMamluk co ins hasnotrece ivedtheattention
inhisgreatw ork SaracenicH era ldry fa iledtomak efulluseof the
coinageforthe studyoftheMamlukbla on.W ebelievethat
coinmaterialnowavailablewecanelucidatemanyq uestionsof
hertohaveremainedobscure.Certaincomplicatedandhereto-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 6/493
tans
sofnumismaticmetrologyandtherelationshipbetweenthevalues
ralso havebeenneglectedanddeservestudy.
e opinionthatanewgeneralstudyof thecoinageofthe
notsimplyanew catalogue asthisagainw ouldbeonlyapartia l
prehensiveworkcontainingthema imumofinformation.No
ncla imtobecomplete insucharichf ie ld a f termorethantenyears
westilloccasionallyfindcoinspreviouslyunknowntous. I thas
however toassembleandarrangeinorder alltypesandvarieties
d thathavecometoourattention.
therefore ofanintroductoryportionanda secondsection
Theintroductionbeginswithageneral surveyofthecoinage in
occurringsuccessive lyunderB ahrisandB ur is arediscussed.
ndsisthengiven inthisare includedthemintanddate theroya l
onsandreligiouslegends andtheindicationsofvalue.F ollowing
y isbrie f lye amined w ithmentionof theaccompanyingdiacrit ical
whichareused onthecoins.
dnounderstandingofheraldryinthe westernsense.Nordid
teofnobility suchasthatof thecontemporarywesternknights.
snamedtocertainprominentpostsweredubbedamirs( nobles ,
Mamliiksofthe Mamlukempireconstitutedanorgani edclass
dentification.ThelateL .A.Mayerpublishedanoutstandingwork
mliik s buthedidnote tendhisva luablestudy toasystemic
onsonthecoins w hichwould nodoubt have ledhimtoappreciable
refore endeavoredtocomposearo llo farmsof theMamluk sultans
coinage.W ehopethatthiseffort willserveasabasis forfurther
emisthat ofthemetrologyofMamlukcoinage.I nthelight
seemedto manymodernscholarsthatMamlukcurrencydidnot
deralsystemandthat theindividualcoinshadq uiteirregular
gebasedonmuchmorematerialandon researchofthefinenessof
ever thatMamluk coinage w ithmodif ications sti l lbe longstothe
wcaseseventothatof thedinar.Anentiresection dealswith
rsectionsoftheintroductioncontain remarksonthemintsandon
dforthemanufactureofthecuTrency.
tionisabibliographicalinde andalist ofabbreviations.
mberofMamluk coins andespecia lly thecopperfulusofsome
s it isnotpossibletodescribeeachspecimeninfulldeta il. We
optedthefollowingsystemforthecatalogue:onlyone detailedde-
icalcoins followedbyallthereferencesknowntous.W henever
ebutcan becompletedfromdifferentspecimens thereadinghas
rvarietieshavebeenlistedateach reference butrareorim-
paratelyandfullydescribed.
tedinchronologicalorderwheneverpossible.Thereare how-
hichmintordate—orboth—aremissing andmanyothersundated
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 7/493
entioned.Conse uently itbecamenecessarytocompromise:
opperarelisted separatelyundereachrulerinchronologicalorder
orboth— areabsent thelistingisaccording tocoin-types.
over81ophotographsofcoinshavebeenselected from
omecasesthesephotographstakendirectlyfromthe coinsthem-
particularlyw heretheco insareveryw ornorarecoveredw ithadark
eproductionsw ereobta inedf romcasts. I noure periencethebestresults
entheprominentparts areslightlyemphasi edwithgraphite.
weretakenbythe writer.MayI e pressheremyappreciation
Cairo whooverseveralyearshasgraciouslypermittedmeto use
photographiclaboratory andatthesametimetomyw ife w ho
laborioustaskofprintingandenlarging.I ame uallyobliged
dW. J ohnsonoftheAmericanNumismaticSocietywhokindly
sinthemuseumofthat Society.
smythank stotheC oinDepartmentof theB rit ishMuseum toThe
cietyandtotheCabinetdes MedaillesinP aris forthemany
emadefor me.
rchon Mamliikcoinsmanyinstitutionsandindividualshave
givenmefull facilitiesforstudyaswell aspermissiontopublish
e irchargeorinthe irpossession. May I therefore tak ethis
mywarmestappreciationandgratitudetothe followingfortheir
artedscientif iccooperation: Se limbey ' A bdelHa andDr.
a a l- O shshof theMuseeNationalSy rien D amascus Mr. George
nUniversity B e irut M. KarlB uri H istorischesMuseum B ern
habof theMuseeNationa l B e irut D rs. GrotemeyerandJ aeck el
ammlung Miinchen Drs. H o l mairandK omor ynskio f the
um Wien thenumismaticsectionof theMuseoA r ueo l6gico
YusufSa adof thePa lestineA rcheo logica lMuseum J erusalem
rmanof theF ranciscanConventof theF lage lla tion J erusalem
andandC olinM. K raayof theA shmoleanMuseum O x ford and
e J a c u i ot M . J e a n L a f au r ie a n d M. J a c u e s Y v o n w h oh a ve b e en
my longandrepeatedvisitsat theCabinetdesMedaillesinP aris.
essrs. TheodorandOscarH orovit o fGeneva formerlyA le andria
ofCa iroandMr. P hil ipThorburnofC ranley Surrey w hoa llmost
includetheirMamlukcoins inthisvolume.
y indebtedtothreegreatnumismatists: Dr. GeorgeC . Miles C hief
umismaticSociety whopermittedmetoworkon thevery
nsin hischargeatthatinstitution wherethewonderfulstimu-
mainoneofmymostpleasantmemories D r. J ohnWalk er
mentofC o insandMedalsattheB rit ishMuseum forthew arm
havealwaysbeenreceivedandencouragedtostudythe un-
derhiscare andM. J eanB abelon thenC onservateurenC hefof
B iblio the ueNationa le inParis w hok indlya llow edmeto
ntMamlukseriesinthatcollection.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 8/493
tans
bemorecompletewereit notfortwoseriousshortcomings:
hasnotbeenpossibletov isittheco llectionofMamluk co insof theB erlin
ywouldhaveaddedmuchtothecorpus andtherichMamluk
f I slamicA rtisa lsomissingf romthecata logue becauseat
nthesecoinswerenotyetavailablefor e amination.
ticSocietygoesmyheartfeltgratitudefor makingthepubli-
ible. I amespecia llygratefulto theEditor Mr. SawyerMcA.
d carewhichhehasdevotedto thetaskofseeingthe manu-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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V E Y O F M AM U K H I STO R Y
literallytranslated" owned ) doesnotbyanymeanssignify
ftheword.AlthoughtheMamluk ormaleslave wasreally
mastere itherbypurchaseorbycapture inw arorinara id he
nslaveordomesticservantbutbecamea highlyvaluedbody-
engentleman-at-arms.
w ellcaredforbyhisow ner giventhoroughtra ininginthemili-
andinsports w hichatthattimew eretheprivilegeof thecasteof
ukpagegrewuptobecomea full-fledgedsoldier therewasprac-
ncement.Accordingtohisability thefaithfulservicesrendered
plo itsonthebattle f ield hew asnotonlye ligible formanumission
dabil ityw ereoutstanding hew asraisedtotherank ofamir. H ow -
ameanoblemanandcommanderofotherMamluks afirmbond
master indomesticmattersaswellas inpoliticsandin war.
Mamlukcarriednoblemish onthecontrary theseknights
shipwiththe greatprincesandlordstheyformerlyserved
sastheruling classofthecountry.Theyalso feltaclosekinship
uksservingacommonmaster.
onsweremadein thechoiceofyoungmalecaptivesto be
w ere ingreatma ority Turks. The ' A bbasidC a liphsofB aghdad
ngalarge retTnueofpersonalbodyguards recruitedfrom
ertoprotect themagainsttheirunrulyArabcountrymenwho
ciplinedambitionsfor personalpowerandindependence
ubleandseditionand wereaconstantmenacetothe Caliphs.
he Mamluksoldiery theirownerhadtorewardthem cease-
robesofhonour valuabledonationsoflandandtenureofoffice
rshipofrich provincesandcities.I tisnot surprising therefore
ame fromsimpleslaves arulingmilitarycasteofnobleknights
ereigns andwhosebenevolenceordissatisfactiondecidedthe
yhad tobeca oledandbribedincessantly.Theyformedclans
throughallegiancetoacommonmaster.Therefore theSultan s
hisabil ity toac uirethesupporto f thema orityof theMamluk
largeMamlukbodyguardwase tensivelyadoptedbymany
gthoseof E gypt.TheAyyubidshadtheirregimentsofMamluk
mw asbroughttoperfectionbya l-Sa lihA yy iib Sa ladin sgreat-
dthemainforcesofthe E gyptianarmyunderhimconsistofthe
butthewholeadministrationofthegovernmentslippedinto
werfulamirs.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 10/493
tans
nasty sE gyptianbranchbecamee tincta ftertheassassinationof
urunshah by theB ahriMamluk s itw asthecollegeof thegreat
dhissuccessor.Thus withoutanyincidentorevenwithout
acompletechangeofdynastyw asaccomplished. TheB ahriMam-
governmentofE gyptandparto fSy ria w ereTurk s theyw ere
a l Mamluk sf romtheirbarrack ssituatedonthe islandofR hoda
meinthehistoryofMoslemEgypt aw oman Sha ara l-Durr
May 125oA .D . . Sheq ualifiedforthethronethroughthee ce llent
veproofduring thelastillnessof herhusband al-SalihAyyub
whenshekeptthereinsof governmentfirmlyinhand.F urther
herrulewereherstatus aswidowofthelate sultanand lastbut
ctthatshew asthemotherofa l-SalihA yyub sson. Thefactthatthisson
me ofherelectiondoesnot seemtohavediminishedthevalidity
theaffairs ofstateveryablyduringthe shorttwomonths
Shew as how ever compelledtoabdicateandturnoverthegovern-
theleadingMamlukamirs afterviolentprotestsoftheCaliph
w omanonE gypt sthrone.
7A.D . becamethenewlyelectedkingofE gypt.I norderto
hemarriedSha ara l-Durr a lthoughhea lreadyhadaw ife( w hom
rce andason. B uthea lsohadtodefeattheambitionstothe
yubidpretendersin Syriawhohadnumeroussupporters he
hesi yearo ldsonof the lastA yyubidk ingof theYemen a l-
b. a l-NasirY iisuf asnomina lco- regentinC airo .
cametoopenconflictwiththeSyrianAyyiibids whoseheadwas
onofa l- A dilI I . TheMamluk sw erev ictoriousandthebackboneof
ok en. Thissuccess how ever didnotmeantheendofA ybak s
owamirs nowbegantoconspireagainsthim andevenaremnant
yrialaythreateningneartheE gyptianborder.
ehisopponentsandsuccessfullyconsolidatedhisgovernment
rrneversurrenderedthetreasurytohim andendeavouredtoretain
Their relationshipwasoftheworstkind andtheybothintrigued
ther.F inally whenAybakwantedtocontractapolitical mar-
eGoldenHorde thequeendecidedtoe lim inatehimbyassassi-
Sha ara l-Durrw asherse lf clubbedtodeathby theslavew omenof the
sdivorcedw ife.
nsur' A li( 1257-1259A .D. , anincompetentyouth w assoondis-
a l-Mu af farQ utu ( 1259-126oA .D . , anablegeneralande ce llent
elyannihilatedtheremainingforcesoftheAyyubidal-Mughith
notherandfargreaterdangerthreatenedtheMamluk empire thato f
agu w ho in1253destroyedthe ' A bbasidca lif ateofB aghdad
rustintoSyria devastatingthecountrywhereverhepassed
on ueringE gypt. I napitchedbattlenear' A ynJ a lutinSy ria
hadchangedmorethanonceduringtheday sf ighting theMam-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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ry
heMongolarmyand e pelledthemfromSyriawithenormous
esofHimsandHamah w hopledgedallegiancetoQutu , w ere
d allowedtogovernasvassalsofthe Mamlukking.
erthev ictoriouscampaign Q utu w assla inby j ea lousanddis-
aybarsI waselectedsultaninhis stead.With B aybarsbegan
eriodsofMoslemE gypt.Thenewsultan sfirsttaskwasto elim-
saderswhostillheldimportantpartsof theSyriancoast.O ne
rstrongholdsfell tohisarmies andin1268evenAntioch was
yed afterwhichonlyafewcoastal townsremainedinChristian
todealwith theMongolswho nowinpossessionnotonlyof
A siaMinor continuedtothreatenhissafety . Withhishabitua le f ficiency
rmidablearmy.
ub ectedtorepeatedraidsandhad topayheavytribute.
uouswarlikeactivityuntiltheend ofhisreign B aybarsmanaged
mpirewithe ua lsk il l energyandw isdom improvedhisdo-
buildingofpublic works.H isgovernmentwasj ust enlightened
allywithhis sub ects.
hattheMongolsofH ulagudestroyedtheca liphateofB aghdad.
viv ing' A bbasidprincetoC airo appointedhimcaliphand in
mtheinvestitureassultanofE gypt. Thereaf ter dow ntothefa ll
thisinvestiturebythecaliphbecamean essentialpartofeach
werenotw orthyof the irgreatfatherand a f tertw oyearsofun-
t anothermightyamirandformerMamlukofal-SalihAyyub
1279-1290A . D. ascendedthethrone. Q ala unw asmorefortunate
hanhis predecessorB aybars andhishousecontinuedtorule
years.
thissultantooclashedwiththe Mongolarmywhichonce
ddefinitelycrusheditnearHims sothathehadnomoretrouble
eCrusadersof theSyriancoastw erehisne tob ective andhis
effectivethat whenhedied barelyanythingwasleftofthe
nif icentbuildingsstil le ist inginC a irobearw itnesstoQala un s
sofhishospital provethathewasgeneroustowardsthesick andpoor.
l -A s hr a f K h a li l ( 1 2 90 - 12 9 3 A. D . h a d bu t o ne v i rt u e c o ur a ge . H e c o n -
o ldof theC rusaders ' A k k a pil lagedandburneditandenslaved
edidnotslaughter. H ew ascruel v iciousandcapricious and
nuousterrorandin ustice. I tw asnotsurprising therefore that
sthimandhad himassassinated.
gson a l-NasirMuhammad w ase lectedtothethrone in1293A . D.
soonsetasideby thenobles oneofw hombecamesultan. A f terfour
dmanagement al-NasirMuhammadwasreinstalled thistime
1298-1308A .D . . I mmediate lyaf terhisaccessiontothethrone
nthreatenedtheverye istenceoftheempire.TheMamluks
ousreverseswhichled totheMongoloccupationofAleppo
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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tans
lltheSy rianterritory . F ina lly how ever theEgyptiansnotonly
ries butin13o3completelydestroyedtheI lkhanidarmy.After
a n s s u cc e ss o r U l a i tu r e ve r se d h is f a th e r s p o li c y an d t h er e af t er
tertainedfriendlyrelationswiththeMamlukcourt.
edthefollowingperiodtothe restorationofinternalorderin
ametime tothe increaseof the irpersona lw ea lth. They turnedthe
nuefromthevariousformsof ta ationandthecustomsduties
chandisetotheirownadvantage buttothedetrimentof the
vingofthe rulingclassesbecamefabulouslylu urious and
ontheirpersonalcomfortandpleasures.H owever theyalsospent
tifulmos ues publicbathsandfountains schoolsandhospita ls
amplerevenues.
vednothingofthebountyappropriatedbyhisamirs.H is
enedcircumstances sothathelackedeventhe barenecessities
ina lly w henhecouldnomorebeartheconductofhisamirs a l-
arak andannouncedhisabdication(13o9 .
arsI I , lastedonlyoneyear andtheresulto fhisincompetencew as
ntoftheaffairs ofstate.Al-NasirMuhammadwasbackagainas
. Thistime hew asfullymatureandreso lvedtore ignasanab-
edid andnowknewhowtoimposehis willontheMamluknobles
cthis personandobeyhisorders.
operationswereconductedwithsuccessagainstArmenian
gnw as onthew hole oneofpeacefulprosperity andhisre lations
astaswellas oftheW estweremostlyfriendly.Sogreatwas
hisdeath overaperiodof forty -oneyears hissonsandthe irde-
thethroneas atributetohis person.Thoughnoneofthemhad
oseof al-Nasir theirclaimwasneverchallengedbythe amirs
faithfulservantsofhishouse.
theC ircassianMamluk sor" B ur is ( f romtheC itade lorbur
e located gottheupperhandandseta l-Z ahirB ar u , anener-
thethrone. Thereaf ter forthefollow ing135years E gyptw as
mluk sw ho unliketheB ahris w erenotTurk s butmostlyC ircassians.
asnotanabso lutemonarch butonlyachie fMamluk e lectedbyhis
tothe iropinionandadv iceand moreoftenthannot hadapre-
plinedfellowamirs.Nohereditarysuccessionwasestablished as
seofQala iin. Sometimes thesultan ssonsucceededafterhis
omuchinrecognit ionofahereditaryprinciple butratherasabuf fer
alfactions.Aftera fewmonths time whenoneortheother of
ow erto imposehimself the" w armingpan w asdiscardedand
ndedthethrone.Atthis time astrongespritdecorps developed
chsultan afterwhosedeathhisMamluksformedadistinct new
powerthenewsultandependedonhis abilitytowinoverthe
tionsbybriberyandlargess ortoe plo itthe irj ea lousiesand
eclanagainstthe other.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ry
tansw hosatonthethroneduringthene t135years there igns
andonlynineyearsare leftfortheremainingfourteenrulers.
eatstatesmen theothersmerelyfilleda vacuum.Thenineable
lsohadtostrugglecontinuouslywiththeunrulysoldierywhosedivers
tbetweenthemselvesforpowerandwealth robbingandtorment-
gyptwholivedinconstantterror fortheirlives propertyand
tC ircassiansultan( 1387-1389and1390-1399A . D. , w asfullyoccupied
oneagainsttherebelliousamirs.H esucceededinq uellingseveral
m hisarmywas how ever routedby therebelsheadedby thetw o
u losta llpresenceofmind w asdeposedw ithoutresistanceand
arak. TherebelamirsrestoredH a j i the lastB ahrik ing on
dto q uarreloverthespoils.Thedisagreementbecamesoviolent
o inthemeantimehadac uireda largebodyofsupporters ra iseda
rushedhisopponents.H isne ttwoyearsonthe thronewere
bythefinalsuppressionofthe rebellioninSyria.I nthemeantime
atenedB ar u ' sdominionsinthe invasionofT lmur. H astily
hisarmiesagainstthemuchdreadedfoeandj o inedtheprincesofA sia
se.Tohisgreatrelief theinvasionofSyriadidnot takeplace
sfully engagedinacampaignagainstTuktamishoftheGolden
u o v er s i t y y ea r s of a g e d i ed i n 1 39 9 a ft e r a lo n g an d o n t he
evolentrule .
a ( 1399-1405and1405-1412A . D. , succeededhimattheageof
yearhehadto leadanarmyagainstanewinvasionof Tlmur.The
andhastywithdrawaltoCairo andSyriafellpreyto theMon-
ydevastatedthecountryandransackedandburned thecities.
lydiminished morebecauseofthedisastrousconditionsof peace
helostwar andtherulingamirsnot onlytreatedhimwith
himinopenbattle . F ara f led leav ingthethronetoayounger
htbacktopoweragain afteracoupleofmonthsby theamirY ash-
lastyearsofF ara ' srulew erespentincontinuouscampaigningin
afewmilitarysuccesses thegovernmentsteadilylostcontrolof
asingpoweroftheamirsShaykhal-MahmudiandNawru beganto
osit ion. Hew asf ina llydeposedby the ' A bbasidca liphofC a iroand
omaneconomicpo into fv iew F ara ' ssultanatew asacontinuous
nstthegrowingimpoverishmentofE gypt.H emadeseveral
ountry sf inances buta llf ailedmiserably .
h theC alipha l-Musta inf i l ledthevacancy forafew months until
n w iththetit lea l-Mu ayyad( 1412-1421A .D . . Thoughhere igned
nductedseveralsuccessful campaignsagainsttherebellious
Minorwhoseterritoriesborderedthe Syrianmarshes E gypt
byhissuccesses. NotunlikeF ara a l-Mu ayyadShaykha lso
mtheco llapseofEgypt sf inancia lposit ion j ustasF ara , hew asunable
scurrency.Thevacillationsofhis monetarypolicyarereflected
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
uencesofthegoldissues andbytheintroductionofhis widely
emw hichwasindeedofe ce llentq ua lity butthebulk ofw hichw as
w edby twore ignsofnoconse uencewhatsoever w henal-A shraf
f irm ly inhand( 1422-1438A . D. . H eusedthesultanateto increase
on oppressiveta ationandvarioustrademonopolies andk ept
uthewasstrongenoughto restrainhisMamluksfromrebellion
inionsthroughthecon uestofCyprus.Atthis time pirates
sesmadetheshoresofSyria andE gyptinsecure.Takingtheir
B arsbay inasinglecampaign—w hichw as how ever precededby
ushedtheresistanceof thenavyandarmyof theKingofC yprus.
argeportionofthe population buthealsocapturedmanyknights
whowereparadedingreattriumph inCairo.Thereafter Cyprus
vassalofE gyptuntiltheend oftheMamlukempirein1517.
tractthegreatestpossibleprof itsf romtheI ndiantradew hich
ew as how ever obligedtore lin uishmuchofhisheavycustoms
sitorygoods whenforeigntraders—especiallytheV enetians
Aragonese— threatenedtowithdrawtheiractivitiesfrom
itionsrenderedthetransitroutethroughE gyptunprofitable.
policydidnotmeetwith moresuccessthanhismeddlingwith the
sors heendeavouredto introducecurrency reforms buthedid
rybullionto makehisreformssuccessful.
tyyearssevendif ferentsultanssatonthethroneofE gypt but
eonthecountry shistory . Thene truler a l-A shrafQa itbay
how ever he ldthepow erfora lmost29years. Hew asstrongofcharacter
uousgeneral alsointelligentinhis j udgmentandenergeticin
ortedhugesumsforhisw archestf romJew s C hrist iansandMoslems
redthehighestrankingofficialsuntil theysurrenderedtheir
ntfortunesonpublicbuildingsinE gyptandSy ria andmanye -
madrasas publicfountainsandbridgesstil ltestif y tohisgenerosityand
eldofarchitecture .
ignw asnotconfinedto interna la ffa irsandarchitecture . Hisvarious
Minorshowedsignsof insubordinationoreventriedtobreak
tesovereignty thesituationwasevenmorecomplicatedby
omtheO ttomansultanswhosegrowingpowerbeganseriously
mpire.Q a itbaysucceededinmaintainingamoreor lessfavour-
entheO ttomansandhimself buthew asunabletoslow down
trimentofthe lesserTurkishprincipalities.
cumbedoneaftertheotherto thewellorgani edarmiesofthe
dI I , andthusthefinalclash withtheMamlukforcescamesteadily
governmentmarkedthereignof thefollowingfour insignificant
ionofa l-AshrafQansuha l-Ghuri(15o1-1516A . D. . I nspiteofhis
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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ry
vedhimselfanenergeticandcapableprince restoredorderinthe
easurestoreplenishthe treasury.D uringthefirsthalf ofhis
alonly withminordisturbancesfromhisMamluksandsome
diantransittrade w hichforcenturiesprovedsoprofitabletoE gypt
uctionbytheP ortuguesewhoatthattimediscoveredthetrade
heCapeofGoodH ope. Withinashortt ime theentirecommerce
way f romal-GhuribyA lbu uer ue sf leet.
ever whichendedwiththecollapseofthe Mamlukempireand
t t om a n Tu r ks s t ar t ed w h en a f te r B a y a l d s d e at h h i s so n S e li m I ,
Se limw asdeterminedtocon uerthew holeMiddleE ast and
swhomhedefeatedatChaldiranin1514.H ethenoccupiedthe
drandD iyarB ak r andcameinclosecontactw ithSy ria. H ew aited
toopenhostilitieswith theMamluks marchedintoSyriaandmet
Dabi , a litt leNorthofA leppo. On the14thofA ugust1516 the
estroyed al-Ghuriwaskilledduringthebattle andtheroadto
e Mamlukselectedanewsultan al-AshrafTumanbay and
of resistance. Theywere how ever nomatchforSe lim ssuperior
o f J anuary1517 C a irosurrenderedtotheTurk s. Egyptlostits
eaprovinceoftheO ttomanempire.
L I O G R A H Y O N TH E H I STO R Y O F T H E MAM U K S
A HistoryofEgyptintheMiddleA ges. London 19o1.
keorslavedynastyofE gypt. London 1896.
E g y pt e p a r di v er s h is t or i en s e t ar c he o lo g ue s I I p a rt 2 b y G . W i et . C ai r o 1 9 32 .
s t o ir e d e la N a ti o n E g y pt i en n e I V , ( l E g y pt e A ra b e , b y G .W i e t . P a r i s 1 9 37 .
o iredesSultansMamelouksde l E gypteparMa ri i. P aris 1837-1845.
de l E g y pt e d e Ma r i i . P a r i s 1 9 o8 .
x t r ai t d e l h i st o ir e d e l E g y pt e p a r Ah m ed i b n I y a s . B u l le t in d e l I n s ti t ut
gi e O r i e nt a le X X V , 1 9 25 .
s H i s t o ir e d es M a ml o uk s Ci r ca s si e ns I I , " i n T e t e s et t r ad u ct i on s d a u te u rs
rancaisd A rcheo logieO rienta le . C airo 1945.
ourgeo isduC aire . Paris 1955.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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TH E C O I N S
lukrulersweresimilartothoseof thelastAyyubids sothat
Ayyubidissues.Thelegendsonthe dinarpresenttheprotocol
h a a r a l- D u r r a l -A s hr a f Mu s a A y ba k a l -M a ns u r ' A l i a n d Q u t u ) ,
engravingis similartoal-SalihAyyub sgoldcoins.Aybakwent
SalihAyyub sprotocolonthedinar andinscribedonlyhis
underneath asifhestil lwerehislongdeceasedmaster slieu-
rvilelyimitatedfromtheAyyubidoriginals.Sha aral-D urr s
obulardirhemsdonot differindesign styleandgeneralappearance
hAyyubat theCairomint.Thes uare-in-the-circletype
edfromtheAyyubiddirhemsof D amascus thelikeofwhich
y thesameruler.Suchs uare-in-the-circletypedirhemshave
a l-Mansur' A liandbyQutu .
onlyasingle fa lshasbeensofaridentified intheco llections
oQ utu anditsdesignresemblesthesilverco insofa l-A fda l' A li
Sa li h Ay yu b ( B a lo g B I E X X X I V , p p. 2 4- 25 F i g s .9 -1 2 .
ginstheMamluk co inageinitsproperform. I tsmostconspicuous
atthebeginningpresentingo ld silverandcoppera lik e( B aybarsI ) ,
rakaQ an andlateronthecopperonly w ithoneortw oe ceptions.
endshavedisappearedandbeenreplacedbycircular inscriptions
fielditself.Tothis typebelongsilvercoinsstartingwith B ay-
a inandB aybarsI I . U ndera l-NasirMuhammadthesesmaller
pearandthe writingisnowarrangedinseveralhori ontallines
d onthego ldasw ellasonthesilver.
rdinaryround-flandirhems so-calledcutdirhemsalsocircu-
m inventedby theF atim idsandadoptedby theA yyubids have
e Mamluks.But whereastheAyyubidcutdirhemwasa servile
black dirhemofbasemeta l theMamluk smadethe irsa litt le
betteralloy. Thedieswithwhichtheywerestruck werethoseofthe
sothatonlyasmall portionofthecoinlegends wasimpressed
dsof thesecut( s uare-f lan dirhemshavebeenfound mostof them
ndal-NasirMuhammad butthoseofB arakaQ an a l-NasirHasan
evenofa l-Sa lihHa j ihavea lsobeenobserved.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 17/493
greatnumbersandina broadspectrumofdifferentvarieties.
nearlyalwayspurelyepigraphical atfirststruckon asmallflan
butlaterona wideflanwithelaborateinscriptions.I nSyriathe
i e thef ie ldornamentedandcontainsvery fre uently some
aldiccoinscontributegreatlyto theknowledgeoftheMamluk
gyptianemissionsonlyoneseries belongingtoal-NasirMuhammad
a pk in b u j a h .
sueswhichdo notdifferfromtheaccustomedB ahritypes
new silverandcoppertypes someofwhichw ererecordedbycontem-
itia tiveofacomplete lynew co inage how ever isduetoF ara .
nomiccrisis heintroducedamonetaryreformbasedonthe
andissuedco insofanentirelynew design. A sthecrisiscontinued
ecessaryandin 810H .these uin-typegoldwasintroduced
ighedonly3. 40grm. andw asdestinedtocompetew iththeV enetian
nagewasmaintainedatthislevelfora certaintime butlater
bay itw asagainmoderate ly reduced. I tw asB arsbayw hocreated
nds arrangedinseveralhori ontallinesandseparatedfromeach
A sane ception K hush adamandQ ansuha l-Ghiiri issuedafew
ds.
ck inSy riaaswellasinE gypt w asa lsoreducedinw eightand
arrangedinvariouspatterns. A nyw ay itbecamesoscarcethatatcertain
on-e istent.
ocopperw asscarceduringagreatparto f theB ur iperiod. The
f lan isveryvariedindesign ornamentedorhera ldic. 1Only
hecopperbecomealitt lemoreabundant struck ona largerand
hortlybeforetheco llapseof theMamluk empire theonlybron e
nsuhal-Ghuri.
rtantpartofthe legendistheroyalprotocol.The attributionof
thereforethesideonw hichitappears istheobverse . Co insof
A shrafMusa A ybak andal-Mansur' A li asw ellasthoseofB aybarsI ,
n sprotoco l a lsothecaliph sname. Hereaga in thesidew hich
me istheobverseandtheca liphismentionedonthereverse .
eptiona lly long orthef laniso f insuf ficientsi e itcontinuesonthe
etheobverse isw herethe legendstarts. O ngo ldandsilverthepro-
r s wi t h a bl a o n ( f e s s e b e lo n g to F a r a , a l -M u st a i n b i l l ah a n d al - Mu a y -
ar e h er a ld i c di r he m s of a l -M u st a i n b i l l ah [ b u j a h B a r s b ay ( c h al i ce a n d
a ha nd c ha li ce .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 18/493
tans
ssibleonsuchasmallsurface oncopper how ever it iso f tenvery
d dateformulaisplacedeitherin themarginalorcircular
orinthef ie ldonthe laterones. Sometimes ontheearlyco ins
ntionedatthetopof thef ie ld. On somecoinsaga in themintis
a lihI sma il andmanycopperco insareundated orevenwithout
sonlyon oneside theotherisornamentedorhas abla on
ardlessofwhetherthelegendcontainstheruler snameorsimply
sideisthe obverse.Andshouldthecoinbear themintononeside
thenthemintindicatesthe obverse.
uringtheentireB ahriperiodandpartof theB ur irule.I t
mera lsonA ynal sissues andaf terw ardsona llthesubse uent
- , issubstitutedby" period or" epoch onthedinarsof B ars-
msofK hush adamandQ ai tbay . Duringthe lastperiodthe
w ithout< ~ or^ lc.
g sfulltitle is:al-sultdnal-malik( < lWl oU a J l .B aybars
s assumedthetit lea l-malik ( dil l onlyatthetimeofhisinvestiture
n659H. hegaveasy lumtothe ' A bbasidprinceA bu l-Qasim
mcaliphwiththetitlea l-Mustansir ine changeforw hichhe
anateby thenewlycreated" princeof thebelievers w iththe
dil lo lWUl . Thistit lew asthenusedbya llhissuccessors. Onhis
su e s a l -G h ur i s o n ly t i tl e i s al - su l td n ( o l W L - l .
hriandB ur ia lik e theprotoco lisabrev iatedinthee treme. Not
beenomitted eventheruler snameproperiso f tenmissing. The
ltdnal-malikal-AshrafNdsiral-dunydwaH -dinSha bdnb.
irMuhammadb. Q ala un. OnhisSy rianfulusthe legendissimply
smawlanda l-sultdna l-malik ( dli l lo lU - lWy : e . g. the
AshrafKha li l( L . 796 B a log J ungf le isch : anundatedTripo lif a ls
aD amascusfa lsofa l- amilSha ban a lateB ur idinarw iththe
probablybetweenKhush adamandQ a itbay.
l-sultdnK hush adamabuH -Nasral-malik a l-Z ahir( o lV » l. . . l
n t wo d i na r s of t h is r u le r ( B M C 6 73 a n d AN S .
ndswithanhonoraryepithet:Ndsiral-millat al-muhammadiya
bslyah( v . U li u ll i i l le . g. a l-A shrafKha li l
i t b u gh a ( W i e n 6 33 2 L . 8 3 6 B M C 4 97 e t c. ; a l - N as i r Mu h am ma d
c. ; L a i n( L . 853 8 55 , e tc .
et i s : Q a s im a mi r a l- m u m i nl n ( u ^ ^ l l p - ) w h ic h a pp e ar s
s I , B a r a k a Q a n S a la m is h Q a l a u n o n s om e o f al - As h ra f K h a l il
dv . 15 o 9 , K i t bu g ha ( L . 8 3 5 S i o uf f i p. 1 8 L . 8 3 7- 8 52 B a l o g a n d B a y b a rs
etedwiththe sultan sgenealogy asalreadymentioned:
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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fNdsiral-dunydw al-dinSha banb.( lasanb.al-malikal-Sasir
n ( o X c / .+ J . _ r- U l t il l ll a < J . d ti A ol W U l .
s whoobtainedthethronebytheirown skillorruthlessnessand
disda inedanygenealogica lformula asfore ample Qutu .
ry includedthe irformermaster snameintheirow nprotoco l:
Qa la una l-SalihiandLa ina l-Salihiw ereMumluk sof theA yyubid
aybarsI I a l-MansuriwasQ ala un smamluk .
t it leonal-Mu ayyadShaykh sA le andriago ldandona
af farA hmad: sultdna l- islamw a lmuslimin. -O y l-A lJ f^L . Mlo lkU .
avourof theSultan
, j c = m a yh i s vi c to r y be g l or i ou s .
fre uentinvocationonMamlukcoinsandoccursfrom al-
edowntoQ ansuha l-Ghuri undertheB ahrisonthecopperand
undertheB ur isongo ld silverandcopper.
a f c ^ l j e = gl o ry t o o ur l o rd ( t h e su l ta n .
a ban struck atTripo li in776H . A shmolcanMus.
d ra h u * u = m ay G o d gl o ri f y hi s v ic t or i es .
, D a m a sc u s 78 5 H . ( B M C 6 2 1 a nd 6 2 7 B a l o g .
ahu 4C u<ulj di= mayGodperpetuatehiskingdom.
ep p o go l d F a r a ' s C a ir o a nd A l ep p o go l d an d A le p po s i lv er a l -M u ay y ad
li h M uh a mm a d s s i l v er B a r s b ay s A l ep p o si l ve r a nd J a m a ' 8
h u wa n a sr a hu • } < & . * u j L = m ay G o d pe r pe t ua t e hi s
Mu af farA hmad.
nahu 4 lla l-< a l2i-= mayGodperpetuatehissultanate .
n d si l ve r a nd B a r u ' s C a ir o A l e a n dr i a an d D a m a sc u s go l d.
u Al l ah < u l o . _, ^ L i » = Q a i t ba y G o d s m e rc y u po n h im .
eB ur ia l-NasirMuhammad sonofQa itbay asane pression
n themarginalandcircularlegendis oftenprecededby
hemargina llegendsometimesstartsw ithbi smillaha l- rahmdnaUrahlm
tiononB aybars undatedha lf-dirhemsconsists
* J \ | < ■ r -.
llor onlyinpart occupiesthereverseofthegold andsilver
f thefa ls.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 20/493
tans
dil l— thesovere igntybe longstoGodonaC airodinarofK hush-
nd1o74 . Thisformula iso ftenobservedonthesilverco insof theSel uk s
ptiona lontheMamluk co inage.
H n d a l l ah < u l ^ ^ J l U = f o r vi c to r y co m es b u t fr o m Go d
1 22 . O n c oi ns of :
a iroandD amascusgo ld overstruck A rmeniantrams C a iro
C a irogold.
ogold.
a iroandD amascusgo ld.
C a irogoldandsilver.
C a ir o a nd D a m a s cu s g ol d D a m a s cu s s il v er .
andDamascusgo ld.
dandsilver.
C a iro A le andriaandDamascusgo ld.
a iro A le andria D amascusandA leppogo ld.
oandD amascusgo ld.
C a ir o a nd D a m a s cu s g ol d .
nd A l ep p o go l d l e ad - co i ns .
e a n dr i a A l ep p o an d T ri p ol i g ol d .
C a iroandA le andriago ld.
C a irogold.
l a hi < t i l j u > / L = n o r co me s m y gr a ce t h ro u gh a n yo n e bu t
9 o .
amascussilver.
s cu s go ld .
z z d n U i c O j l l J u = D e a th s h ou l d be s u ff i ci e nt a d mo n it i on . O n
fulusofB ar u . Sa idtohavebeenutteredinconnectionw ithHariin
a r le B a r m a k.
denomination
eaturesof earlyI slamiccoinageisthepresenceof theindication
teformula.Thegoldcoins alwaysindicatethattheyrepresent
esthedirhem andevensomeof thecoppercoinshavethew ordfa ls
. , > , ' .
iththiscustomand continuedtowritethevalueon thegold
otanymorestrict lyw eighingonemith a l thego ldwasstil lca lled
en onthesilverandcopper.
mplycontinuedtheAyyubidpractice: fromSha aral-D urr
thegoldpresentstheworddinar inthemintanddate formula.
no indicationofvalue.
tanceofgoldcurrencywas madeevenmoreconspicuousbythe
-A shrafKha li l K itbughaandal-NasirMuhammad w hoalltermed
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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esseddinar , t j l i l j L ull. Nevertheless a lreadyduringthethird
ad anew typeofgo ld struck onaw idef lan appeared. Thence-
ueappearsonthe B ahrigoldissues.Noris thereanyonthe
lyonee ception. Thise ceptionisthereformissueofa l-Mu ayyad
. , o f thew eightofonemith a landha lf-m ith a l. Thecoinsof this
o n e mi t h a l J l i i- a n d on e -h a lf m i th a l i m , e n gr a ve d i n th e
hediv. 1560andB alogforthemith a landL . 1142fortheha lf -
ues soalsothoseofsilver arewithoutindicationofdenomination.
o f thego ldtherearee ceptionsinthesilver. A ha lf -dirhemofMu ay -
nthe centeroftheobverseanda seriesofD amascuscoins
a lso inthecentero f theobverse the indicationofdif ferent
/ 4+ 1/ 8dirhem= 3/ 8dirhem
1U dirhem= 8/ 4dirhem.
weighsbetween1grm.and1.06 grm. the% + x /4dirhembetween
Twospecimensofthisdenominationweighonly1.0grm.and
maybelongtothef irstcategory . Sim ilarlymanyUmayyad ' A bbasid
nsdisplaydinaras theirvalue althoughtherecanbenodoubt
uarter- third-orha lf -dinaronly .
a llthesepiecescorrespondq uitew ellw iththeweightof thecanonic
90grm. .
do-AyyubidMamlukcoinsarewelle ecuted inhandsome
heorigina lA yyubidepigraphyofa l- amilMuhammad sora l-Salih
obulardirhemsofSha ara l-Durranda l-A shrafMiisaandthe
sofA ybak a l-Mansur' A liandQutu , area ll inscribedw iththe
tionedcharactersoftheAyyubidprototypes.O nlyAybak s
ed archaisticKuf iconhisdirhems.
ahri-typecoinage startingwithB aybarsI , isstillthe same
oughthe letterssoonbecometa llerandthe irtops atf irstf la t are
uspidf romQala unonw ards.
ttersgrow taller untilduringa l-NasirHasan sandespecia lly
nthemonumentalstyleof writingisfullydeveloped.Adifferencein
yrianandE gyptiancoin-engravingsisclearlydiscernible.
ersofCairoandAle andriawerebutsimpleartisans theSyrian
withtheirskillfullye ecutedlegendsaharmoniouseffect.The
craggly spideryw riting thoseofD amascushavethef ie lduniform-
danddistributed inscriptionsandontheAleppodinars the
rnaterythmicallywithsmoothhori ontalbands.
bruptchangeintothestyleand arrangementoftheircoin-legends.
eof thef lan thew rit inga lso issmaller a tthesametime how -
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 22/493
tans
ninthee ecutionof theca ll igraphy . Theestheticef fect especia lly
s neverthe less q uitepleasing.
ery f re uentlyontheMamluk co ins butw ithoutanyapparent
ct sonumerous thattheirrecordingw ouldmak ethecomposit ion
e ande pensive . A sthediacritica lsignsaremostlyclearin
houghtsufficienttorefer thereadertothephotographs.
es ues scrollsandfloweretsappearprofuselyscatteredamong
thecoins.I twouldbeimpossibletorecord theminspecialnotes
thebulkofthis work.Theyhavebeen therefore asfaithfully
bedintheA rabicco inlegends. Theyareeasily recogni edinthe il lus-
raphicornamentsarenotto beconfusedwiththedecorative
intendedasaconstructivedesign.
nts theshadda( < o iso f tenusedornamenta lly inthere ligious
oughout.I tsmostfre uentapplicationisover45l.
ucedanewfeatureonthe coinage:theyengravedtheircoats
mostlyonthecopperfulus butsometimesalsoonthegoldand
ofanimals plantsorinanimateob ectsa lreadyoccuronmany
ayyadca liphs these latterare how ever pure lyornamenta land
e s pe c ia l ly i n t he J a i r ah b e tw e en ' I r a a n d As i a Mi n or t h er e
psofhumanbeings horsemen animals etc. onTurk omanandeven
resentationstooarenothera ldic butw ere inspiredbyB y antine
wereprobablyintendedtofacilitatecommercialtransactions
st.
u a 6
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 23/493
einterpretedasheraldiccharges appeartohavebeenadopted
gtheCrusadesbyAyyubidprinces andprobablyevenalittle
nicHera ldry p. 22 reportsastheo ldestbla onw hichhascome
e- liso fMahmudb. Z engiinhismadrasa inDamascus andthef leur-
columnsofthemimbarinthe mainmos ueatH ims.Mayeralso
rrenceofthefleur-de-lison acoppercoinof theAyyubidal-
-DinGha ib. a l-Malik a l-NasirYusuf andonadirhemofa l-
inabu-B ak rb. A yy iib.
ecopperco inofal-Z ahirmentionedbyMayer( B MC I V ,
ibutedit w ithouttheslightestdoubt to thef irstB ur isultan a l-
e " f l e ur - de - li s o n a l- A d il S a yf a l -D i n s s i lv e r di r he m s ( L . 5 9 0 an d
d364 , ontheotherhand arenothingbuttiny f low eretsofornamental
aldicmeaningwhatsoever.
ethatthefirsttime heraldicdevicesonI slamiccoinsofSyria
Mamlukemissions.2
wmediaevalauthorsleftnotesonI slamicherald1y agreat
ellas architecturalandepigraphicalmonumentswithbla ons
yerin hisgreatworkmadegooduse ofthisheraldicmaterial
nof thegenera lproblemsasw ellasthoseof theco lors charges
etc. compiledanimpressiveandabundantlydocumentedarmorial
mportanceofnumismaticevidencefortheknowledgeofsultans
usedthemnotinf re uently forcomparativepurposes. Theresult ing
ersis how ever notquitesatisfactory. I ncludedinthegreat
ngingtotheMamluknobility Mayeronlyliststhearmsof thirteen
moref romob ectsandarchitecturalmonuments.
ow ever thatinthe largeseriesofco insw hichw ehavee amined
representedby the irbla on. A tf irst one isinclinedtobelieve
lways onlysimplechargeswererepresentedonthecoins:fleur-de-
n etc. genera llyoccupy ingtheentire f ie ld oracentralportionespecia l-
on.Thiscouldeithermeanthat theMamluksultanschoseone
ofarms orthatthesmall spaceavailableonthecoinscom-
one i.e. thechargewhichtheyconsideredthemostrepresenta-
nthecoins.
ftheY emenshouldnotbeforgottenhere.Contemporarywiththe
startedtodisplaycerta infeaturesonthe irco ins w hichinsomecasesare
ative( sitt ingprince peacock huntingbirdofprey ; there is how ever
ldicdevicesdoalsooccur ontheircoins.Tobe convinceditsufficesto
s o f H . N i it e l s " M i in e n d er R a s u l id e n ( Z / N 1 8 9 2 . F o r e a mp l e
ntquitesim ilartothato fB aybarsI no . 38hasthreesw ordsinthe
cent no . 40and45 asi -petaledrosetteandf ina llyno. 52acha lice inthe
nt.All thesedevicesoccuroncoins struckbetween770and803H .
nMamlukheraldrywasat itsheight.TheR asulidsevidentlyimitated
mlukheraldictradition.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 24/493
tans
withthehera ldiccoin-series how ever leadsustoconcludethat
buta lsosultansof tenhadacompositebla on. I tbecomesev ident
harges truecompositebla onsoccuronthefulus: thecupand
ar ii ; thethree- f ie ldedshie ldcum" po lo -stick s andcrescent
ndF ara ; theeaglewithcrescent the lionwiththerisingsun the
etc.
aternumberofco insshow onlyonecharge it isa lsotruethat
samecoinpresenttwodifferentbla ons.F urthermorewesoon
ssionsofthesamesultan bearamoreorless greatvarietyof
otsupposethat theMamluksultanschangedtheirbla onsat
ablethat theengraverandthemintmasterdaredtoput any
e onthedifferentemissions.Thisleadsus tobelievethatall
nthediverse emissionsofoneandthesamesultan arepartsof
tmaybeusefultoe aminethistentativehypothesismoreclose ly .
mluksultansareknownonlyfrom coinsthereisunfortunately
mparison. When e itheronamonumentorasmallob ect or as
namanuscript a bla onhasbeenpreserved w ef indthatinsome
s evidence whileinotherstheycontradictit. I nsuchcases
should w ebelieve preva il.
o inagehasj usta few charges. O nehasthe impressionthatthis
ro fco inspreserved fore ample theco insofa l-Sa lihI sma il
a l-NasirHasan a llthreesonsofa l-NasirMuhammad. Thesameapplies
ultans w hosecopperco insareoftenscarceandlittlek nown.
G S
w ork there isagraphiclisto f thesimplechargesw hichhehad
ons thislist included47dif ferenthera ldicdev ices. We have
ebla onsobservedbyusontheco ins o f the47charges only
sisa veryrestrictednumber.Moreover nocolorsarerepresented
tsohappensthatthesamebla onappearsonco insstruck bysultans
e. g. thef leur-de-lisorthesi -petaledrosette indiscrim inate ly
f a mi l y as w e ll a s b y B a r i i ) .
sarew elldraw nandarecharacterist ic. Thereare how ever o f ten
nthedetails orevendev iationsf romtheorigina lcharge w hich
peanheraldryastheywouldmeanadifferentbla on.Theoriental
havethesamescruples.Thelionpassantof B aybarsisknown
helef t. Onthesilverco inL. 743 it isturnedtotheright. Thebar
sfulus( B MC 528. k 528. 1andB alog isindiscrim inate lybendy
-de-lisofal-NasirMuhammad sfulusinthe B alogcollection
dorona punctuatedshield.Therosetteofthesamesultan is
tontheD amascusemissionw here it isf ive-petaled. A gain onsome
seitherturnedtothe le f tortotheright orisevendouble-headed.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 25/493
f leur-de- lisisf lankedby tw oannuletsontheHamahissue buthas
coins.Therearemanymoree amples.
hecoins arethefollowing:
barsI co ins itappearsona llco inse ceptthepseudo-A yyubid
r.Thereisno doubtthattheanimalrepresentedisa malelion
servedspecimensthemaneis q uiteclearlydiscernible.Thisis
a whothoughtthatthischargerepresenteda leopard.
thebla onofhisfatheranduseditonhisco inage butontheDa-
asmalltrianglew ithloopedanglesinf ronto f the lion shead. I t
stribaltamgha.
nontheH amahcoinsofal-MansurMuhammadislistedunder
thene tsultanwhodisplayedthe lionpassantonhisH amahand
a ban.H islion however differentfromthatofB aybars hasa
a il. A l-A shrafSha ban sson a l-Mansur' A li displayedthesame
shera ldiccharges.
thefirstB ur isovereign showthepowerfulfigureofalion witha
nthemiddle and onotherco ins a lioninthecentra lf ie ldof
esameemblemsoccurontheco insofhissonF ara . A l-Mu af far
p r ob a bl y Q a i t ba y a s we l l as a l -Z a h i r Q a n s uh a l l us e d th e l io n a s
ubbah ( Mayer2
rareH amahcoinsofa l-MansurMuhammad. Contrary toMayer s
thatthehorse isasimportantaparto f thechargeasthepa lan uin
beeasily recogni able ifdraw nalone. Wedonotagreew ithMayer
supporteroftheparade-saddle.
ntheraldiccharge generallyrepresentedintheclassicalrigid
inavertica ll ine w ingsinverted clawse tendedtow ardsthe
raspingthem. H eadturnedrightorle f t double-headed( Staatl.
nchen . Thiseagle istobefoundonco insofbotha l-NasirMuhammadand
parto fcompositebla ons isobservedonco insofa l-Mansur
thew ingsareadherenttothebody oratleastnotyetopen. A
sticattitude isdisplayedonsomeofQa itbay sco ins.
if y appearsontheA leppocopperco insofa l-Sa lihSa lih. It
ometimesbeenthoughttorepresentaduck butinouropinionmay
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 26/493
tans
soneofthe fre uentemblemsofQ ala un sH ouse.I toccurs
ellet inanundecoratedfieldorsurroundedby garlandsor
am. I t isusedbyotherrulersnotre latedtoQala un slineageand
. Thef ive-peta ledrosette lesspopular a lsooccursonsomeco ins. The
theB ur iF ara havedistinct decorativerosettes w hileonthe
a itbay o fhissona l-NasirMuhammadandofa l-Z ahirQansuh the
sortof si -spokedwheel.
r 5
anyvarieties especia llyontheco insofQala un sdescendants.
andhissonF ara , it isdiscardedby theirsuccessors.
positebla onsonpage30of Mayershowsthatoneofthe
sthecup( cha lice . Thisishardly inaccordancew iththeevidence
risultans only theco insofKitboghadisplay thecha licew hich
uronthoseofQala un sdescendants. I t isa litt lemorepopular
r u a n d F a r a s h ow i t i n co m po s it e b la o n s a n d a sp e ci a l va r ie t y t h e
eur-de-lis-cha lice appearsontheirD amascusissues. B arsbay
someDamascusdirhemsandsohadJ a ma , w hoa lso issued
w idef la tcupischaracteristico fTemirbogha sco ins andso is
Ghuri.
artsofthiscryptic emblemappear aretwocoppercoins
t h e ot h er t o F a r a . O n b o t h s id e s of a c u p t h er e a re t wo o b e c ts
endsofMayer semblemNo. 8. Wehavenoe planationtooffer.
( M a ye r 9
andD amascusfulusofal-NasirMuhammad( B alogand
n s of J a m a ( B e i r u t an d B a l o g , a n d al s o on t h e sm a ll s i lv e r di r -
l lahandShayk h.
oomuchlibertyin consideringasafessethedivision ofthe
nesintothreee ua lsegments. B utonecannothe lpf indinga
einscribedshie ldshow nbyMayer( pp. 34-40andP latesX X I V . 2
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 27/493
X I X . 2 a n d L X X . . W e i d e nt i fy t h e th r ee - se g me n te d c oi n w it h t he
sconsistsofhori ontallinesandthefield issurroundedbya
w henevertherew asno intentiontorepresentafesse thethree
dots cablesoranyotherdecorativeseparation.I nmostcases
utsometimes especia llyonsomeB ur ifulus dif ferentchargesare
coins ofal-MansurMuhammad togetherwithaneagle
fSha banandal-Mansur' A li sco insshow asmallcrescentinthecenter
6
sfromauni uecoinofal-MansurMuhammad( B alog
neagle.I tsmeaningisnotclear: ^
ononQ a itbay sCairofalsin theANSistentativelyidentified
oinsofal-NasirMuhammad al-MansurMuhammadandal-
yof12 or13pieces. Otherw ise only twounidentif iedB ahrifulus
ayer34
w n asmallfa lso fa l-NasirH asan( B a log , inscribed.
5
B a h r i ( P A M .
sw hirl ingrosette ( Mayer44
asabla on. We how ever fee lthatitshouldbeconsideredas
f il lsa llre uirements: it iswelldef ined displayedataprominent
andit isthemostconspicuousfeatureontheco in. I t isusedby four
a l-A shrafSha banandtheB ur isB ar u , a l-NasirMuhammadand
cursonaH amahfalsofal-AshrafSha ban isinMayer s
charge(pp. 1oand26 , butanornamentonly . I t is how ever
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 28/493
tans
sameprominentplace asfore amplethe lion andw eseeno
legatedtoasecondaryrole.Atleast provisionally weshould
on.
L A Z ONS
nysultansused atthesametime dif ferentsimplechargeson
piniontheyall togetherrepresenttheentirecompositebla onof
positebla onsinthetruesensearesometimesobservedonMamluk
mad forinstance hasthreedif ferentcompositebla onson
theeagleandcrescent theeagleandMayer semblemNo. 26and
erisingsun. B ar u asw ellasF ara havea lionpassantinthe
- f ieldedshie ld orthecupand" po lostick s andthecrescentin
hree- f ieldedshie ld. Or aga in B ar u displaysa lionpassant
ma ' sf tdushasthenapkinw itharosette a l-Ghuri sco inspresent
tralsegmentofa three-fieldedshieldand finally ananonymous
o. 6 o f M ay e r s P I . X X .
F TH E B L A Z O N
atementsofearlierauthors Mayer( pp. 4o-41 emphasi edthe
whetherMamlukbla onswerehereditaryornot andthematerial
cienttoform adefiniteopinion.H eadds however:" Never-
tosubmitthehypothesisthatthebla onw ashereditary inthecaseof
notonlybecauseof the identityof thebla onina ll instancesinw hich
herandsonsarek now n( B aybarsandB arak aQan K itbughaand
a , S ha b an a nd H a j i S ha b an a nd ' A li , b ut a ls o
hthebla onof thesononly isk now n itshowstheveryemblem
eshie ldofhisfather.
ayerthattheMamlukbla onwashereditary.W earehere
chcandef inite lybeattributed theow nershipof thebla onsthey
uestionable .
coinsbelongingto severalgenerationsofthesamefamilyare
.Thestrikingregularitywithwhichthesamechargesrepeatedly
cessivedescendents clearlyshowsthattheemblemsareregarded
arehereditary. Wehavefore ample agoodseriesofhera ldiccoins
andhisson totheHouseofQ ala unandevenbetter oneof
F a ra .
tableofhereditaryemblems:
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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L L 1
K S
. o n h is d i rh e ms .
copper.
senamesarenot listed therearenoarmorialinsigniaknown.The
handmarginare referencestothecatalogue.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 30/493
tans
resentonall coinsinour27-30
pieces(L . 743andA NS no
edtotheright andMayer
Ayyubidtypedirhems
la on sometimesa lsotamgha.
be lievesthattheduck encounter-
unisonlyornamenta land
ptonowno heraldiccoinsof
entif ied.
. O n h i s C a ir o a nd D a m a s cu s f ul u s. 2 4 3 2 4 4
ascus A leppoandTripo li.
egment( bar bendywithe levenpieces. 245 251
mintorH amah. B MC 528f . hasthe
deandthebar bendy onthe
vded smoothshie ld.
w ithcentra lpelle t.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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ntra lannulet. 256
sconcave. Damascus. 261
64
cus. 265
r S H , p . 14 4 P I . X X ,
otesf romal-Dhahabi a l-
a l - s l am V I I , m a nu s cr i pt i n
iP asha C a iro : " . . . he
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 32/493
tans
ebetweenthe" cupon
edU shapedshie ld o fa l-
theundividedroundshield
ecopper coins.Asimilar
rentlydiv idedshie ld isrepre-
silver- inlaid attheWal-
more. Theowneris" K it-
tpossibleto identify thisperson
f igure . Hisbla on:
ascuscopperco ins. Mayer SH ,
-93
i. 297
ayer SH, mentionsthefleur-314
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 33/493
y .
n bothsides.
hebirdonthereversewalking338
backtowardsa smallorna-
smallswan ? ) . We presume
sentsan eagle.
sette? ) / eaglew alking crescent. 395 a
tMayer semblemNo. 26395 b
w i th p a la n u i n ( q i i bb a . 3 9 3
X X , N o. 3.
ssew ithcentra lbarbendy . 394
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
. 454-56
entra lbarbendyw ith13pieces. 462
othsides. 467
0
et. 476
t ur e . 4 7 9 B M
nnulets.466
pk escounter-clockw ise four475
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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4 480
63
dby4pellets. 501-02
4
5
by4pellets. 524
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
efieldof dividedshield.525
ette . 258 527
9 5 6 0 5 6 1 5 6 4
dby fourpelle ts. 593
0-91
onundiv idedfie ld. 602
.
entralsegmentoffesse.
behindthe lion. 597b
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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sh .
h .
ndpo lostick s(? ) andcrescent598
a ilcurledback cha liceabove595
withwaterwheel eagleand
o n ot h a ve B a r u ' s n a me
h i r . T h er e i s h o we v er n o t
utionis correct.
kescurvedclockwise.
628 671.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
nundividedf ield.
ncentra lsegmentof fesse. 656
tck s ? ) andcrescent incentra l659
onpassantto le f t inundiv ided664
i llah
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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d e sc r ib e s a bl a o n f r om t h e ea s t
mainmos ue now destroyed:
sse inthecentra lsegmentchal-
cesw ithinit andanother
nt.
cek: Z . O rient. Miin k unde 699
SH, p. 52. Thisistheonly
tem. Damascus silverco ins. 721-25
o le f t longtailcurledback . 731
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
3
u j ah. 751
4~ 76
7
ebla on SH, pp. 87-88
, cha liceandf leur-de- lis in
ee-fieldedshield fromthe
ilayamos ueatGha a.
esse w efoundnothinglik e iton
am
97 800
correctly statesthaton784and786
heris thereoneon789
are purelyornamental.
leur-de-liseverwas
o n.
entof 806 Ashmol.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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si -petaledrosette.
nnotdecide whetheritisa 834
edecorativepattern.
mentionsthefleur-de- lis butw e
fC a itbaywiththisbla on.
ockwise.860
scounter-clockwise.Cairo.859
8-89 caU sthisemblema" w hirling
lievethatit hasaheraldic
ow ever thatitmaybeacharge
e ly asahera ldicemblem.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
passantto le f t.
g i ve s h is b l a o n f ro m a c op p er
unter-clockwise.
eld inscribed.
endy ( to le f t w ith15pieces/
tcontainsMayer semblemNo.
thasadevicewhich wearenot
llustration andthe low er
ametohelpwith the
thegeneralappearanceof
dbarbendy thisco inmay
H ouseofal-NasirMu-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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O L O G
coinageiscomplicated ithasbeenthoughtto beconfused
sofarastoquestionitsverye istence. I tdoes how ever e ist.
rstanditisnecessarytor etracebrieflythedevelopmentofI slamic
mitsbeginninguptothat comple andartificialsysteminto
medbythe Mamluks.
ologywasbasedonagold-silverbimetallicsystem.After' Abd
ationshipwasfi edastenweightunits ofsilvertosevenweight
oreticalweightof4.25grams forthedinarand2.97 gramsforthe
ofG. C . Miles( " B y antineMilia resionandA rabDirhem "
p. 214 basedona largenumberofU mayyadand' A bbasiddinars the
dcoin was4.251grams.Asforthe dirhem.D r.Miles( op.cit.
asiso f researchonama orsca le foundthattheaveragew eightof the
ound2. 924grams andthatof the ' A bbasiddirhem betweenal-
132to251H. , f rom2.881to2. 970grams theaverageofw hich
forlossofweight wearriveattheintendedweightof 2.97grams
eoreticalweightforthe classicaldirhem.
okencurrencyonlyandhad purelylocalvalueandcirculation.
asvery lim itedandservede clusive ly theneedsofda ily lif e . It
thorit ies w ithorw ithoutthegovernor sname andsometimes
tdinarsbegintoappearunderthe ' A bbasidsa l-Mu tadirbi l lah
duringthe I k hshldidrule mostdinarsw ereunderw eight o f tenlessthan
especiallywellknown asin1954a hoardofprobably3000gold
eUpper- gyptiantow nofA ssiut morethantw othousandcoins
yus astheypassedthroughtheC airogoldba aaroveraperiodof
eemtoindicatethatduringthe earlystagesofI slamiccoinage the
re importantforthedeterminationastowhethertheywereof fullvalue
f theira lloy. E hrenkreut , insevera lart iclesofe ce llentq ua lity po ints
cesofa few percentinf inenessbetw eenvariousemissions( J A OS 1954
stheimportanceofthese differences.Wedo notbelievethattheMoslem
wereabletocontrolwhethertheir dinarscontained98 96oreven
usthatthef ineness( andco lor o f theco insdependedonthesourcef rom
k now forinstance thattheearly ' A bbasiddinarsofE gyptcamef rom
eco-R omangold-treasuresdugupsystematicallybyorderofthe authori-
MA 1 8 95 a n d 19 0 0 a n d M F A O 1 9 06 p . 2 14 . C as e s in w hi c h es p ec i al l y lo w
asinthedinarsofa l-R adibi l lah aree ceptiona l. E hrenkreut be lieves
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
theF atim idC aliphate thew eightof thedinarw asmainta ined
rdstheend however weoccasionallymeetslightlyunderweight
hodo yinplaceof thevanishedF atimidCaliphateandissued
ofturningbacktothe traditionaldinar hestruckgoldwhichshowed
nthantheF atimiddinar.Notonlywerethereunderweightcoins
e weightofthecoinsbecameindividualand variedbetweenthe
houtanyapparentorder.These coinscannolongerbe con-
csenseof thew ord butonly ingots( intheshapeofco ins w hich
ycount buthadtobeweighed.
ve go ldhadlostitsplaceasastandardofco inageandbecamea
otedthatthisinnovationw asduetotheA yyubids andthatthe
thenewsystem.Theplaceofgold hadbeentakenoverbysilver
ndardofcoinage andtheproductionofthe silverdirhemcame
ceofthe ruler.
rigina lw ide- f landirhemremainedincirculation thecontro lw as
nthecontrary w hereSa ladinandhisimmediatesuccessorsw ereobliged
emissionof " black dirhems amonetary reformhadsoontobe
eformof622H. recordedbyMa ri iw as inrea lity onlya
m-typewasinvented butthecoinageremainedessentiallyun-
ems issuedduringthatperiod havebeenanaly edbyusin
entof puresilver.1Theresultsareas follows:
hems:between27and 3o% silver
mascuslargef lan( before622H) : betw een87and89%
efore622H) : betw een28and3o%
eddirhems(af ter622H) : betw een23and3o%
uslargeflan:between76and87%
cus( af ter648H ) : betw een72and8o%
ducedbySaladin throughhisnewcoppercoinage which
ofsupportv is-a -visthesilver j ustassilverusedtosupportgold
m.
thatinformertimescopperwas onlyalocalcurrencywithout
yyubidscopperis promotedtothestatusofstate-currencyforthe
disoneofgreateconomicstabil ity w ethink ontheotherhand thatit
fa tion. C f . A . S. Ehrenk reut in J E SHO 1959 pp. 152-4 B a login
f silver( o . 5gr. w ascutf romtheco inandaccurate lyweighed then
ad inaporousterracotta container.Thecontainerabsorbsthelead
on-preciouselementsfromthemoltendropofmetaland thepuresilver
encalculatedfromthe differenceofweightbetweentheoriginalalloy
er.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 45/493
gn snameisplacedonthecoinsand sometimes eventhatof the
designedandneatlystruck andweighbetweentwoandseven
old-silverbimetallicsystemyieldeditsplace toanewersystem
estandardco inageandw as initsturn supportedbycopper. B ut
ilverandcopperwasdifficultto maintainatafi edrate.Silver
ofF atimidrule hadbeencontinuouslydebasedanddrastically
tevenso itw asnoteasy toobtaininsuf f icientquantit ies. O ntheother
mmonandcheapmeta l f loodedthemark etandsoonbecamebeyond
monetarysystemworkedwellenoughunderthefirmrule
ghitcarrieditsown inbornweakness.Arbitrarymeasuresofthe
inspiredbypoliticaleventsandeconomicemergencies soonledto
whichq uicklyreachedahithertounprecedentedpeak.Nowonder
ces severalprominentmodernauthorswentsofarasto denythat
istedatallunder theMamluks
hecausesof thedeclineofMamluk economy itmaybeuseful
actors: , i >
dis filledwithcontinuousinternecinestruggle oftendegenerat-
t byMamluk againstMamluk forpersonalpow er andbetw een
.Atthe frontiers therewasperpetualwarfare sometimesat
nthe country seconomybecameunbearable.
ar foreigneconomiccompetitiontookanevenheaviertoll.
s thentheV enetians ontheonehand andlaterthePortugueseonthe
Mamluk empireand inthe longrun cutito f f f romtheinternationa l
ssingthroughE gypt assureditsprosperityduringmanycenturies.
mentoftheoldgold-silverbimetallicsystemby thenewsilver-
ilto haveadisastrouseffect.Gresham slaw accordingto
sgiveswaytobad istrueforthat periodalso.
riperiod go ldw astradedbyw eightintheformofstampedco in-
ddifferent irregularw eights andhadnoconnectiontoanyknow n
rminedbythat ofsilver—a currencywhichdaybydaylost
ow er therefore therateofe changeofgo ldrosehighereveryday.
etw ometa lshadaf i edva lue. I nfact thesilverdirhemw hich
netarystandard sotosay thebasiso f thew holesystem w as
weightoftheMamlukdirhem inspiteofthe vastnumberof
anonlybeappro imatelyestablished.Notcountingtheglobular
urrandA l-AshrafMusa theMamluk dirhemfromA ybak until
daround2.80to2.90grams.F romal-NasirMuhammad sthird
ctuationisgreater: 2.50to3. 0gramsormore(3. 50 even4.0 .
oinswithweightsranging irregularlybetweentheq uarter-
hem.
asinglybeingfelt astimepassedandseveralcontemporary
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
the e istingeconomicuneasiness.We haveacuriousbitof
cevidencethatsuchdifficultye istedandthatanyemergency
ease evenmomentarily theacutepressure weretakenwithout
a la unledsevera lm ilitarye peditionsintoC il icianA rmenia .
D . , h e s uc c ee d ed i n c ap t ur i ng t h e ca p it a l S i s t o s ec u re p e ac e L e o n I V ,
greedtopayanannualtributeof1 2oo oootrams. Parto f thesilver
ntoissueMamlukdirhems.Asthis however wasalengthy
hortenthetimeneededforrestriking thema orityof theA rmenian
ckwithal-NasirMuhammad sdies.Themarketseemsto have
rency thateventhise traordinaryprocedurewasnotdeemed
inderoftheArmeniantrams werethereforedumpedintocirculation
oardsofthisperiodcontain Mamlukdirhemsofal-NasirMu-
rmeniantramsandoriginalArmeniancoinswithoutoverstriking
ichprovesthatallthree typesofcoinscirculatedsimultaneously.
heB ahriperiod copperco insremainedsim ilartotheA yy iibid
ngispleasantandthe strikingwelle ecuted.Afteracertain
ua litydeteriorated especia lly tow ardstheendof theB ahridynasty .
uckhastilyandinenormousq uantities wereverypoorlyandcare-
rweightbecamecompletelyerratic.. {
nsremainedwithinnormallimitsuntil al-NasirMuhammad s
he issueoffuliisbeganto takeconsiderableproportions.Then
l area linfla tionsetin increasinginimportanceasa l-NasirHasan
dal-AshrafSha bansucceededtothethrone.
mentputmoreandmorecopperinto analreadysaturated
silverwasrapidlydisappearing.Thisprocedurecontinueduntil
period practica lly theonlye istingcurrencyw asthecopperfa ls.
yandsilverbecamee tremelyscarce.Thisstateofuttereco-
oneofthe causesofthecollapseof theB ahridynastyandthe
tans.Nobodycouldtellhow goodorbadthecirculating silverpieces
erandeconomicdistressnumismaticmetrologydidnotactually
concealedbythe artificiale perimentsofanenforcedabusive
roofthatduringthewholeMamlukperiodthe metrological
dunalterede istsinthefacto fF ara ' sco inreformsandthatof
creaseunderB ar u andbecameintolerableonF ara ' saccession
porarysourcesgivepoignantdescriptionsofthesufferingsendured
cionw asinev itableandcamein8o4H. w henF ara f irstattempt-
reform.
eturnto thetraditionalbimetallicsystembasedonthe
andsilver.Theweightofthe dinarwasfi edat4.25grams that
htsurvivingspecimensofthisemissionconfirmthat theweight
sstillthe sameasatthetime ofitsadoptionmorethanseven
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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nthesameway B arsbay ssilverdemonstratesthatthedirhem
of2.90 grm.throughthecenturies.2Atthesame timecopper
bythereformto thesecondaryroleoftokencurrency.
m w hichseemedsosimple intheory turnedouttobedisastrousw hen
ge-scalesalvagingoperationcouldmeetwithsuccess onlyif
sofworthlesscirculatingmoneycouldbeabsorbedandreplaced
ew healthycurrency.Aheavytask difficulttocarryout.
ydidnotpossessthenecessary fundstomeetthee pensesof thisventure
dwithintwoyears.
reasingeconomicpressure F ara , in810H. introducedasecond
wasbasedonthe gold-silversystem however notonthedinar
enetianz ecchino.Thenewgoldcoinhad anaverageweightof
htly lessthanthew eightof these uin( 3. 50-3. 55grm. . Thisw as
M a r i i S u lu k P a r is M s . 17 2 8 f o l. 7 1 V ° ) . C on t ra r y to M a r i i s
in-weightgoldcoinwasintroducedonlyin 811 wepossessmany
0H. I t isnotentire lye cludedthatthesmalldif ferenceofw eight
newMamlukcoin tocompetewithitsformidableprototype the
nse uin.
hto f thecoinw asreducedbyafew centigrams andeventhe
mperedwith itisthereforenaturalthat inthosecircumstances
sdedtheB ur igo ldco in.
asmadebyal-Mu ayyadShaykhtorescuethebadlyshaken
struckgold coinsbasedonthetraditionalmonetarymith al
din821and823H. Tw oof thesurv ivingco inspresentthedenomination
nt r e of t h e fi e ld t h e th i rd i s a h al f -m i th a l = " n i sf . N a tu r al l y t h is
w hich l ik etheearlierreforms hadnoso lidbasis disappearedw ith-
uick lyasF ara ' sf irstre form andlef tthef ie ldonceagaintothe
gypt seconomywastoogreat andadrasticreductionof the
followed.Thefirst " light-weight silverdirhemsappeared
-Musta in-bi l lah( about1. 50grams . U ndera l-Mu ayyadShaykh
pecimensofhissilverdirhems theirweighthaddroppedtoaround
e pectedly there isacerta inimprovementduringB arsbay sre ign:
avierandreachanaverageof2grams. UnderJ a ma how ever
to1.50gramsatwhichweightit remainedforalongtime.
Ghuri sdirhems underthepressureof the laststruggleagainstthe
drastica lly reducedtoamere1gram.
p " L educatV enit ienenEgypte " p. 11( fullre ference infootnote-
coinsw iththefo llowingdenominations: * / 2+ 1 t= 3/ idirhem of
75grm. and1 t+ 1 a= 8/ 8dirhem of0. 725+ 0. 312grm. = 1 370grm.
dnarrowlytothatofthe U mayyaddirhemof2.90or2.88grm.
talogue pp.387-393.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
h themintingofcopperw asdiscontinued. Theearlierfulusw hich
edtocirculatein enormousq uantities weremorethansufficient
crumblingeconomy. A ndasif thingsw erenotbadenough during
mluk era Q a itbai a l-NasirMuhammadandQ ansuhal-Ghuri
rintocirculationfor thefewremainingyearsoftheMamluk
D abi , foughtandlostonthe 25thofR a ab922H . putan
andto itsincrediblyvariedcoinage.
fusingmonetaryhistory wemustreturntothe problemofthe
changeratebetweenthedirhemandthe dinar fromthebegin-
tyuptotheendof theB ur is. f thasbeendescribedbychroniclers
ers andstudiedbymodernnumismatistsandstudentsofecono-
ra.1Neither thechroniclersnorthemodernauthorshave
factorye planationofthechaoticsituation.
sagreethattherateof e changebetweentheMamlukdinar
inningoftheB ahrierawas1 to20.Towardstheendof thatrule
ntorise andsoonreachedhighproportions.Atthe beginningof
thedirhemlostmoreof itsva lueatanacceleratedpaceand a f ter
orm thesituationgotcomplete lyoutofhand. Duringthefollowing
arw ase changedinq uick successionattherateof60 120 240and
ureswiththe dataofthepreservedsilverdirhemsin ourcollections
artling contradiction.TheearlyB ahridirhem weighingabout
are changerateof1to20. Thew eightof thesmallB ur idirhems
ally to1gram.Thereforeonewoulde pectthattherate of
ceed1to40or1to60. I nstead thehighestrecordede changerate
arado ica l if onedoesnotassumeane tremedebasementof the
rdertoe lucidatetheq uestionw ehadaseriesofB ahriandB ur i
pella tionw ithlead( seeabove p. 40 toascerta inthef inenessof
ltsweresurprising:
K S :
7 3 7 7 % s i lv e r co n te n t.
l ac k : 4 6 4 9 .5 6 5 6 6 7 3 %
6 8 6 9 7 0%
%
' E g y pt e c om t em p or a in e X X X e a n n e e N o . 18 5 M a i 19 3 9 p p . 42 7 -4 5 9
" L e d u ca t v en i ti e n en E g y pt e " R N 1 8 9 7 p p . 37 3 -3 8 1 4 9 4- 5 08 ( = p p .
A . S. E hrenkreut , B SOA S1953 pp. 502-514and1954 pp. 423-447
6 2 -1 6 6 an d 1 95 6 p p . 17 8 -1 8 4 D . A y a l on J E S H O I , p p . 37 f t. a n d 25 7 ft .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 49/493
K S :
9 0 9 0 9 1 .5 9 2 .5 9 4 .5 %
9 5 9 5 .5 9 6 %
9 2. 5 9 5%
wthatthedirhem throughouttheB ahriperiod remained
muchfluctuationthefinenesswas between65and77% .Afew
hemsw ereane ception. C ontrary toa lle pectations theB ur i
a lloy thanitsB ahripredecessor. Neverlessthan90% , ito f ten
andremainedatthesameleve ltotheveryend. I nsteadofbe ing
igher standardthantheB ahrisilver-coin.
drawnfromtheaforesaidisthatthe realsilverdirhem
e changeraterecordedbythehistorians.
rhem w enatura lly think ofasilverco in. B utithasa lready
acommoditynotindigenoustoEgypt hadtobe importedaga inst
sevenscarcer thansilver.Theonlycurrentcoin wasthecopper
melyabundant cheapandbecomingcheaperda ily itw aspractically
e.F ormerlyarealcurrency thedirhemnowbecamemoneyof
usperdirhem. Gradua lly thee pression" dirhem- / Z s w asintro -
heonlye istingcoin thefa ls w asidentif iedw iththemoneyofaccount.
etheword" dirhem insteadofbyits specificmeaningintothe
theproblemisso lved andthefantastice changerateautomatic-
khad beeninthehandsof theeditorforsometimewhen
gyptandSy riaundertheC ircassionSultans SystematicNotesto I bn
esofE gypt ( U niversityofCaliforniaP ublicationsinSemitic
B e r k e le y a nd L o s A ng e le s 1 9 57 c a me t o m ya t te n ti o n. P o p p e r s
omanyimportantnotesoncurrencyreferredto inthechronicles
nedby theauthor thatit isimperativeto includeafew remark s
-73 :
T r ai t e de s f am i ne s ( t r an s l. G . W i e t L e i de n 1 9 62 p . 6 8 s a y s : on e d ir h em
us.I fwetranslatethisinto theoriginalvalueofthe silverdirhem
ulus andonemith a lgo ld= 20dirhems= 480fulus( dirhem- / a/ s .
I ta lianso ldo onceaco inofspecif icva lue todayonlymeans" money "
gypt the" dirhem issometimesemployedtosignify " smallchange.
stimethatcopperco insw erecalleddirhems thecopper" dirhems o f
Turcomandynastiesstruck duringthe12thand13ihcenturiesin' I ra i
wn. C f . J . K arabacek " UbermuhammedanischeV icaria tsmiin enund
I - X I I I J a hr hu nd er ts " N Z I , 1 86 9 p p. 2 65 -3 00 a ls o Ma r i i : Nu u d
28 p p . 15 i 1 .2 i ff . K h i t a f I I , 3 9 6 1 . 6 ( b i o gr a ph y o f Ma h mf l d , 3 9 7 1 . 4.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 50/493
tans
thirdparagraph thego lddinarof4.25gramsisdescribedasthe
hichservedtoreck ontheva lueof thesubsidiaryco inage i. e . si lver
onehastoremember how ever thatatthattime go ldw asissued
dingotsofirregularweightandthestandardgold dinarwasonly
evenborrowforit thetermwhichP oppersoappropriately
ccount and j ustashedesignatedthe latteras" trade-dirhem "
tiousunito fgo lda" trade-dinar.
ntionedbythehistoriansanddiscussed inthefirstthree para-
per sNotes isnow quitew ellk nown e ightspecimensbeingincluded
vea lthatQal ashandi sdescriptionisthecorrectone andF ara ' s
nacircleontheobverse. Ma ri i sandQal ashandi sreference
icco inage istrue asthereverse asonmostI slamicco ins bearsthe
hesamepagementionsthe denominationsofthisissue ac-
I , 4 4 1. 3 . O u r s e r ie s c on t ai n s sp e ci m en s o f y2 1 2 a n d 3 mi t h a l s b u t
a l. TheSalim idinarw astheresulto fagenuinereform asit
th a l o ra f ractionormultiplesofamith a l andw asnotaco in
rrency standard.Thereformbrokedownonthesimplefact that
onto satisfytheneedsofcirculation.
hthediscussionof thesecondreformintroducedbyF ara i. e .
dinar itshouldbementionedthatanotherattempttorestore
cointoa positionofmonetarystandardwasmadebyal-Mu ayyad
isissue I havefoundnorecordinthechronicles andinthenumis-
o insNo. 1142ofLavo i andNo. 156o inL ane- oo le s
ialL ibrary.Althoughtheweightofthislatter specimenisnot
f theformerco inandofanotherisk now n. One inmyco llection is
L . 1142— w eighs2. o6. A ccordingly the latterco inisinscribedw ith
hetwolargeronesw ithmith a l. Needlesstosay a l-Mu ayyadShaykh s
uick lyasthato fF ara andforthesamereason.
asiridinar " orse uin- type issue commentedonbyP opper
ordingto Q al ashandithiscoinhadalreadybeen issuedin
w sof twospecimensof theyear81oH. only . Tothese w emaynow
hesameyear thereareothersof la terdate butnoneearlier. U ntil
ovided therefore w ea lsobe lievethatthese uin- typego ld
.onwards.
e uinsissaidby Q al ashanditohavebeenaroundthatof
oinsmentionedbyP opperarenearthatfigure.The othercoins
ver areslightlyless.Theweightof theothertenspecimensknown
3.5oto 3.32grams.O nthewhole theNasiriislighter than
changeratea little lessfavourablethanthatof theducat( orse uin
uestionra isedinthe lasttwo linesonthesamepage48 namely
ithea lloyalsow asadulterated hasyettobe investigated.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 51/493
these uinissuesofa l-Musta inbi l lahandal-Mu ayyadShaykh
co insofourcata logue e ceptthatonespecimenofa l-Musta in
andanother3.48 a lltheco insofa l-Mu ayyadarearound3. 40
50grams.
pperonthew eightof theA shraf idinaro fB arsbay thatthee tant
serecordedby I bnTaghriB irdi. I nourseries thee tremeweights
thoughthe bulk—15specimens— weighbetween3.40and3.41
tuethatthego ldof the laterB ur isultansremainedunder3. 43grams.
0grams accordingtothecoins wasmaintaineduntilQ a itbay
a lldecrease isnoticed: min. 3.33 ma . 3. 44 thebulk (38co insout
etween3.37and3.41.
madb. Qa itbay thedecrease inweightcontinues o f14co ins
3. 42 , e ightweighbetw een3.35and3.38grams. Subse uently a
israre lyatta ined andatthe laststages( a l-Ghurianda l-A shraf
was3.20 alsooccur.
ag r ap h P o p pe r r ec o rd s f ro m ' A l i P a s h a a n d Ma r i i - Sa c y t h at
eintroductionofH amawidirhemscauseddisadvantagetothepublic.
singthattheymighthavebeendefective butthedefectcould
clippingor lossofweightbywear becauseinarecentstudy we
snoadulterationinthea lloyatthisperiod w hich inE gyptas
nedtwo-thirdsoffinesilver againstone-thirdofcopper.
ntoconfirmPopper sreferencesof thechroniclers( lastparagraph
phonp. 57 ontheMu ayyadidirhem. He saysthat according
ncontained2.6gramsof " goodsilver. A lo to f153Mu ayyadisilver
nta ins23dirhems 121halvesand9q uarters. I f thisproportion
numbersofthe differentdenominationswhichcirculatedatthe
enitmustbe acceptedthatnotonlyweretherehalf dirhemsas
butthattheyw erethema ority. I shouldevensay thatthehalf
testpartof theemission.Thepublicprobablysawlittleelse in
ut nearlypuresilverhalf-dirhemandpromptlyaccepteditas
ysthat" Many probablya largeproportion o fha lfMu ayyadis
statesthat" inla teryearsva lueswereof tenq uotedby theha lf
wasnotspecified.
onoftheweightofthe Mu ayyadidirhem theaverageinour
ms theha lfdirhem1.30gramandtheq uarter0. 64. I nourassay -
tentvariedbetween90 and94.5%, whichhastobedeductedfrom
silverandcopper.Thustherecords leftbythechroniclersare pleas-
alnumismaticmethods.
s saysPopperof theA shraf idirhem( ofB arsbay onpage58
odsilver w ithaw eightof2. 478gramsca lculatedonatheoretica l
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 52/493
tans
ever thatthee tantco insw eighlessthanthisf igure( around
at theunitofthe Ashrafisilverweighedonly2.o8gramson
angiveane planationforthiscuriousmonetaryva lue. Many though
rsbayhavethedenominationinscribedonthem: q uarter q uarter
dha lfandq uarter. Thecorrespondingweightsare moreorlessac-
1.62and2.o8grams.Thereisnotoneentiredirhem inthecatalogue.
thf pcreasingpriceofsilverw hichcausedthe introductionofa lighter
whenP opperspeaks onp.5o ofthenew Z ahiridirhem
n 8 43 H . w h ic h w as t o p as s b y ta l e at 2 4 d ir h em s ( o f a cc o un t o n ly
nt.Thee istingfortyspecimensareallhalf-dirhemsandthere
tthisstage theunitwasevidentlythehalf-dirhem.
P opperdescribesthe I na lidirhemashavingbeenissuedintwo
st struck inA leppoandD amascus should accordingto I bn
wsilvercontent.Thesecond issuedinthesameyear 861andearly
issa idtoconta in96% silver. A rew erightinsupposingthatthe
ocomefrom theCairomint
complete lyatvariancew ithI bnTaghriB irdi. Wehaveanaly ed
nalandfound thatallspecimens struckinCairoas wellasin
eryhighf inesilvercontent: 95. 5to97.2% ; nodif ferencew asfound
amascuscoins.
hatthenewdirhemweighed2.975grams theonlye isting
now sareha lfdirhems. I ndeed notoneof the76co insk now nby
hem onthecontrary 75areha lvesandonlyoneisaq uarter. O f
nthecata logue and29morehavebeenac uiredsincethecompletion
rhemcontinuedtofunctionastheunito f thesilvercoinageuntilthe
der Q ansuhal-Ghurithereisa final importantreductioninthe
reasanaverageof1.5o-1.42gramswasmaintaineduntilal-Nasir
duceditto1.19 gram.Thisisanotherdetailwhichc onfirms
h i s p. 6 o 4 t h pa r ag r ap h .
-73 isdevotedbyPoppertothecopperco inage. Ofspecia l
efollowingreferences:
f ed s w ei g he d o ne d i rh e m ( ' A l i P a s h a X X . 5 o . p . 6 7 2 n d pa r ag r ap h
r co i ns w e re s t ru c k e a ch c o in w ei g hi n g on e mi t h a l ( S u b h I I I ,
d pa r ag r ap h .
ences thoughofgreatimportancetothecontinuouslyfluctuat-
arenotofdirect issueontheproblemsof metrology.Theyrefer
hange.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 53/493
orkwascompleted only478Mamlukcoppercoinswith
w n. H ow ever sincethisbook wenttotheprinters avery
shasbeen discovered.230specimensweretooworntobe
a ining581co insbe longedtoQaitbay tohissona l-Nasir
suhal-Ghuri. Wee aminedthese581co insaswellasthe
andB ur icoppersofourcatalogueandarrivedatconclusions
theNCof1963.Theresults ofourstudies whichroughly
irdi saccount areasfo llow s:
percoinagesince thebeginningoftheB ahriruleuntil
condre ignofa l-NasirH asan w asthedirhem. A tthist imethe
ocla imedastheunito fweight. Whereasbefore759H. the
eventhoughformodesttransactionsonly afterthattimeit
businessdea l. WhereastheB ur ifa lscontinuedtoweigh
animportantchangetook placeunderQaitbay a f terthattimeall
htof thecoppercoinage.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 54/493
morethansi mintstoissuecoins twoinE gypt( Cairoand
inSy ria ( D amascus A leppo HamahandTripoli . Thetw otables
thissectiongivea graphicpictureoftherelativeimportanceof
wellasofthemetalsemployed.
i r ah ( j y t W l , o r C ai r o th e we l l- g ua r de d ( i - j > A i _ ^ U l a s i t wa s
themostimportantmintofthe realm.F romtheverybeginning
ithoutinterruptionupto theendoftheB ur idynasty.As
videdgoldthroughoutthewholeperiod aswellassilver.The
ownbeforeal-NasirMuhammad( possiblyafewfulusofB aybarsI
themintnamecamef romtheC airomint la tertheycropupf rom
nsurMuhammad anavalancheofcoppercoinagebegins which
ar u ' sf irstre ign. L ateron fulusseemtohavebeenstruck in
atleastveryfewofthem havecomedowntous.Towardstheend
tbay a l-NasirMuhammadb. Qa itbayandQ ansuhal-Ghuriareonce
erncollectionsbya fairnumberoffulus.
s ka nd ar iy ah ( i a L . M l I s ka nd ar iy ah ( i x O ) o r e c ep ti on -
x C . O nthreegoldco ins how ever themint-nameispreceded
uedinarofal-A shrafK ha li landtw ogo ldcoinsofa l-NasirF ara ) :
.uCj s .I nmodernarabicj tmeansaport orthemouthof
A r ab i sc h es W o r t er b uc h L e i p i g 1 9 54 I , p . 9 1 . I n c l as s ic a l Ar a bi c
gap breach f rontier-wayofaccesstoacountry parto facountry
an enemyisfeared frontierofahostilecountry aplacethat
ecountriesof theMuslimsandtheunbelievers ( E . W. L ane
c on L o n do n 1 8 63 B o o k I , P a r t 1 p . 3 3 8 l a s t p ar a gr a ph a n d p. 3 3 9
so D o y : S up . pl . I , p . 1 59 " P l a ce f r on t ie r e " " P l a ce v i ll e d e gu e rr e
rusC anard H isto irede laDynastiedesHamdanidesdeJ a iraetde
, p. 243: " L esplacesf rontieresmusulmanessontappeleesthughur
uches c est-a -direendro itse posesau atta uesdel ennemi du
eddinarsaretheonlycoinsspecifyingAle andriaasafrontier-
ura lj y is , how ever hasbeenobservedoncopperco insissued
2H. byGeorgeC. Milesin" I slamicC o insf romtheTarsusEx cav -
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 55/493
inTheA egeanandtheNearE ast: StudiespresentedtoH ettyGoldman
. p . 3 o5 n o . 24 . O n t h e se f u li i s t h e mi n t is : < A i i =
rches. ThetwoTarsusfuliisarefour hundredyearsearlierthan
heoccurrenceof thaghr y s oritsplura lthughiir j 3X , havebeen
inderWelinin" C ommentationesdenummisSaeculorumlX -X I
K ungl. V itterhetsH istoriochA ntikv itetsA k ademienHandlingar A ntik-
d1961 : C o inno. 29isaH amdaniddirhemstruck ina l- thughiir
andno. 31 a lsoaHamdaniddirhemstruck inthaghra l-Shdmiyah
5o H .
andriastartedonlyunderAybak B aybarsissuedbothdinars
tthemintdidnotprosperandafter aboutthreedecades under
bandonedaltogether. A boutsi tyyearslatertheemissionofgo ldwas
alihSalih.Thestrikingof copperfuliiswasbegununderal-
teduntilF ara ' sre ign aperiodw hichcorrespondsw iththee -
bycopper. A f tera l-Mu ayyadShaykh theA le andriamint
ndimportantmintforthe emissionofgold silverandcopper.
sunderB aybarsI andw asstil lf unctioningatthetimeof the
tsactiv ity duringthe laterB ur iperiod how ever w assomewhat
amascusisw rittene itherDimish orDamascusthe
a l -m a hr u sa - ^ J l J i . o .
a l-NasirMuhammadonlysporadica llyactive A lepposteadily
romal-Sa lihI sma il sre ignonwards. It reacheditspeak under
, w hosego ldemissionsareamongthehandsomestof thek ind. Under
ysmalldirhemswerestruck whichcansafelybeattributedto Aleppo
entioned.Thestereotypedreligiouslegendofthereverseis
chaicMongolorI lkhanidK uficcharacteristicofthatcity.
o in s a s H a l ab ( ^ U . , Ma d in a t H a l ab ( _ » - < j j ^ > ) or H a l ab a l -
w - U ) .
ce itissuedsilverand coppercoins sometimeswithlonginter-
oftheMamlukregime.Goldwasissuedonlyonce underal-
am e i s wr i tt e n :1 a . o n a f al s o f F a r a : i - j * l J l a . H a m ah t h e
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 56/493
tans
tswasTarablusJ » ) , sometimescalledTarablusal-
l ^ L l I t f u nc t io n ed s p or a di c al l y s t ri k in g g ol d o nl y u nd e r F a r a .
mmari etheactivityof theE gyptianandSyrianmints
ur isultans.
NTACT V I T
K S
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 57/493
K S
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 58/493
N Q U E
dgeoftheminting proceduresemployedbytheMoslemsis
hichhavesurvivedand onmodernanalysesofthee isting
thmediaevalte tsandmodernresearchstudiesare scanty.
treatiseshavebeenpublishedonminting inMoslemcountries.
shtabik af tdawdbitddra l- sik kaofH usa inMunis byA bii l-Hasan
m i n R i v i st a d el I n s ti t ut e d e E s t ud i os I s l am i co s e n Ma d ri d V I ( 1 9 58 ,
oinformationconcerningthemintingtechni ueitself.
posedbyaretiredofficialofthe AyyubidmintofCairo hasbeen
ublishedbyA . S. E hrenkreut : E x tractsf romthetechnicalmanual
iro w rittenbyMansurb. B a raa l-Dhababial- amili inB SO A S
se tensivedescriptionof themethodsusedinthepreparationandref ining
ngofcoinsis supplementedbyimportantparagraphsonthe
ri i sw ork onMoslemcoinageisnotconcernedw ithproblems
aw rotehismanualduringthe lastperiodof theA yyubiddynasty
tthetechni ueemployedundertheMamluksdidnotdiffer
tt leearlier therefore thistreatise iso fgreatimportancetous.
esonmintingarek nowntome. StanleyLane- oo lepublished
meta l diesinF astiA rabici(p. 45of theof fprintw hichconta insall
Mayerdescribeddies onehalfo fw hichbelongedtoa l- A i , theotherto
l ( 1 9 31 p . 3 4. F i n al l y G . Ma r ca i s pu b li s he d a p ai r o f pe g ge d i ro n d ie s
n na i es d e l I n s t. d E t u de s O r i e nt a ie s A l ge r I I ( 1 9 36 , p p . 18 o -1 8 8.
contributedthe descriptionofcoindies allearlierthan
p. 195-2o2 , anddiversobservationsonaspectsof thetechni ueof
X I , 1 94 9 p p .9 5- 1o 5 X X X I I I , 1 95 1 p p .1 -4 2 a nd X X X V , 1 95 2
pp. 195-2o2 .
ptionofthe mintingprocedurewhichinouropinionwas in
uringtheperiodwith whichweareconcerned:
dcoinswasmanufacturedbycasting.A fewpaper-thindinars
u andF ara w erestruck ona laminatedf lan butthesearee -
ofthe B ahrirulethediameterdid notincreasemuchbeyond
I tsoonbecamelarger how ever f romal-NasirMuhammad s
ntireB ahridynasty andevenunderthefirstB ur isultans only
ted. F ara introducedanew smallerandlighterdinar. This
ethestandardcoin butla ter a f terB arsbay sre ign itshrank to
w hichweca llthe" pseudo-Ayyubid period theglobularf lan
em.Actuallyoneof thebestandclearestdescriptionsin I bn
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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heparagraphontheproductionof thenu rahf lansforthedirhem:
redover awoodenconewhichiscoveredwith alayerofcharcoal
t intodropletsofdif ferentsi es s uirtsoverthisconica lsurfaceand
sinof coldwater whereitcongealsintoseparate amorphous
assesarethenheatedandstruckin thedies " withoutprevious
ent w hiche pla insthe irregularity inthew eightandsi eof these
normal-widthdirhemflanwhichsurvivedtheB ahrirule
a r i i a n d F a r a . T h en s u dd e nl y i t w as r e du c ed i n s i e a n d
Contemporarilywiththenormalflan dirhems anothertypeof
theB ahriMamluksfromthetimeofNasir Muhammad theso
w hichwereaspecia lityof theC airomintf romtheday theyw ere
atimids.Theseblackdirhemshadroughly( andirregularly
e latterw erecutf romalongandnarrow ribbonofsilverandthenstruck
og . B utw hereastheF atim idandA yyubidblack dirhemconsisted
-a lloy (25-3o% silvercontent itsMamluk counterpartw asmore
ssastheordinary round- f lanco ins(65-75% ) ( B a log .
emshadaf lancutf romacasttongueofsilver thethin round
vebeenstruck onroundspunchedoutfroma laminatedsheet
eastvaluableofallthreecoin metals itsmanufacturemust
pensiveandtheq uickest.Thereforemuchlesscarewasdevotedto
han forsilverorgold.The earlyfuluswerestruckonlaminated
butla termoreorlessaccurate lymeasuredpieceswerecutw ith
acopperplate andstruck w ithout orw ithinsuf f icient heating.
hricopperco ins theborderactually showstracesofhurriedcutting.
nsstruckin massproductionareneitheruniforminsi eor
struck.
theB ur ifulusshow similarcharacterist ics untilQa itbay s
falswasintroduced.Struckona thickflanwhichwasalsolarger
gends thenewfalsbecametheforerunnerof thethickO smanli
kfulus.Chemical( nitricacid testshavebeenmadeona large
riandB ur ifulus. TheresultsleavenodoubtthatmostB ahriand
ofpurecopper andonlyasmallnumberofQansi ha l-Ghiiri sco ins
thasbeenpointedoutinourarticlesintheB ulletinde l I nstitut
mismaticC hroniclethatthedieengrav ingcouldnothavebeene e-
dsurfaceof thedie itself thete to f the legendw asincisedinto
eof leadpla ues o fw hichacastw astakeninclay . Thiscast
hortclaypipe w asthenbak edand w henready f i l ledw ithmolten
theclaymouldw asbrok enaw ayandthebron ediew asready for
die accountsforthefre uentimperfectionsandblurswhich
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
ssel( upperhalf andthepile( lowerhalf .B otharecylindrical
etrusselis eithershort incaseswhereit hadtobeheldi nplace
onger w henheldbyhand. Thepile islonger thebottomtapering
pa iro f tooth-shapedpoints obv iouslymadetobedrivenintoa
ogenuinemediaevalMoslempegged-dies.Thiscorrespondswith
ediaevalMoslemcoinonwhichregularorientationof thea es
be detected.
lwaysdonebyhand theverynumeroustracesofdouble
pressionoftheengravingarea convincingargument.Generally
notonlytoreceivetheengravingsofthe diedeeplyenough but
reandobtainanevenlyround shape.I nmanycasestheheating
nt becauseonetofourpointedpro ectionsontheborderreveal
e originallys uareflanweresituatedbeforestriking( silver
ed themorepronouncedweretheangular spire-likeprotrusions.
ruckwithoutanyheatingatall onflanssimplycutfrom thicksilver
avereta inedthe irorigina ls uareform.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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R G AN Z A T O N O F T H E C A TA O G U E
d bytheconventionalsignsA andM.
gnatedC u andthoseofbron eJ E .
r snameappearsisconsideredthe obverse.Whenthe pro-
herside orthesultan snameisabsent thesidewiththebeginning
edtheobverse. I f only themintanddateappear themintison
deisanepigraphic theinscribedsideisthe obverse.
s tobeunderstoodasseenby thereader.F orinstance " lion
lionw alkingtowardsthereader sle f t inconventiona lhera ldic
contrary. A lso w henaco inisdiv idedby linesorsegments le f t
r sle f tandright.
omleftB ottomright
erallegendseparatedfrom thefieldbyasimple ordouble
edline.U suallyitrunscounter-clockwise.
hasbeenusedinf ronto f thecataloguenumbertomark unpublishedcoins.
mallerthanthe centralinscriptionandisnot separatedfrom
druns eitherclockwiseorcounter-clockwise.
rrowedf romclassica lnumismatics isaspacebelow the legendin
nt nameisnotmentioned.O therwise:mintmissing.
oned.O therwise:datemissing.Thediameter( inmilli-
t( ingrams arerecordedw heneverpossible . Unfortunate ly both
ble evenoncoinsin myowncollection.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
T O NO F AR AB I CL E TT R S
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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A H Y
cedingthetitleisthe serialnumberofL .A.Mayer sB iblio-
matics 2ndedition 1954.
eofcoinsinthecollection oftheGovernmentCentralMuseum
pp. 20-25.
epertoriumz urMun k undedesMittela ltersundderneuerenZ eit.
1 82 8.
: Numismataq uaedamcu uscun ueformaeetmeta ll imuse i
t i. Tarv isii 1741-59.
Catalogode codicimanoscrittiorienlalidelleB ibliothecaNaniana
il lustra ionedellemonetecuf ichedelMuseoNaniano.. . P a-
eminario 1787.
TheSystemofPaymentinMamluk MilitarySociety. J ournal
c ia l H i s t or y o f th e O r i e nt V o l . I , P t . 1 ( A u g . 1 95 7 , p p .
t . 3 ( O c t . 19 58 , p p. 2 57 -2 96 .
D e u d i na r s in d i ts d u d er n ie r r oi A y ou b it e d E g y pt e A l M al e k al
Mo us sa . B I E X X X I , 1 94 9 p p. 1 87 -1 90 .
he d i es o f A l Mo z E i z e d di n A yb e k f i rs t M am l uk k i ng o f E g y p t.
rcular D ecember1949 co ls. 610f .
es d in ar s du d b ut d e l è r e ma me lo uk b ah ri te . B I E X X X I I , 1 95 0
d é p o u e : di n ar f o ur r d e B a r s ba y s u lt a n ma m el o uk d E g y p t e.
, 1 95 0 p .2 53.
rt d e d in a r du s u lt a n N s e r M o ha me d b en Q a l a o un . B I E X X X I I ,
is ma ti u es d e l E g yp te m us ul ma ne I I . B I E X X X I V , 1 95 2
is ma ti u es d e l E g yp te m us ul ma ne I I I . B I E X X X V , 1 95 3
: C oi n s fr o m J e r a s h 1Q 2 8 - 3 4. N e wY o r k 1 9 38 ( N N M- 8 1 .
C ata loguedesmonnaiesetm daillesducabinetnumismati uedel uni-
Ca s an . K a a n 1 8 55 .
v .: " Z u r m u h am m ed a ni s ch e n Mu n k u nd e . N Z , B d . V I I I , 1 8 7 6
" M m o ir e s ur l e s mo n no i es d E g y pt e . D e s c r i pt i on d e l E g y pt e
p p . 2 67 - 50 6 P a r is 1 8 25 .
ebe antd orsarra inaspendantlesCro isades. Marse illes 1880.
eorienta lischenMiln enderKa iserlichenH istorisch-Archaeo logischen
sa. O dessa 1876.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 64/493
Sultans
Stick e l J . G. : " Z urmuhammedanischenNumismatik und
G X I , 1 8 5 7 p p . 4 43 ~ 4 7 4.
nventa iredutresordeI ' igliseprimatia ledeSens. Sens 1877
. : C ata logueofcornsintheC olombomuseum. Pt. I , H ertford 1914.
dcurrency. ( Memoirso f theC olombomuseum C o lombo 1924.
e r: " O n a h o a r d of c o in s f ou n d at B r o a c h. J B B R A S X V ,
pp. 339-37 .
ca b in e t of c o in s o f th e B o m b ay b r an c h R . A . S . J B B R A S
0- 94 p ub l. 1 89 4 p p. 3 0- 38 .
a lm a n nu m is m at i cs . L o n d on 1 9 04 . ( R A S m on o gr a ph s V o l . V I I ) .
R . : " L aco llectionDecourdemanche. R N1934 4-ese ie
da:CatalogueoftheCoins intheNumismaticCabinetbelongingto
a r ts I - V , B o m b ay 1 8 88 - 89 .
Notadelascuatrocientocuatromonedas ad uiridasenJ erusalen
ano lI , 1851.
y A . L o p e ) i b i d . I V , 1 8 52 .
de l a s di e y s e is m o ne d as . .. i b id . I V 1 8 52 .
d: " C oupd oeilsurlesmonnaiesmusulmanes. J A X X , 5-eserie
dGama of f : Monnaiesdediff irentesdynastiesmusulmanes. St. P eters-
ionsscientif i uesde l lnstitutde languesorienta les I V ) .
. S. : " K ashfa l-asrara l- i lm iyabidara l-darba l-Misriya o fMansur
- a m il i . B S O A S X V ( 1 9 53 , p p . 42 3 -4 4 7.
ittela lterlicheundneuereMiin en. K ata logderB iblio thek der
s ch e n Ge s el l sc h af t I I , L e i p i g 1 8 81 p p . 57 - 77 .
asmuhammedanischeMiin k abinetdesA siatischenMuseumsder
derWissenschaf tenz uSt. P etersburg. V orlauf igerB ericht.
orummuhammedanorumAcademiaeI mp.Scienti.P etropolitanae...
enanumorumintabb. I l le tI V de lineatorum.. . M imoiresde
ssciencesdeSt. Petersbourg 1834.
r i ch t ig u ng e n z u H n . L e l e we l s N u mi s ma t i u e d u Mo y en A g e. B u l l .
1 8 37 c o ls . 1 77 - 19 2 .
ndenverschiedenenorientalischenMun sammlungenderK .
ci e nt i fi u e I V , 1 8 38 c o ls . 3 05 - 31 8 .
re ine derA k ademieausA gyptenz ugekommeneB ere icherungder
ungihresA siatischenMuseums. B ull. Scientifi ueV I I ,
hnisderz w eiten demorienta lischenMiin k abinetderA k ademieaus
ndung. B ull. Scientif i ueV I I , 1840 co l. 336.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 65/493
in igef iirdasMiin k abinetdesA siatischenMuseumserw orbene
nt i fi u e I X , 1 8 41 c o ls . 2 89 - 29 4 .
postumorum.. . NovaSupplementa( editedbyB . D orn I , P etropo li
entaadNovaSupplementa p. 282.
. : " D i e E r w e r bu n ge n d es K . M t in k a bi n et s i m J a h r e 1 88 1 . Z f N
gevan: " L educatvenit ienenE gypte. . . R N1897 pp. 373-381
er: " Somearabco insf romOphelandSiloam. Q uarterly state-
x plorationF und1925 pp. 183-189.
. : " E x cavationsaga insttheNorthWallo f J erusalem 1937-38.
p p . 1- 54 .
re iunedierteSilbersti ick edesC halif enundSultansA bul- adl
edundeinigeMamluk enDinare . Z / iV I X , 1882 pp. 85-89.
erteSilbermun endesMamelukensultansSalamisch. Z fNX V I I I ,
s l am i sc h e Ma s se u n d Ge wi c ht e . L e i d en 1 9 55 p . 3 .
: R apportprdlim inairesurlapremierecampagnedefouil lesdeHama.
. C. : " M o h am me d an c o in s . N C X I X , 1 8 99 3 r d se r . p p . 26 5 -2 6 8.
ce l: " L ' apparit ionde la formule* j * iy> surlesmonnaiesmusul-
, 1 92 7 p p. 5 1- 55 .
identif ie rlespetitsbron esf rappesparlesdeu Muayyad. B I E
p p . 45 -4 8.
poids ou" monnaies-po ids dusultanmamelouk Haggy I I .
1 94 9 p p .3 9- 47 .
s ep h v .: " Z u r o r i en t al i sc h en M i in k u nd e . W N M h I I I , 1 8 67
enMiin endesSteiermark isch-StandischenJ oanneumsinGra .
p p . 12 - 82 .
Miin enderMameluk ensultanevonA egyptenimK . K . Mtin -
d er L i t er a tu r B d . 8 9 N o . L X X X I X , 1 8 40 p p . 1- 3 0.
numismuhammedanisinnumophy lacioregioDresdnensiasservatis
1856.
. M. : C ata logodellemonetearabeesistentinellaB iblio tecacomunalc
o V i r i 1 89 2.
anley : C ata logueoforienta lco insintheB rit ishMuseum. L ondon
d I X .
i ci . M r. J o h ns t on s c a bi n et . N C X I I , 3 r d se r . 1 8 92 p p . 16 0 -1 7 3.
collectionof Arabiccoinspreservedinthe K hedivialL ibraryat
.
enri: Cata loguedesmonnaiesmusulmanesdelaB iblio thd ueNationa le.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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kSultans
NoticeofaMamluk C oin struck bycommandof theSultanMelik
n B i b r s B o n d ok d ar i . " N C X I X , 1 8 56 - 57 p p . 71 - 84 .
p ti o n to p og r ap h i u e e t hi s to r i u e d e l Ê g y pt e t r ad u it e e n fr a n a i s po u r
B o u r ia nt . P t . I ( 1 89 5 , P t . I I ( 1 90 0 , M M A , v ol . X V I I .
phi ueethistori uedel Ê gypte traduiteenf ran a ispar
O ( 1 90 6 , v ol .I l l a nd M F A O ( 1 9 20 , v ol .I V .
Ob odnomzageriy sk omdirgemiyemameluk skavosultanaB ibersa
logii istorii f asc. 4 1885 pp. 53-62.
m: Numismataorienta lia illustrata . L ondon 1823-25.
aracenicHera ldry. O x ford 1933. (C onta insacompletebibliography
dliteratureonMamlukheraldry .
ns of B a r i i . Q D A I I I , 1 93 3 p p. 20 -2 3.
Ma ml u k co i ns . Q D A I I I , 1 9 3 3 p p . 1 6 7- 1 71 .
emsofMamlukcoinage. Transactionsoftheinternationalnumis-
London 1938.
" I s l am i c co i ns i n A nt i oc h -o n -t h e- O r o n te s I V , P t . 1 P r i nc e to n
948 pp. 109-124.
D enumisorientalibusinnumophy lacioGothano asservatiscommen-
iaeetGothae 1831.
A d di t io n s à l a c ol l ec t io n n um i sm at i u e d e la B i b l i ot h q u e K h d i vi a le .
r ie 1 90 3 p p. 1 99 -2 04 .
M us e um M n t er i an u m p a r s I I I . H a u n i ae 1 8 39 ( S a le s c at a lo g ue .
aoguedesmonnaiesarabesettur uesduC abinetR oya ldesM dailles
openhague. C openhagen 1938.
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i ib e rk o mm e ne n M n e n . Z D M G X L V 1 8 91 p p . 29 2 -2 9 4.
I . v . : Numimohammedani. B ero lini 1843.
. : C atalogueof theco insof the I ndianMuseum. . . P t. I V . C a lcutta
vestrede: (Translatedby , " Tra it desMonnoiesMusulmanes
Ma k ri i . M a ga s in E n c yc l op d i u e V I ( 1 7 96 .
d e s Mo n no i es M u su l ma n es . M a ga s in E n c yc l op d i u e ( 1 7 97 .
Mat riau pourserv irà l histoirede lanumismati ueetde la
s traduitsourecue il lisetmisenordre . J A 1879 7es r.
33 1 88 0 t . X V , p p. 2 28 -2 77 4 21 -4 78 1 88 1 t . X V I I I ,
t . X I X , p p . 23 - 77 9 7 -l 6 3. 2 8 1- 3 27 .
L . L . : L e g n i e de l O r i e n t c o mm e nt p a r se s m on u me n ts m o n t a i r es . ..
G. : Descri ionedia lcunemoneteenfichedelmuseodiStefanodeMainono.
cata logues:
a t e
- i n g I I I , 2 6 . 6. 1 9 05 .
ry i g o .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 67/493
Salescata logues: C ollectionv . Karabacek. November 1907.
a faB ey rambey. May 1909.
eSa e-C oburg-Gotha. May 1928.
r i m a r u i s . M ar c h 1 9 29 .
manNourybey . May 1929.
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nnaiesmusulmanes. Mossoul 1880.
1aucataloguedes monnaiesarabespubliSeni8yg.Mossoul 1891.
L e t tr e a M . Sa we l ie f .. . S ec o nd e L e t t r e " R N B 1 8 54 P P . 2 7 3-
deDorn. Tro isiemelettresurlesmedaillesorienta lesin6ditesde
ret. R NB 1856 pp. 1-41 129-177.
. : C ata loguevandeMuntver ameling. A msterdam 1897.
U b e r e i ni g e mu h am m ed a ni s ch e M ii n e n . Z D M G I X , 1 8 55 p p .
a lischeMiin sammlungdesO brist- ieutenantvonGemmingin
I I , 1 8 5 8 p p . 3 24 - 33 0 .
p: " C o inageofmuhammedanQueens. Seaby sC o inandMedal
547-549.
. d e : " M o ne t i S. I . C h ak h ot i na . Z V O I , 1 8 86 p p . 31 1 -3 1 5 I I ,
. : ModernC opperC o insof theMuhammadanStates. London 1911.
n he i m L . : V e r e i ch n is d e r Mi i n - u n d Me d ai l le n sa m ml u ng . I I P t . 2
51-564. 573-599.
er e ichnisvonMiin enundDenk miin en. .. verschiedenermoham-
derfulesF onrobert schenSammlung. B erlin 1878.
ammlungF urstGagarine . V erk aufskata log.
v .: K o l l e kt i on E r n st P r i n z u W i n d is c h- G ra e t . V I I . I T e il : O r i e nt a -
n 1 9 06 .
mad: Meskuk atiislamiyeh. Constantinople 1328H.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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O NS
maticSociety New York .
arch1935 theA NSac uired f romanunrecordedA ntiochsource
Thoughnothingisknownof theprovenanceofthislot
hinashortperiod presentaremarkablyuniformappearance
patinaand showtracesofthesamesandysoil. I tisnot
forethattheywerefoundtogether.F orreasonsofcon-
erredtoasthe" A ntiochhoard.
Museum O x ford.
n i v er s it y B e i r u t.
a o c ch i c ol l ec t io n C a ir o .
aulB a log unpublishedco ins.
Museum B ern.
a l B e irut.
m unpublishedco ins.
ationa lSy rien Damascus.
heF lage lla tion J erusalem.
. H o r ov i t c o ll e ct i on .
ungfle ischcollection C a iro. Now dispersed.
Min sammlung Miinchen.
il les P aris. Unpublishedco ins.
cheo logica lMuseum J erusalem.
burncollection Cranleigh Surrey E ngland.
chesMuseum V ienna.
guesandspecialarticles:
mismaticSocietyMuseumNotes.
faB ey rambey May1909( J . SchulmanSalesC ata logue .
e l l n st i tu t d E g y pt e C a i r o.
ieO rientalischenMiin enderK. Historisch-A rchaeo logischenGese llschaf t
1 8 76 .
e- oo le: C ata logueofOrienta lCo insintheB rit ishMuseum. V o lI V ,
undertheF dtimeeK haleefehs theAyyoobeesandtheMemlook
79 V o l . I X A d di t io n s to t h e O r i en t al C o ll e ct i on 1 8 76 - 18 8 8. P t . I ,
, L o n do n 1 8 89 .
ton: " O nahoardofcoinsfoundatB roach. J ournalo f theB ombay
X V , p p . 3 3 9- 3 70 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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of theSchoo lo fOrienta landA fricanStudies.
Cunha:CatalogueoftheCoins inthenumismaticcabinetbelonging
t s . I - V B o m b a y1 8 88 - 89 .
Monnaiesdediff irentesdynastiesmusulmanes. St. P etersbourg 1881
uesdel lnstitutde languesorienta les I V ) .
terlicheundneuereMun en. K ata logderB iblio thek derD eutschen
c ha f t I I , L e i p i g 1 8 81 .
: V er e ichnisderMun enundDenk miin en. .. verschiedenermo-
stienderJ ulesF onrobert schenSammlung. B erlin 1878.
ammedanischeMun k abinetdesA siatischenMuseumsderKa iserlichen
haf tenz uSt. P etersburg. V orlauf igerB ericht St. Petersburg 1821.
umpostumorum. .. NovaSupplementa( editedbyB . D orn I , P etro -
numorummuhammedanorumAcademiaeI mp.Scienti.P etropolitanae...
l V er e ichnisderre ichha lt igenSammlungorienta lischerMun en
n A pr. 1885. [ Sa lescata logue .
Sa e-C oburg-Gotha May 1928( J . SchulmanSalescata logue .
c a va t io n s ag a in s t th e N or t h W a ll o f J e r us a le m. 1 9 37 - 38 Q D A X , 1 9 4o .
t u e P a r i s.
f theA mericanOrienta lSociety .
rnalo f theE conomicandSocia lHistoryof theOrient.
m me d an c o in s . N C X I X , 3 r d se r ie s 1 8 99 .
f theR oya lA siaticSociety.
arabacek Nov . 19o7( J . SchulmanSalescata logue .
yL ane- oo le : Cata logueof theco llectionofA rabicco inspreservedinthe
a iro. L ondon 1897.
. L agumina: C ata logodellemonetearaeesistentine llaB iblio tecacomunale
1892.
ata loguedesMonnaiesMusulmanesdelaB iblio tht ueNationa le. P aris
orientaliaillustrata.L ondon 1823-25.
A h o ar d o f Ma m lu k c oi n s. Q D A I I I , 1 9 33 p p . 16 7 -1 7 1.
. Mayer: SaracenicHera ldry. O x ford 1933.
y Noticesurlaco ll. dem daillesetmonnaiesmusulmanesrecue il l ies
e il le 1855.
espubliesparlesMembresdel lnstitutF ran a isd A rcheo logieO rien-
i ns i n A nt i oc h -o n -t h e- O r o n te s I V , P t . 1 P r i n c e to n U n i v er s it y P r e s s
ubliesparlesMembresdelaMissionA rcheo logi ueF rancaiseau
te r ia n um p a rs I I I . H a u n i ae 1 8 39 ( S a le s c at a lo g ue .
cle.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
s& Monographs.
Nourybey May1929( J . SchulmanSalescata logue .
e itschrif t .
smonnaiesarabesettur uesduC abinetR oya ldesM&daillesduMusle
Copenhagen 1938.
e ichnisderausF le ischer sNachlassderDeutschenMorgenlandischen
e n Mi i n e n . Z D M G X L V , 1 8 91 .
erlyo f theDepartmentofA nti uit iesof theGovernmentofP a lestine .
Society L ondon.
m a ti u e P a r is .
la N u mi s ma t i u e B e 1 g e ( n o w : R B N — R e v u e B e 1 g e de N u mi s ma t i u e .
No . 1 9 ( d a t e ) .
Sa leofF ebruary 1907.
C ata logueau pri mar eus March 1929.
monnaiesarabesdesacollection.Mossoul 1879-80.
m V e r e i ch n is d e rM i in - u n d Me d ai l le n sa m ml u ng . I I , P t . 2 W i e n 1 8 45 .
h i t e- i n g I I I , 2 6 . 6. 1 9 05 ( J . S c hu l ma n S al e s ca t al o gu e .
. v . Z a m ba u r K o l le k ti o n E r n st P r i n W i n d is c h- G ra e t . V I I B a n d e .
e M i in e n . W i en 1 9 06 .
mismatischeMonatshefte.
f tderD eutschenMorgenlandischenGese llschaf t B erlin.
Numismatik .
ostochnavoO tde leniyaR ussk avo I mp. A rcheo l. Obshchestva .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 71/493 C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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K S
Musa
a l- D in Ay ba k
A li
nQ utu
B aybarsI
arakaQ an
Salamish
a la un
ha li l
hammad istre ign
i t bu g ha
n L a i n
hammad 2ndre ign
i n B a y b a rs I I
hammad 3rdre ign
buB ak r C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 74/493 C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
52 n o. 1 ( 1 4 1 8 3 .7 3 P l at eI , a n o. 2 ( 1 3 1 9 2 .9 7 P l at eI , b n o. 3 ( 1 3
1 2 o . 72 P l at e I , c . B a lo g ( 1 2 1 4 3 . o4 . A NS . B M .
thisco intoSha ara l-Durrdoesnotseemtobecorrect.
ownto haveusedherpropernameonany officialdocument
ns. H erco in-protoco lonthedinaris" a l-Musta sim iyah
Muslim in Walidata l-Malik a l-Mansiir andonthedirhem
ik a l-Mansiir. B esides theC alipha l-Nasirdiedin622H.
queen sre ignw asa l-Musta sim. Thisco inshouldrather
bida l- A dilI . Theobverseprobably reads:
. 78 describesacopperco inasfollow s: .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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A F A R A -D l NA B U ' L - A TH M U SA I I
52A . D.
sareasrareasSha ara l-Durr s. The irsty leandtheroya l
Thisis notastonishing ashewasthe sonofthelast
men. H isco inageis how ever rightly incorporatedintothe
sehewasappointedasaco-regentbyAybak asamerepuppet
Mamlukpoliticalpropaganda.
lthreeofhisco insbearhisnamealone w ithoutmentionof
dictsMa ri iw hostatedthatafterthenominationof the
ethrone co inswere issuedinthetw oregents j o intnames.
ounter-clockwiseonallcoins.
ircular line.
t i .l O WJ i_L L » j cna l L »
ublecircularline.
0 Mt y O il
l j " l * u l
4 9 p p . 18 7- 19 0 ( 2 1 4 .9 9 . P l a te I .
dendswith:
sa I I ( r a th e r th a n " M u s a I " f o ll o ws Z a m b a ur s M a nu e l de
dconfusionwiththe threeotherAyyubidprincesofthe samename.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
p p. 1 87 -1 90 ( 2 2 4 .2 6 . P l a te I .
M S S N G
ular line.
rcle .
9 2 p .4 26 ( 1 1 1 7 2 .3 0 . P l a te I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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I Z Z A -D I N A B A
57A . D.
only
veryscarce only sevendinarsarek now n. Hisdirhems
butsincetheF ayyumhoardwasdiscovered manyothers
s andothersources.Althoughdefactoin powerfrom
ohavestruck dirhemsinhisnameforthefirstt imein652H .
deachyearafterwards.Theonlyrecordeddate occurring
theintroduction Aybakwantedtomaintainasem-
coinage byinscribingal-SalihAyyub sprotocol towhich
name.This wastomakebelievethathestill functioned
ubidking nowdeadforseveralyears.
ecoins ofal-SalihAyyubthat untilrecentlyscholarswere
olddies oftheAyyubidkinghad beenrecutforthenew
pointedout how ever( Num. Circular Spink 1949 p. 610 ,
utadie andreplacepartsofthe inscriptionsandthat
eshadtobe cutforthepurpose.Sincethe publicationof
. F riedlander( Z fN1883 p. 6 hascometomyattention.
uck inC a iro 653H. thisauthorhada lready recogni edthat
beencutespeciallyfor Aybak.
er-clockwise.
ircular line.
ublecircularline.
470a( 20 4.21 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
P l a te I .
A 654 H .
a llegendends:
0 3 .8 2 . B M C TV , 4 70 ( 2 3 4 .6 7 d at e mi ss -
50 p . 23 3.
M S S N G
D amascus- typedirhemof theA yyubids w ithdouble
einscribedindouble dottedandlinearcircle.Themarginal
wiseinthesegments.Allthe legendsareinNaskhie cept
enine longatedneo- uf ic. A ybak s" tamgha separateshis
col:
rom theCairomint.W hereastheobverseisthesame
allegendofthereverseis arrangeddifferentlyforthevarious
p p. 4 3- 44 ( t wo s pe ci me ns P l a t eI , 8 . B M CI X , 4 70 m ( 2 0 2 .7 8 .
.9 1 .
C r e a
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/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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52 p p . 43 - 44 ( t e n sp e ci m en s c f . P l a te I . K h e d i v. 1 4 65 .
52 p p . 43 - 44 ( t w o sp e ci m en s P l a te I . K h e d i v. 1 4 66 .
5 2 p p . 4 3 -4 4 ( t w o sp e ci m en s . A N S t h r ee s p ec i me n s: ( 1 9 2 . 8 o ; ( 2 1
8 .
2 p p. 4 3- 44 . P l at e I .
ar:
d ( B I E 1 9 52 p p . 43 - 44 t h e av e ra g e di a me t er s a re 1 9 t o 22
6.
e ist struck withthedirhem-die butonasmall irregularf lan
thesegmentsarealwaysoffflan.
e ns c f . P l a t e I ( 1 5 1 . 4 2 .
T H M NT AN D /O R D A T M S S N G
tredM. Saw elie f f 1854 p. 56 No. 7o . Haro ldGliddenco ll.
cimens .
C r e a
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/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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A - D l N< A I
59A . D.
inageisdesignedinthetradit iona lA yyubidstyle buttheby
overlordis notmentionedanymore.Thereverseonthe
nsstil lpresentstheprotocolo f the last' A bbasidC a liph a l-
the latterhadbeenmurderedbyHulagu a f terhisv ictoryover
aghdad early in656H . The657H. issuehas forthef irst
egendin thecenterofthereverse.
bothsidesacircular line marginallegendscounter-
omthecenterbyadouble circularline.
* 4 1l Ml Mi - CC.1 j L J l l U pO . \ < l l
U r f.l * 4
. l * u l
2 1 3 .1 7 . B a l og B I E 1 95 0 p .2 37 n o. 1 ( 2 1 7 .1 0 . P l a te I .
endends:
^ . 3 O j _ > j c * L i j x 5 l .. ..
. C entra llegendasabove but:
lets: • •
9 0 p .2 37 n o. 2 ( 2 2 6 .3 6 . P l at eI .
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/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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rguetw opelle ts: • • Margina llegendends:
s.
5o p p. 2 37 -8 n o. 4 ( 2 2 6 .3 6 P l at e I ; n o. 5 ( 2 2 6 .3 3 .
ergueA sabove but< ulattheendof thirdline .
s.
9 o p . 23 8 n o. 6 ( 2 2 6 .9 4 P l at eI I ; n o. 7 ( 2 2 5 .7 5 ; n o. 8 ( 2 3 6 .2 5 ;
ou f fi p . 1 8. A N S ( 2 4 5 . o7 .
.havebeenpreserved.
endends:
s. i z - > O s - - 3 • —
elletfollowingthe
o p . 23 7 n o. 3 ( 2 2 5 .8 o P l a t eI I . G ot ha n o. 1 o4 6 ( 4 . 58 .
ewide-flanD amascus-typeAyyubidsilver:linearcircle
chlinears uare ins uareofdots. OnlyC a iro issuesarepre-
w iththeCaliph sprotoco l andof657H . w ithre ligiouslegendon
656 H .haveyetbeenfound.
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/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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tans
. 0 s tr u p no . 1 99 7 . B a l og f i ve s p ec i me n s: ( 2 0 2 . 92 P l a te I I , 1 9 a
2 2 2 . 85 ; ( 1 6 1 . 31 h al f- di rh em P l a t eI I , 1 9 b ( 1 0 1 .1 4 h a lf -d ir he m.
r. l
s: ( 2 1 2 .9 4 ; ( 1 9 2 .8 2 ; ( 1 6 1 .3 0 h al f- di rh em ( 1 0 16 1 .0 6 h al f-
. 60 h a lf - di r he m .A N S ( 1 3 1 . 32 h a lf - di r he m .
e.
s: ( 1 9 2 . 7 3 P l at e I I , 2 0 ( 2 0 1 .9 4 ; ( 1 6 1 .4 8 h al f- di rh em ( 1 4 0 .7 0
3 0 . 82 q u a rt e r- d ir h em . A NS ( 2 0 2 . 51 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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e.
.1 4 h al f- di rh em P l a t eI I . A NS ( 1 9 2 .9 2 .
ficientdescription
.Ashmol.Alargehoardin theMuseumofI slamicArt
unstudied.
C r e a
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/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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SA F A -D l NQ U T U Z
0A .D .
arce onlytwohadbeenpublishedprevioustothe group
scribedin1950.Sincethen anothersmallhoard probably
w asac uiredbyaC airodealer. Dirhemsw erecomplete ly
nno. 472of theB MC attributedtoQutu , be longstoa l-
ventoday lessthanascoreofdirhemshavecometo light.
utu ' sco inagestil lremainssimilartotheA yy iibid
echange.No morereferenceismadetothel ateAyyubid
ur' A li sco ins theprotoco lisa lreadypure lyMamluk. The
ecomestocky heavierandlessartistic.
erestruckona widerflan theCairogoldisthick andhas
erearewidediscrepanciesintheindividualweights.
othsides aborderconsistingofacircularline thena
allegendwhichisseparatedbyadoublecircular line
A 658 H .
ssionoffaithMarginallegend:
4f j J l , U , , . „ . . „ „ .
V
50 p p. 2 39 -2 49 n o. 1 ( 2 3 5 .8 0 P l at e I I ; n o . 2 ( 2 3 5 .4 3 ; n o . 3 ( 2 1 .5 5 .1 1 ;
n o. 5 ( 2 1 4 .6 3 ; n o. 6 ( 2 3 5 7 .1 4 ; n o. 7 ( 2 3 4 .7 1 ; n o. 8 ( 2 3. 5 7 .0 9 .
C 47 1 ( 2 3 6 .6 7 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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:
5 0 p p . 23 9- 24 9 n o . 9 ( 2 1 .5 6 .0 ; n o. 1 0 ( 2 1 .5 5 .2 5 ; n o. 1 1 ( 2 1 7 .1 4 ;
n o. 1 3( 2 0. 5 5 .4 9 ; n o. 1 4( 2 0 7 .4 9 ; n o. 1 5 ( 2 1 .5 5 .4 9 ; n o. 1 6 ( 2 2 7 .4 6 ;
n o. 1 8 ( 2 1 5 .8 5 ; n o. 1 9( 2 0 9 . 3 8 ; n o. 2 0( 2 0 5 . 3 4 ; n o. 2 1( 1 9. 5 5 .2 4
( 2 2 .5 5 . 2 4 ; n o. 2 3 ( 2 2 5 . 30 . A NS ( 2 2 .
andhave beenmentionedintheliteratureonlyby
Mamluk coins ) andbySchulman( B ey ram , butnodescription
circular lineincircle ofdots.Counter-clockwisemarginal
.
uare ins uareofdots.
s: m intanddatemissing onespecimen: mintmissing ( 65 7H .
n in e sp ec im en s: ( 1 9 2 .6 1 P l a t e I I , 2 4a ( 2 0 2 .1 0 P l a t eI I , 2 4b
8 1. 82 ; ( 12 1 7 0 .9 2 P l at eI I , 2 4c ( 1 0 1 5 1 .50 ; ( 1 4 1 .4 8 ; ( 1 5 1 .9 1 ;
I , 2 4d . As hm ol .
lef tandbottom
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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7 . W h i t e- i ng 2 24 0 ( 8 . 90 . B r o ac h 28 /2 3 4 5 8 9 . B a lo g ( 2 4
ea d b yC o dr i ng t on 7 7 7 { ^ J i n st e ad o f ( ^ j y y g H .
8 .1 0 ; 6 o8 d ( 2 5 6 .6 7 a s di na r of 7 78 H . e c ep t th e da te . B r oa ch 2 8.
teatthef irst l ine : A sabove.
. 97 ; 6 o 8 g ( 2 5 5 . 51 . B r o ac h 29 .
msarek now n thedate isa lw aysmissingandso isthemint
a l re a dy r e co g ni e d b y L a v o i ( I I I , p . 3 84 n o . 92 4 f o ot -
p r ot o co l i s al - Ma n su r N as i r al - D i n ' A l i J o & j J \ j j i o n t he
econstructed:
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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J ^ j u #
L ane- oo ledidnotreadthemint a lthoughitcanbedeciphered.
butattop: »_
. Milesreadthetit le . .. >b j ^al w ithaquery .
7 P l a t eX I X , 4 95 a O r n am en ts o n0 6v .: _ ^ > U j ^ l l 6 12 ( 2 4 3 . 69 ;
a t eX I X , 4 95 b O r n am en ts o bv .: j j i j ^ l l r ev .: d yy L 9 24 ( 2 .3 5 .
X I X , 4 95 c.
afulusarepurelyepigraphicand similartothecopperof
ansurMuhammadandal-AshrafSha ban theSy rianfulus
copper coinsstruckatTripolido nothavethesultan s
how ever besafelyattributedtoal-Mansur' A lionsty list ic
mmad scoppercoinsare ofadifferentfabric.
asona l-NasirH asan sC airo fulus.
.8 0 . B a l og ( 2 5 P l at e X I X .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
_>
ng fl ei sc h ( 2 3 4 .2 6 .
U ) L o
1 5 .
butthewritingis muchcoarserandthelineardodeka-
has becomeasimpleundulantcirclesurroundedbylarge
ated.
ns :( 2 2 P l at eX I X , 4 99 a ( 2 2 P l a te X I X , 4 99 b ( 2 4 ; ( 1 9 .
X I X .
d< - > * ll" Ale andria theguarded. This
rtain. I tw oulda lsobeunusua lforA le andria .
es: circularline init clockw isemarginallegend:
ur-de-liswith
dbytwopellets.
2.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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butmarginallegend:
1 7 3. L 9 2 7 ( 1 7 2 . 19 P l a te X I X , 5 0 2a . A NS ( 1 7 2 . 34 a n d ei g ht
A ntiochhoard. H orovit ( 16 nopelle tsonrev . P lateX I X ,
0 1 . 72 . B a l o g ( 1 6 2 . 27 .
ve butmargina llegend:
dthreemorespecimensf romtheA ntiochhoard.
S i r R . B u r n 19 4 9 C h r. B l u n t 1 94 7 . As h mo l . B o d l. 1 9 9 2 0 0 2 0 1.
6 .
sstruck inTripo lisarea llundated.
nw hichcircular
ohori onta l
»
dil l
circularline . I n
ncavesides. I nthe
eandhe agon
f leur-de-lisw ith
P l a t eX I X ; 9 31 ( 2 .4 6 ; 9 32 ( 2 .4 8 . W i nd is ch -G ra et 1 88 . ( 1 6 . J u ng -
A NS ( 1 9 2 .4 4 ; ( 1 8 1 .8 5 ; ( 1 7 1 .9 5 ; ( 1 7 2 .2 < 0. B a lo g( 1 6 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
s:circular lineincircle ofdots.
a il w ithk notinthe
ri onta l
l at e X I X , 5 05 a. A NS ( 1 8 2 . 35 ; ( 1 7 2 . 16 . F l a ge ll at io n ( 1 8 P l a t e
ch e n t w o sp e ci m en s . J u n g f le i sc h ( 2 2 4 . 36 .
sides: circularline incircleofdots.
ri onta l
l J »
w ithringletsinthe
amandcircle. I n
X I X , 5 06 a ( 1 8 2 .3 2 P l at eX I X , 5 06 b.
escent
sidesmissing.
X I X .
alobes.I nthe
letsinthef ree
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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sides: circularline incircleofdots.
onta lcableto
ontallines.
L l V N
ths uarecenter.
I X , 5 o 8a . A NS A n ti o ch h o ar d t h re e s pe c im e ns P l a te X I X , 5 o 8b .
I ?
sidesmissing.
ri onta l
semblinga lotus
ockwisewhorl.
re e s pe c im en s . B a l og ( 1 8 P l a t e X X , 5 o 9a ( 1 6 P l a te X X , 5 o 9b .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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A A H A - D I N H A J I I I
8 4 H . = 1 3 81 - 13 8 2 A. D .
-7 9 2 H . = 1 3 89 - 13 9 0 A. D .
notoccupiedthethroneformorethanayear w henhewas
thef irstB ur isultan. H ew asnotreinstatedtothesultanate
w hentheMamluk noblesrebe lledaga instB ar u . H a j i s
ow ever lastany longerthanhisf irst becausetheyear792H .
a la un sH ouseandthedef initeadventofB ur irule .
ctly chrono logica lorder a l-Sa lihH a j i sco inageshouldbe
s f i rs t r ei g n t h en a g ai n b y Sa l ih H a j i s s e co n d em i ss i on s a n d
s s e co n d pe r io d .
toemphasisethatthisis aturning-pointinMamluk
j i stw ore ignsarethereforediscussedinthissection. B ar u ' s
thoseofhissecondre ignare ontheotherhand listedin
r iseries.
n a l-Sa lihHa j iassumedanew tit le namely thato fa l-
auni uedinarofC a irohe issty led: al-MansurSa laha l-Din
£ > U a nd o nt wo o th er u ni u e co in s a d in ar o fA l ep po
ms si n g a l -M a ns u r Na s ir a l -D i n H a j i a u j J *
8 4 H . = 1 3 81 - 13 8 2 A. D .
es( ona lltheC airodinars : double lineardodek alobe.
. B a l og ( 2 8 5 . 63 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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i rs tR e ign
iod il
P l a t eX X .
. ^ V l d il
og ( 2 8 1 1. 14 P l a t eX X .
ov e .
l
J l
« A
2. 81 P l a t eX X .
.
s:circular line.
m en t : J ^ -
d a te m i ss i ng b u t th i s va r ie t y. B a l o g ( 2 4 9 . 34 ; 2 5 1 0 .4 9 P l a te
7 .2 7 P l at eX X , 5 14 b.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
AT
» A s a bo ve .
U
d a te m i ss i ng b u t th i s va r ie t y. L 9 3 6 ( 7 . 9 2 L a v oi r e ad t h e da t e as 7 8 8H .
dbeimpossible . B utinrea lity thedate is. . = » j l
y scarce theyaredif f iculttoread w ithmuchof the legends
sandthemintmostlyvanished.After reconstructionofthe
possiblefromthescantymaterial thecoinsprobablybelong
ty.O nedirhempositivelyshowsthemint-nameAleppo
ofHa lab( butHamahisnote cluded ; w ebelieve there-
be longtoA leppo.
i M
A l ep p o. 6 1 8 ( 1 8 2 . 86 . B M C . H . H e e n de r 1 93 7 8 -1 8 -1 P l a te X X ,
A le pp o ( o r H a ma h ; 9 38 ( 3 . 6 9 ; 9 39 ( 3 .8 1 . B a l og ( 2 4 P l a t eX X ,
edanormalfa ls sim ilartotheC airoemissionsofal-Nasir
uhammad a l-A shrafSha banandal-Mansur' A li andanun-
n w hichcuriouslycorrespondsw iththewu lyah-w eight.
the normalfalsintypeand styleoftheengraving.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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i rs tR e ign
2 0 P l a t e X X .
21 .
struck onaw ide thick f lan. J ungf le ischdescribedtw o
iyahw eightandtheha li-w u iyah.
s:borderof dotsbetweentwocircularlines.
e
s.
agon three
X X I , F i g . J u n g f le i sc h 3 9 1 9 4 8- 9 ( 3 4 3 4 . 62 . B a l o g f o u r sp e ci m en s :
X ; ( 3 4 3 2 .9 6 ; ( 3 4 3 5 .4 0 ; ( 3 5 3 2. 87 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
es: borderofpe lle ts thencircularline .
e w iththreeC oncave-sidedlinearhe agon three
elletsin eachsegment.
: " ^ f
X X I , F i g . J u n g fl ei sc h 39 1 94 8- 9 ( 2 7 1 7. 17 .
soveredtheseunusua lco insofonew u iyahandhali-wu iyah
theycouldeitherbeaspecia lissueof truecopperco inage or
ns ore lse aga in co insw hich incaseofnecessitycouldbe
tionof J ungf le isch spaperonlyonespecimenof the
thehali-wu iyahcoinwereknown.Todaywehavefour
butsti llonly theonehali-wu iyahobservedby J ungfle isch.
a llthew u iyahcoins thoughmoreorlessdef icient neverthe-
ightofthewu iyah.Thereforehistheorythattheymight
bsidiaryweights isnota ltogethere cluded. I tshouldbe
thattheusua lshapeforaw eightshouldbethatofasmall
hadbeeninusesincethe ' A bbasids( w ehaveaweightof
heF atim ids( aratherlargeseriesf romthesecondhalfo f this
gtheMamluk reign( a iour-w u iyahw eightofa l-A shrafSha -
dmint andrightthroughtheTurkishrule inEgypt.
ybethat thelargecoinsofthis heavyseriesarenothing
thsidesasw ellasthearrangementof the legendsona lltheA le -
othoseof theCairo fuli is e ceptthatthesty leofw rit ing
der.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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i rs tR e ign
X X .
ns :( 2 2 ; ( 2 2 ; ( 2 2 P l a te X X , 5 22 a ( 2 3 P l a te X X I , 5 22 b.
ns :( 2 1 P l at eX X I , 5 23 a ( 2 2 ; ( 2 3 P l a te X X I , 5 23 b ( 2 5 .
83 H .
s:circular line.
. H a j i w r it t en w i th d i ac r it i ca l p oi n ts . P l a t e X X I , 5 2 4 a 8 7 4 ( 1 . 8 5 ; 8 7 5
ttributedthese3co instoa l-Mu af farH a j i butthemarginallegendsw ere
. Windisch-Graet 190. Karabacek Z urOrienta l. Mun k unde
. B M T . B . C larke-Thornhil l19295-7-6 A . N. C lemenger1936
im en s : ( 1 6 ; ( 1 5 ; ( 1 4 ; ( 1 4 ; a n d 17 m or e c oi n s fr o m th e A nt i oc h
f ou r sp ec i me ns : ( 1 5 P l a t eX X I , 5 14 b ( 1 5 ; ( 1 8 ; ( 1 9 .
outdiacrit ica lpointsonB alog sfourco ins.
d:
U l dill olk l
d:
f leur-de-lis.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
ND AT D
s:circular line.
onta ll ine intoa
dalargelower
*
sy li edf leur-de-lis.
. L avo i w ronglyattributedthisco intoa l-Mansur* A li buthisspecimen
V o g u 6 1 54 9 . AN S t h re e s pe c im e ns : ( 1 6 3 . 04 ; ( 1 6 2 . 46 ;
g ( 2 0 P l a te X X I .
T R I P O L I ? )
nit l inearhe a-
tweenhe agram
nthecenter f leur-
.
ri onta l
cablesare
s.
ldil l
.
pernameismissing thestyleofthecoin isindicativeof
o inage. Thef leur-de- lisinthehe agrammightcomef romthe
ar d . P l a te X X I .
rosette
sides: circularline .
ri onta lI ncentersi -petaledrosette enclosedin
fesse . l inearhe a lobe. Surroundedbysi
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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c on d R e ig n 24 5
ldil l
a rd. P lateX X I . Tw ospecimens.
ltan snameHa j i ism issing theattributiontoa l-Salib.
isdoubtlesscorrect. C f. co inNo. 258.
-7 9 2 H . = 1 3 89 - 13 9 0 A. D .
. B order: tracesofdouble lineardodek a-
. P l at eX X I . Al -H a j i s ti tl e: ^ J l £ > U j j * c l , a nd in vo ca ti on . ^ j * .
A T M S S NG
sides: circularline incircleofdots.
e.
l _ L .
dd l
. A l- H a j i s t it le i s: ^ l a nd i nv oc at io n: * S C U j U .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
smissing.
t t h at a l -H a j i s t i tl e i s he r e al s o as o n t he A l ep p o di n ar .
A U N D AT D
sides asontheA le andria fulusof thef irstre ign. Thef lanissmaller.
X X I .
.
rcular lineincircle ofdots.
ri onta l
a l_ J l
> .
w ithadotineach
ents
43 ( 2 . 81 ; 9 44 ( 2 .6 6 ; 9 45 ( 3 . 22 . B M C6 19 a ( 1 7 P l a te X X I , 5 32 a
mo l. ( 1 9 P l a t eX X I , 5 32 b. M ii nc he n. B a l og ( 1 7 P l a t eX X I , 5 32 c.
. A N S t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 1 7 2 . 85 d a te m i ss i ng ( 1 7 2 . 47 d a te m i ss i ng .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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K S
a r u , i s t r ei g n
tF ara , istre ign
l -D i n ' A bd a l- A i
b u al - a d l ' A b b a s
srShaykh
inA hmad
tar
ammad
arsbay
al -D i n Y i i s uf
a m a
' U thman
na1
inA hmad
hush adam
ilbay
emirbugha
a itbay
ammad
ansuh
anbalat
manbay
uri
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 252/493 C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
date: A sabove.
o v it .
date : i^ -A sabove.
te : A sabove.
2 6 1 0. 92 . P l a te X X I I , 5 39 a .
B U T F I R S TR E I GN
1 3 .1 0 . A N S ( 2 6 1 2 .1 6 . B a l o g ( 2 5 1 . 37 Q u a r t er d i na r . P l a t e
A 788 H .
sides: doublecircularline .
3 6 P l a t eX X I I . A NS ( 2 6 8 . 20 .
. uC .
teatthef irst l ine : A sabove.
. P l a te X X I I .
C . A lthoughthe lastlineof theobverse ismissing the
1H.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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R e ig n 25 1
s:circular line.
l
9 . P l a te X X I I ; 6 27 ( 2 4 7 .1 9 . B a l og ( 2 5 1 0. 90 .
t io n » j U » l < u l j c o n t he o b ve r se .
s:circular lineindoublelineardodekalobe.
j i.l ^ . j
. J u ng fl ei sc h t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 2 6 9 .7 4 . P l a te X X I I , 5 43 a ( 2 3 6 .5 6 .
ns : ( 2 5 1 0 . 78 . P l a te X X I I , 5 4 3b ( 2 5 8 . 06 ; ( 2 3 .
l J r J
- o0 1— *
2 3 7 . 17 .
l at eX X I I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
es: l ineardodek alobe w ithpelle tinthee ternalangles.
a
# * i 3
i M l* * *
C6 2o ( 2 5 8 .7 5 ; 6 2o a ( 2 6 1 o. 43 .
C . nilaU . .
.
s:circular line.
. P l a te X X I I . L 9 4 7 7 .8 3 ; ( 9 48 6 .8 8 . J u ng fl ei sc h ( 2 7 1 1. 58 .
sides: l ineardodek alobe w ithpelle tineache ternalangle .
bo ve .
2 5 P l at e X X I I . B a l og ( 2 7 1 1. o .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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e ig n
te: A sabove.
.
ayerpublishedahoardof36curiousleadco ins ac uiredin1931
partmentofA nti uit iesofP a lestine . Thesamedealerhad
Mayersawfourothercoins inthehandsofanotheranti-
specimensare intheco llectionof theA NS butthere isno
esecoinsbelong tothesamehoardor not.
thesame thelegendsofthereverse however areof
o f : i
mistakesinthelegend.Thereare minorerrorsand
eandtype Aofthereverse nevertheless inouropinion
d similartothoseofthe regulargoldissues.Thelegend
ughpleasingtotheeye rea lly showsmanifestdefects even
aybeencopied moreorlessfa ithfully byanartisanw ho
hecopied.
byMayerthatthe leadco insmightbe identicalw ithMa -
c f . Q a l a s ha n di $ u b h al - as h d I I I , 4 4 2 . S i nc e t he p u bl i ca t io n
eA yyubidandF atim idblack dirhemshavebeenidentifiedby
I I I , 1 95 1 p p. 1 -4 1 an d X X X V , 1 95 2 p p. 4 o1 -4 29 — A c te s du C on gr es
s 1 9 53 p p . 55 5 -5 6 . T h ey h a ve n o th i ng i n c om mo n w it h B a r u ' s
llsi lverco insofverybasea lloy ( lessthan3o% silvercontent ,
areorirregularflan.Theyceasedto circulatewiththe
osedbyMayer thattheleadcoinscould becontemporary
yetf inished. I noure perience counterfe it I slamicco insare
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
eredwithathingold orsilverpellicleandcontainingan inner
tdinarsor dirhemswithaleadcorehave everbeenfound.
herargumentagainstthistheory.Thecounterfeiterof I slamic
ppliedthepellicleof preciousmetalonthecopperflan
ndstruckthered-hotpiecewith thedies.I nthecaseof
akedleaddischada lreadybeenstruck thusprecludingthe
ofthesilveror goldpellicle.
andpartly illegiblewriting thepossibilityofforgery
otbecompletelydiscarded. Wehavenosatisfactorye planation
c im en s: @ D , 4 1 93 3 p p. 2 0- 23 3 2 1 6. 83 ; ( 3 3 1 70 1 ; ( 3 5. i 3. 5< > ) ;
0 1 2. 91 ; ( 3 5 8 .6 7 ; ( 3 5 1 539 ; ( 28 1 42 9 ; ( 3 0 1 0.5 2 ; ( 4 1 10 .3 2 ; ( 4 0
36 9 ; ( 2 7 11 .8 6 ; ( 2 9 1 3. 27 ; ( 3 3 1 2.2 2 ; ( 3 3 18 .1 8 ; ( 3 0 4 .8 9 ; ( 3 4 1 3.4 9 ;
6 1 0. 89 ; ( 4 4. 13. 21 ; ( 2 5 9 21 ; ( 2 8 11 .1 2 ; ( 3 1 1 6. 83 ; ( 3 1 1 4.8 7 ; ( 3 1
.4 9 ; ( 2 6 9 8 1 ; ( 3 4. 22 .0 1 ; ( 3 3 1 4 .7 7 : ( 2 5. 9 96 ; ( 3 3. 10 .3 2 ; ( 3 0 1 8. 20 .
4 5 2 0. 05 ; ( 3 7. 2 7. ) ; ( 2 5. 1 6. 93 ; ( 3 2 2 2 .3 7 ; ( 3 0. H . 7 7 .
l oc . ci t. ( 3 3 1 8 . 40 ; ( 2 7 7 .7 7 ; ( 3 1 1 6 . 09 ; ( 3 . 1 0. 66 ; ( 3 2 1 0 . 43 .
dencetoshow whetherornotB ar u issuedsilverin
sof hisreign.Thedirhemspreservedinmoderncollec-
ear 789H. andofanew coin- type designeddif ferently
viously.Thenewdirhemhasa marginallegendanda
nacircle ontheobverse thereverseshow stheusua l
writteninhori ontallines.
evalchronicler I bnF urat whotellsusthat" in789H .
vedorderstostrik ecoinsofanew type theco instoshow
betweenthem intheinnermostcircleon theonesidea
e na m e of B a r u . ( C i t. f r om M ay e r L e a d co i ns o f B a r u ,
ndfootnote2 o f thesamepage: I bnF urat MS. V ienna
1 1 . 4- 3 f ro m b ot t om . " T h e fi n al l e ge n d wa s d if f er e nt a s I b n F u r a t
e t e t r e ad ' B a r u ' a z a n a sr a hu , o n t he m ar g in r o un d i t
ular line.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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e ig n
: < ulMl< M V
f ^ r 3 U \
no. 5( 17 . White- ing2242H alf -dirhem. B a log sevenspeci-
l at eX X I I , 5 5 1a ( 2 2 3 .9 6 ; ( 2 o 3 .4 2 P l at eX X I I , 5 51 b ( 1 6 1 . 33
5 51 c ( 1 3 1 .o 7 ; ( 1 4 o .6 4 Q u a rt er -d ir he m ( 1 6 . A NS s ev en s pe ci me ns :
7 2 .2 6 ; ( 1 6 1. 29 ; ( 15 2 .1 6 ; ( 1 6 1 .9 8 ; ( 1 5 2 .1 9 ; ( 1 4 1 .9 8 .
eppodirhemsw hicharee tant onlyonehasthedate784H.
eteormissing.
sing.
l < ) l M
> J \
5 , n o or na me nt a bo ve J ^ - o n th e re ve rs e. P l a te X X I I I , 5 52 a
6 3o ( 2 2 3 .4 3 ; 6 31 ( 2 2 3 .1 5 ; 6 32 ( 2 2 3 .2 1 . K h e di v. 1 54 5 1 5 4 6 1 5 47
.3 9 P l at e X X I I I , 5 5 2b 9 56 ( 2 1 1 . 47 , . 95 7 ( 2 . o9 . E r m an t hr ee
t : 7 -7 ( 2 2 ; ( 2 o . B l a u 3 o 6. N o ur y 3 79 d a te : 7 84 H . . M i l es
lo g f iv e sp ec im en s: ( 1 8 3 .o o . P l a te X X I I I , 5 52 c ( 1 8 2 .7 8 ;
1 8 2 . 45 ; ( 1 o 1 7 o . 7 . Q u a rt e r di r he m . E n d -p i ec e o f th e r ib b on - sh a pe d t hi n
la n wa s c ut o f f. P l a te X X I I I , 5 5 2d .
m butthemint H amah attopof theobverse: y »
A NS f ou r sp ec im en s: ( 1 9 2 .8 8 ; ( 1 7 o .8 5 ; ( 1 2 1 .2 4 ; ( 1 4 2 .1 4 .
some butthistype therefore theybelongeitherto
dfulusofthefirst reign.Theundatedcopperwillfollow
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
odek a lobe in
nit l inearocto-
theperipheric
tten:B iiSa id.
en s: ( 2 4 P l a te X X I I I ; ( 2 0 ; ( 2 0 .
_ $ . » l
e a d co in s of B a r u , p . 2 1: " H i s ( B a r u ' s m a o r- do mo
adar boughtcopperf romEuropeandstruck many fulus
amintatA le andria forthepurpose. I nafootnote
scuriousthat innoneofthe well-knowncollectionsofMamluk
m B o d l e ia n L i b r a ry B i b l i ot h e u e N at i on a le P a r is E g y pt i an
thereappeartobeanyof thecopperco insstruck byB ar u at
c t al o gu e s of L a vo i a n d L a n e - o o l e . S t il l t h ey d o e i s t an d
rthcomingcatalogueofMamlukcoinsoftheP alestine
U nfortunately Mayerdidnotpublishhispro ectedcata-
vertheless thereisnodoubtthat thediscoveryof
a n dr i a fu l ii s b el o ng s t o hi m .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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e ig n
markeddiscrepancybetweenthewrittenrecordsandthe
edohaveafa lso f theA le andriamintdated784H. and
. Therecan therefore benodoubtw hatsoeverthatfulus
time. Moreover thetableofmintingse uenceattheend
2 above provesthatcopperw asissuedinA le andriaw ith-
ra fSha ban sre ignon. Conse uently therew asnonecessity
eanew mintinA le andria forthespecia lpurposeof issuing
riafulusissmallerthanthat oftheCairocopper other-
amofthe reversearesimilar.
X X I I L
.
di ll o tk U l
r
.
rbasis f lanked
. P l a te X X I I I . B a l og ( 1 8 2 .0 2 . A NS s ev en s pe ci me ns : ( 1 9 2 .1 7 ;
8 1 .8 8 ; ( 1 6 2. 06 ; ( 16 1 .2 6 ; ( 1 6 2 .0 7 ; ( 1 5 2 .0 5 .
angementofthe inscriptionsonthe789H .Cairo
t l oc . c it . i n Ma y er L e a d co i ns o f B a r u ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
der: circularline.
ri onta l
/ .
ircleofdots. I n
inthesmalltriangles
a lo g( 1 7 P l a te X X I I I .
circularline.
ircleofdots. I n
ri onta ll ines. it l inearhe agram.
l
d i v. 1 5 51 . A NS ( 1 5 2 . 5 8 . P l a t e X X I I I . A s hm o l. t w o s p ec i me n s.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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e ig n
othsides.
d:
6 5 ( 2 . 8 2 P l a te X X I I I . B l a u 3 0 7. B M A . N .C l em e ng e r 8- 5 -1 9 36 .
specimens:( 17 ; ( 19 .
eronbothsides:circular line.
m w ithf low eretsin
i c- isengravedonthecoin butthestyle isthato f
tribute itto786H .
s:circular line.
s d i vi d ed b y t wo h o ri o n ta l l in e s ( f e s se .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
,
i dil l
.
he agona lcar-
ndrightina
c o k
n eo u sl y l is t ed u n de r t he A y yu b id a l -Z a h i r G ha i . L 9 5 8 ( 1 7 1 . 91 .
S ( 1 9 2 .2 o . B a l og ( 1 5 2 .4 5 . P l a te X X I I I .
nthe low ersegment:
-8 o 1 H . = 1 3 9o - 13 9 9 A. D .
s:doublelinear dodekalobe.
tstic.
# l V l < ) l M
i J . J l L ; - l ( D ' ^ rtT
.i - ^ l . * ■ l J j
dateattheendofA sabove.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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R e i gn
dateattheendofA sabove.
h ol ed .
dateattheendofA sabove.
o r ov it ( 1 1. 20 .
tf irst l ine : j A sabove.
P l a te X X I I I .
teattheendofA sabove.
2 9 9 .7 4 P l a t eX X I I I . H o r ov it .
.
n o d es c ri p ti o n.
sides: double lineardodek a lobe ateachintersection anarabes ue
l k \ f
l U l £ J > < u lM l4 l M
» y ^ f f
60 P l a te X X I I I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
sides: l ineardodek alobe arabes uek notateachintersection.
.^ kll
des:doublelinear dodekalobe.
l at eX X I I I .
3 H .
sides: circularline .
P l a te X X I I I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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R e ig n 26 3
onbothsides: l ineardodeka lobe(double )
i M
. H o r o v it ( 2 6 8 . 1 9 . T ho r bu r n ( 1 o . 69 . B a l o g t w o s pe c im e ns : ( 2 8
I I ; ( 2 6 7. 19 .
ndiscussedunder thefirstreign asnodirhemcan be
ondrule.
i lartothoseof thef irstre ign. Thesty leofw rit ingis how ever
nearlyalwaystoonarrowforthedie containsonlypart
derisveryoftenmissing.Theinscriptions caneasilybe
sspecimens asthisseriesof coinshasbeenfoundin great
nverylargehoards.
ndulating
sof thef irst
kalobein
circularline . I n
»
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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kSultans
ve b u t da t e: o > j £ » 5 f c
ve butdate: o^ J
s : ( 1 8 ; ( 1 9 .
ve b u t da t e: < > « - . ^ J t .
ns :( 2 3 P l at eX X I V ; ( 2 2 ; ( 2 1 ; ( 2 0 .
ve b u t da t e: c — " j
ho rb ur n. B a l og ( 2 0 P l a t e X X I V .
ve butdate: . •
2 0 4 . 16 ; ( 1 7 4 . 56 . T h or b ur n .
butdate:
date is: 799. B ey ram272. Thorburn.
AT S
9. L 966. Windisch-Graet 191.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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R e i gn
O R U N D AT D )
J d y>
e X I V .
A U N D AT D
sides: circularline .
s : ( 1 9 ; ( 2 1 P l at e X X I V .
1 - 5- 4 1 95 5 B a l o g pr e s. B a l o g s i s p ec i me n s ( 2 7 P l a te X X I V ,
X X I V , 58 7b ( 2 1 ; ( 2 0 P l at eX X I V , 5 87 c ( 2 0 ; ( 1 8 . AN S e lev en
emint.
s:doublelinear dodekalobe.
e in co mp le te b ut m in t: J Z + J » . L . 9 59 ( 4 .0 ; 9 60 ( 2 .9 6 ; 9 61 ( 2 . 6 4
mn t: ; 9 6 2 ( 3 . 5 4 d a te i n co mp l et e b u t mi n t: j l * . A N S t w o
8 ; ( 1 7 2 .7 1 . B a l og f ou r sp ec im en s: ( 1 7 2 50 ; ( 1 9 2 .8 2 P l a t e
1 8 ; ( 2 5 , 3 .0 3P l at eX X I V , 5 88b .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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tans
92 23 thedate( 799H. readbyZ ambaurisnotpossible thisemission
o g ( 1 9 3 . 15 P l at e X X I V .
s:lineardodekalobe.
i->
NS ( 2 1 4 . 4 6 m i nt : D i m i sh a l -M a hr u sa : i _, _ r a i l ^ L j * j l .
he n . Th o rb u rn . B a l o g t h r ee s p ec i me n s: ( 1 8 4 . 2 0 ; ( 2 3 ; ( 2 5 4 . 5 8
butdate:
da t e mu s t be : 7 99 6 3 4 ( 2 5 . W e l l v . W e l le n he i m 12 3 86 . A NS t w o
9 ( 2 0 4 . 23 . M i le s A n li o ch 1 9 3. A s hm ol . T ho r bu r n. B a l o g
3 .3 7 P l at eX X I V ; ( 2 1 4 .7 5 ; ( 2 1 4 . 13 ; ( 2 1 4 . 60 ; ( 2 2 4 .3 5 ;
2 5 .17 ; ( 22 4 .6 7 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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R e i gn
ot animaginarycharge onthecontrary itwasin-
pwithcuspidatedrim fashionableinMamluktimes.The
oourco llection isi l lustratedhereasane ample:
onbothsides.
P l a te X X I V .
gmentsbya
" precedingthemissingdate . Theformula< - J J 4i
hecoinsofthe D ehlisultans.I twasprobablyborrowed
.
d:
l
bleto le f t be-
ncenterfleur-
ts.
P l a t eX X I V , 5 93 a. J u ng fl ei sc h ( 1 7 1 .7 8 .
e X I V , 5 93b ( 1 4 2 .20 .
s:
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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kSultans
probably793H ,
e
s:circular line.
ri onta ll inesinto
santtoright
ntandcup
sides: circularline incircleofdots.
ublehori onta l
L ionpassantto le ft longta ilcurledback
e lion acha lice
-shapedorna-
> j c m e nt a n d on t h e ri g ht b y t he t u ft o f t he
r nameordateonthe coin itmostcertainlybelongsto
oesnotoccurinasultan snameuntilmuchlater w hen
changedconsiderably thecompositebla on( lionand
a r u .
19 4 6 ( 1 6 P l a te X X I V , 5 9 5 a S i r R . B u r n 19 4 9 8- 3 -4 2 1. A N S t w o
2 P l a te X X I V , 5 9 5b ( 1 6 2 . 1 3 ; A n t i oc h h oa r d 5 3 c o in s ( d i am . fr o m
n .P A M . B a l og t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 1 6 P l a te X X I V , 5 9 5c
V , 5 95 d.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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R e i gn
sides: circularline .
ntsbythree
withthe" mementomori = Cte o^l j fonthereverse.
g ifitwerean allusiontothedangerof Mongolinvasion
causeofTimur smilitarycampaignagainstTo tamish
de acampaignw hichfullyoccupiedT imur sarmies.
8-5-1936 nonumber. A shmol. Thorburn. B a log sevenspecimens:
X X V , 5 96 a ( 2 3 4 . 58 P l a te X X V , 5 96 b ( 2 2 4 . 30 P l a te X X V , 5 96 c
3 i3 ; ( 2 4. 5 08 ; ( 2 2 4 .2 0 .
es: circularline . F ie lddiv idedby tw ohori ontall inesinto
e s se .
m en t : j U
k l
santtoleft tail
s: ( 2 5 4 . 52 l o ng t a il ( 2 3 4 . 02 l o ng t a il ( 2 2 4 . 82 s h or t t ai l P l a te
2 1 4 . 36 l o ng t a il s m al l b us h b eh i nd t h e li o n P l a te X X V , 5 9 7 b . Mi l es
ersegment H amah(notq uite fullypreserved 1nthe lower
sides: circularline .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
d:
ri onta ll inesinto
.
alicebetween
inle f tuppercorner
P l a te X X V .
l e
sides: circularline .
onta lbar
endy to le f t
l
to right w ings
designrather
l at eX X V ; A nt io ch ho ar d( 1 7 ; ( 1 7 ; ( 1 9 .
ne inborderofdots. Waterwheel( w hirlingrosette w ithe ight
shapedspok escurvedclock w ise .
n ontall ines
sse .
s
idil l
p. 2 8 2 n o . 3 . B a l og t h re e s pe c im en s : ( 1 7 P l a te X X V , 6 o oa ( 1 6 ;
, 6 oo b.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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R e i gn
sidescircularline incircleof largedots.
iv idedintotwohalvesbyhori onta ll ine .
a t eX X V , 6 01 a A nt io ch h oa rd ( 1 8 P l a t eX X V , 6 01 b : F i ve m or e
ween16and18mm.
onbothsides.
allegend
hlarge lion
ta ilcurled
onta ll ine :
P l a te X X V .
ichcircularcableto
arlines.
kedbytwopellets.
nw hichcircularline .
ri onta ll ines
^ >
ill
P l a t e X X V , 6 0 3 a. B M C 3 2 1 ( 2 0 e r ro n eo u sl y l is t ed u n de r t he A y yu b id
e X X V , 6 0 3b .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
R U N D AT D
sides: circularline .
eX X V .
sides: circularline incircleofdots.
ri onta ll inesI nthef ie ld arabes uek not
il l
l J »
X X V , 6 05 a ( 1 5 P l at eX X V , 6 05 b.
sides: circularline incircleofdots.
ontallinesW aterwheelwitheightsickle-shaped
es curvedclockwise.
»
k ldil l
ssim ilartotheHamahfa lsw ithwaterwheel e ceptthemint.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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R e i gn
N D AT D
sides: circularline .
ri onta ll inesL ionpassanttoright w ithta ilcurled
knotattheend.
l( sic
effaced.
.
A T D
E a g le
sides: circularline .
onta lbar bendyE agleofprim itivedesign headturnedto
intothreeseg- right w ingsinverted
t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 8 P l a t eX X V , 6 08 a ( 1 8 P l a t eX X V , 6 08 b an d
diam. betw een15and19mm. B alog( 15 eagleprobablydouble-
sthisparto f thecoinismuchef facedP lateX X V , 608c.
oundtherosette
sides: circularline inborderofpe llets.
onta ll ine : I nthef ie ld si -petaledrosette .
l a te X X V ; A n ti o ch h o ar d ( 2 0 1 . 84 ; s e ve n m or e s pe c im e ns d i am . be -
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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tans
aroundtherosette
ve butsi la rgepelle tsaroundthe
15 P lateX X V ; morespecimens diam. between15and18mm.
.
sides: circularline .
hori ontalL ionpassantto le ft ta ilcurledback
.
sides: circularline inborderofdots.
onta ll ine : Tw opairso fpara lle ll ines arrangedcross-
ecenterandthecorners.
ss.
t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 6 P l a t eX X V I , 6 12 a ( 1 6 P l a t eX X V I , 6 12 b
am . b et w ee n 1 6 an d 1 8 mm . B a l o g ( 1 8 P l a te X X V I , 6 1 2 c.
ppercoins eitherwithorwithoutmintdo nothavethe
onlyhisla ab a l-Z ahir. Noneof themisdated. Neverthe less
thesitationtoB ar ii f o rthefollowingreasons: asw e
fortheA leppofalstypeD) w ithfesseandlionpassantw ith
of the legends thecompositebla onsandthegeneralappear-
tB ar u ' speriod. SinceB aybarsI , nootherB ahrisultanhad
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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on d R e ig n
af terhimal-Z ahirTatar w hore ignedaveryshortt ime le f tno
l-Z ahirw asJ a ma , andathistimethesty leandfabrico f
dychangedto suchane tentthatmistakingthecoinsof
herisquiteunlik ely . F ina lly mostof theco insinquestion
Antiochhoard oftheAmericanNumismaticSociety.This
periodnotearlierthanal-AshrafSha banandnotlater
efore co insw iththe la aba l-Z ahir w hicharesim ilartothoseof
beattributedtoB ar u w ithoutanydoubt.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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A -D I N AB U A -S A A D A TF A R A
8 H . = 1 3 99 - 14 0 5 A. D .
Z A - D l N ' A B D A - A Z l Z 8 08 -8 09 H . = 1 4 05 -1 40 6 A. D .
R A - D lN AB C A - SA A D AT F A R A
-8 1 5 H . = 1 4 06 - 14 1 2 A. D .
evenyearsw henhew asoverthrow nbyhisbrother a l-Mansur
w hointurnbecamesultan. The latterwas how ever deposedaf tertw o
ceagainoccupiedthethroneuntilhisassassinationin815H.
e ig n w as c u t in t w o by ' A b d al - A i ' s r e vo l t t h e in t er r eg n um l a st e d
sedno interruptioninF ara ' sco inage. Wehavedinarsof
andw ebelieve therefore thatit isnotnecessary to listthe
s.
stinguishedby tw oattemptsatradica lmonetary reforms. The
ncientgolddinartoits formerpositionasthemonetary
tocreateanew goldcoinbasedonthew eightof theV enetian
introducedin804 lastedonly tw oyearsandendedin
oteworthy thatevenduringthesetw oyears( 804-5H. the
dcoin-ingotsofirregularweightwasnot discontinued as
romthebeginning somemisgiv ingsastotheeffecto f the
atleastatits facevalue morelasting asthese uin-type
F ara ' ssuccessorsandwasmainta inedtotheveryendof
s:doublelinear dodekalobe.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
ateattheendof
85 .
utdateattheendofA sabove.
ns :( 3 0 1 0 .2 1 P l a te X X V I ; ( 2 5 5 .2 7 ; ( 2 7 1 0. 29 ; ( 2 5 9 52 .
9 . 43 ; ( 2 6 1 1 .7 1 h o le d .
ateatthef irst l ine : A sabove.
Horov it ( 1. 62 Q uarter-dinar. Thorburn(11. 30 .
utdateatthef irst l ine :
o r ov it ( 8 .2 0 .
r . A. , b u t da t e at t h e
. H o r ov it ( 3 0 1 3 .6 0 .
ateattheendof
P l a te X X V I . H o ro vi t ( 9 .7 8 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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sline: A sabove.
. H o r ov it , s i s pe ci me ns : ( 9 . 40 ; ( 1 0. 70 ; ( 8 .6 5 ; ( 1 1. 60 ; ( 2 5 2 . 70
.
F O R M ( M T H Q A - sT AN D AR D ) , 8 04 -8 05 H .
ongtothetraditionaldinar ormonetary-mith alsystem
w ithonlyafew centigramsmarginforerror infact only
passtheminaccuracy.Thereformwas introducedbythe
r Say fa l-DinI lbughab. ' A bdullaha l-Sa lim ia l-Z ahiri. The
aral-Salimiby contemporarysources.AlthoughMa ri i
m intheyear803H. theearliestco insaredated804H.
5H. butnotf romanysubse uentyear.
heunitwasthedinar butw ehavethedoubleandtriple
ine .
d:
d ll l I k U l
enter:
P l a te X X V I .
M l ^ J l L j
l 41 l J j -
Cf ' )
rl ine tow hichis
eardek a-
d:
.
U l
g
s : ( 2 1 4 .3 5 P l a t eX X V I , 6 25 a ( 2 4 1 2. 90 T ri pl e- di na r. P l a te X X V I ,
os p ec i me n s: ( 2 2 8 . 46 D o u b l e- d in a r ( 2 2 8 . 55 D o u b l e- d in a r.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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butdateatthe lastline:
d i v. 1 5 58 . B a l o g ( 1 7 3 . 36 d a te a t t he l a st l i ne o n t he r e v. : 3 ^ l
butlasttwo lines:
. B a l o g t w o s p ec i me n s: ( 1 8 3 . 4 3 ; ( 1 7 3 . 42 T h re e w ri t te n : O 5 f e
butlasttwo lines:
. K h e d i v. 1 5 55 .
P R O B A B L Y S TR U C I N CA R O
) l M
. A N S t w o c oi n s.
s:dottedcircle.
< l lM
u f
C a iro.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
onbothsides.
14H . asthedecadeismissing. Damascus dateatthe lastline
t e j s o . = 8 i 2 H . d a te m i ss i ng 2 s p ec i me n s of 1 0 mm . d ia m. e a ch .
onbothsides.
u l vl 4n v
i
l at eX X V I I .
be longtothisseries somewiththedate810or811H. O n
er thedate ismissing. Thearrangementof the legendsissim ilar
o f J a r k as s a l- h a li l i st r uc k i n B a r u ' s n a me .
sides: circularline .
d:y *
i j J U \ c U l lol U J l a lV l 4 l ^
W l c j
s: ( 1 9 2 .2 8 P l a te X X V I I , 6 42 a ( 1 6 2 .4 7 P l a te X X V I I , 6 42 b.
dirhem.
ove butdateatthe lastline:
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ns : ( 1 7 4 .3 0 D o u bl e di rh em ( 1 6 2 .5 0 ; ( 1 6 2 . 6 0 ; ( 1 6 2 .3 5 ; ( 1 6
1 ; ( 1 9 2 .5 2 ; ( 1 1 1 .6 5 H a l f di rh em ( c u t d ir he m . D a m as cu s e le ve n cu t
hem.
A T M S S NG
. Lineardodeka lobe.
V l 4 ll M
U l w ^ y
P l a te X X V I I .
esultan spropernamearemissing there isnodoubt
ara . The lastB ahrisultanw iththe la aba l-Nasirw as
e tB ur i a l-NasirMuhammadb. Qa itbay. Thesilvero f
differentinstyleandarrangementoflegends.
4nodeta ils. B ey ram276nodeta ils.
o.
sim ilartotheA le andriacopperof the laterB ahrisultansorthose
e isnotcerta in asthe lastwordonthereverse isonlypartly
ead.
nit l inearhe a-
chsmallsegment
agram.
P l a te X X V I I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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tans
. B order: l ineardek alobe.
r
l at eX X V I I , 6 46 a ( 1 6 2 . 83 s u ar eB a n. P l at eX X V I I , 6 46 b.
j +
border:
probably linearmul-
u ' s D a m a s cu s c oi n s.
scha lice around
P l a te X X V I I .
2H. cf . inf rap. 397.
P l a te X X V I I .
hedateatlef t:
hedateatlef t:
P l a te X X V I I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
s:circular lineincircle ofdots.
r. A 43specimens 197V ar. B , 12specimens 198undeterminedvar.
tw ospecimens undeterminedvar. D orn-Gama of fp. 77 no . 4
M Sir. R . B urn19498-3-422. Miinchen. B a log fourspecimens:
. P lat eX X V I I , 6 53a ( 2 1 4 .4 0 P l at eX X V I I , 6 53 b ( 2 2 ; ( 2 1 .
sides: circularline .
ri onta ll ines
d:
f leur-de-lis
pr es . Mi in ch en . B a lo g s i s pe ci me ns : ( 1 8 3 .8 5 P l a t eX X V I I I ,
P l a te X X V I I I , 65 4b ( 1 9 2. 55 ; ( 2 2 2 .7 5 P l at eX X V I I I , 6 54 c ( 21
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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sides: circularline .
d:
er s i - p et a le d
etals.
s: ( 2 1 3 .4 7 P l a te X X V I I I , 6 55 a ( 1 9 3 .1 7 P l a te X X V I I I , 6 55 b.
llf ourspecimens theco insare how ever sim ilartotheA leppo
andw ehaveattributedthem thereforetothismint.
des.
d:
ri onta ll inesinto
.
santtoleft.
£
o1 a nd 2 o2 . B a lo g ( 2 o 2 .5 7 P l a t eX X V I I I .
ved thiscoinhadto bereconstructedfromsevenspecimens.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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kSultans
ular line.
ri onta ll ines
< y
i- i
irclesproducea
n.I ntheseg-
hetw ohori onta l
ments inthe
a bl y t hi s c oi n . B a l og s e ve n s pe c im e ns : ( 2 1 P l a te X X V I I I , 6 5 7 a
I I I , 657b ( 2 3 P l ate X X V I I I , 657c ( 1 7 ; ( 1 9 ; ( 2 2 ; ( 2 2 .
undated
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SA F A -D I N AB U A -NASR S H A K H
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C AD E A N D C N TU R Y
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S H I H A B A - D lN AB U A - SA A D AT AH M AD
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U A - A TH S A F A -D l NTA TA R
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R A - D lN MU H A MMA D
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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orthetimebeing theattributionmustremainundecided.
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div idedby tw ohori onta ll inesintothreesegments.
ppersegmentmissing
ghtCentralsegment: quadruped( lion pass-
g_
g
X L I .
ar u ' sorF ara ' speriod.Thelionas wellasthe
sultans.The fishisarare heraldicsymbol.
onbothsides.
onta lcha ins. Clock wisecircularlegend: tit lc . . . . iy> \ ii
sinformofa
.2 7 P l a t eX L I .
hisco into J a ma .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
T D
sides: circularline .
e lw ithsi spok es
asi -petaled
adoublezig- ag
engesa lla round.
ri onta l
fesse .
.
8 P l a te X X X X I . AN S( 1 8 1 .4 9 .
nceofaB ur ifals.Thetitle al-Z ahiriscommonto
c a n e c l ud e t he l a te r p er i od a s t he f u li i s of J a m a K u s h -
andQansuh moreorlessk nown aredif ferentinsty le . Tatar
yprospects. O urbestguess therefore isB ar ii , w ith
s fesseandsi -petaledrosette area lsoconsistent.
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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L V E R CO I NS STR U C B Y A -MU ' A Y A D SH A K H
mentionedinthechapterdealingwith al-Mu ayyadShaykh
cameto lighttoo latetobe incorporatedinthecata logueatits
ydescribedhere asasupplement.Severalvarietiesofthe
ogueasw ellasinthishoard othervarieties how ever are
neortheotheronlyandit is therefore necessary to
hseries.
tlywellpreservedsilvercoins thesenewpiecesincrease
yadShaykh sdirhemissuessevenfo ld. I tconta ins112speci-
ndonewithnomint butclearlyo f theC airotype , 97issued
tedinA leppo. I norderofchrono logy manyarethespeci-
818and819H . a lreadyk nowntous. F urthermore thehoard
C airoandDamascus and821H. ( C a iro .
rtantcontributionofthishoard toourknowledgeofal-
o inage isinthef ie ldofmetrology . Themateria lformerlyat
insweighingbetween0.90and 1.36gram butmost
30gram.O nlytwocoinsweighed1.62and1.67 re-
.60.These figuresgavetheimpressionthattheentire
30weight whichmayormaynotrepresentthe half-dir-
trevea lsthata l-Mu ayyadShaykh ssilverbelongsto
rlyrecogni abledenominationsbelongingtothesystem
2co ins 23arefulldirhems 189half-dirhemsand10q uarter-
llbelongto theCairomint noneappearstohavebeen
ebulk of theco insareha lf -dirhems( about90% ) , w hich
clusivity intheearliermateriala tourdisposa l.
ween2.60and2.73 thehalf-dirhemsbetween1.20
mingma ority isaround1.30 andthequartersf rom0. 60
thattheweightofthe coinswasdeliberatelyreduced
ationofabout10% ofthelegalweightof thedirhem.
T D E C AD E
w ofestooned sca lloped intertw iningribbons eachribbon
tweentwosimplelines
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
J U *
ofcompleteness.
0 2 .7 0 ; ( 1 9 2 .6 6 P l a te X L I I A /2 ; ( 1 8 2 .6 8 ; ( 1 8 2 .8 0 ; ( 2 0
P l at eX L I I A /6 ( 2 0 2 .6 8 ; ( 1 9 2 .6 1 P l at eX L I I A /8 ( 1 9 2. 65 ; ( 1 8
; ( 1 9 2 .7 2 ; ( 1 8 2 .7 0 ; ( 1 8 2. 72 .
1 32 ; ( 1 5 1 . 34 P l a te X L I I B / 2 ( 1 4 1 .3 4 ; ( 1 5 1 . 30 P l a te X L I I
P l at eX L I I B / 5 ( 1 5 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 4 1. 20 .
0 .6 5 ; ( 1 5 0 .6 4 ; ( 1 1 0 .6 9 P l at eX L I I , C 3 ( 1 2 0 .6 3 ; ( 1 3 0 .6 5 ;
C 5 ( 13 0 .6 0 .
astline: A sabove.
2 .6 2 P l a te X L I I D / i ( 1 8 2 .6 4 P l a te X L I I D / 2 ( 1 7 2 .3 6 P l a te
ade: itc lco c cf . Shayk h sco insinC ata logue
dcentury the latterindif ferent
: A sabove.
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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2 .6 3 P l at eX L I I E / i ( 1 8 2 .6 8 ; ( 1 9 2 67 P l a te X L I I E / 3 ( 1 9
I E / 4 ( 1 9 2 .60 ; ( 18 2 .5 1 .
1 . 11 ; ( 1 4 1 . 28 P l a te X L I I F / 2 ( 1 4 1 . 34 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 2 P l a te X L I I
; ( 1 4 1 .3 3 ; ( 1 4 1. 37 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 3 ; ( 1 4. i. 37 ; ( 1 5. 1.3 4 P l at eX L I I F / 10
5 1 .2 9 ; ( 1 5 1. 29 ; ( 15 1 .3 7 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 5 1 .2 8 ; ( 1 6 1 .3 8 ; ( 1 7 1. 27
18 ( 1 7 1. 31 ; ( 1 8 1 .2 7 .
: A sabove.
2 a U I
1 6 1 .2 7 ; ( 1 5 1 . 43 ; ( 1 6 1 . 1 4 P l at e X L I I G /3 ( 1 5 1 . 36 ;
X L I I G /5 ( 1 5 1 .27 P l at eX L I I G/ 6 ( 1 5 1 .2 6 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 0 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 4 ;
1. 37 ; ( 1 5. 1. 40 ; ( 1 5. 12 9 ; ( 1 5. 1 36 ; ( 1 4. 13 6 ; ( 1 5. 1. 29 ; ( 1 5. 1. 22 ;
4 1 .3 4 ; ( 1 4 1. 18 ; ( 14 1 .3 5 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 5 ; ( 1 3 1 .2 9 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 4 .
e L I I H .
: A sabove.
1 .3 2 ; ( 1 5 1 . 34 P l a te X L I I I / 2 ( 1 5 1 . 24 ; ( 1 3 1 . 34 ; ( 1 3 1 .0 4 ;
2 1 .3 3 ; ( 1 2 1. 26 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
e L I I J .
: A sabove.
L I I K .
uarter-dirhems.
e intersectionsaroundtherev. border.
1 .3 2 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 4 P l a te X L I I I L / 2 ( 1 4 1 .3 7 .
CA R O T P E ) , U N D AT D
sectionsaroundthe obv.border.
.
X L I I I M.
erse engraver serror: insteadofy , j l l .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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C AD E A N D C N TU R Y
des: asontheC airo issues.
1 5 1 .2 9 ; ( 1 5 1 .1 5 ; ( 1 3 1 .1 9 ; ( 1 3 1 .2 8 P l a te X L I I I N /4 ( 1 5
I I N /5 ( 1 5 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 5 1. 27 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 4 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 2 ; ( 1 5 1 .32 ; ( 14 1 .2 7 ;
4 1 .2 4 ; ( 1 4 1. 33 ; ( 14 1 .3 3 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 2 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 3 1 .2 5 ; ( 1 3 1. 30 ;
13 0 ; ( 1 3. 12 4 ; ( 1 3. 1. 30 ; ( 1 3. 1. 28 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 0 ; ( 1 3 i . 30 ; ( 1 3. 1. 30 ;
1. 28 ; ( 1 3 1 . 26 .
N TU R Y B U T W I T H O U T D E CA D E
t li n e: i l c l c 0 c A s a bo v e.
1 .3 5 ; ( 1 6 1 . 31 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 3 P l at eX L I I I O / 3 ( 1 4 1 . 28 ; ( 1 4 1 . 27
0/ 5 ( 1 4 1 .3 0 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 2 ; ( 1 3 1 .2 9 .
E CA D E B U T W I T H O U T C N TU R Y
a s t li n e: j i " A s a bo v e.
1 . 32 P l a te X L I I I P / i ( 1 3 1 .3 0 ; ( 1 3 1 . 29 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 3 ; ( 1 4 1 . 30
/ 5 ( 1 3 1 .21 ; ( 13 1 .2 9 P l at eX L I I I P / 7 ( 13 1. 29 ; ( 13 1 .3 6 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 6 ;
3 1 .3 6 .
C AD E A N D C N TU R Y
a s t li n e: l l c l c j u . A s ab o ve .
1 .3 1 P l at eX L I I I Q / i ( 1 3 1 .2 7 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 3 ; ( 1 3 1 . 30 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 1 ;
3 1 .2 9 ; ( 1 3 1. 28 ; ( 13 1 .4 0 .
a s t li n e: i l rt c a ^ t . A s a bo v e.
1 .3 0 ; ( 1 2 1 . 33 P l a te X L I I I R / 2 ( 1 4 1 . 26 P l a te X L I I I R / 3.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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tans
> j c d at e mi ss in g.
t i lobeB order: circularline
l M
ll J - ^ j . U #
e L I I I S .
onf irst l ineof reverse . Cf . Shayk h sco insincata logue.
I G T O N L A ST L I N O F R E V E R S
airoco ins.
X L I T rT .
T C N TU R Y , O N F I R S TL I N O F R E V E R S
v e b u t fi r st l i ne : j t s > £ -
1 .3 9 P l a te X L I I I U / 1 ( 1 3 1 34 .
N Y , O N L ASTL I N O F R E V .
v e b u t la s t li n e: o W * j ( s i c
1 .2 5 P l a te X L I I I V / 1 ( 1 4 1 .2 7 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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NT U R Y , B U T W I T H O U T D E C AD E
ve butlastl ine: < \ ck o lc
e L I I I W .
AT M S S N G
1 .3 4 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 o ; ( 1 3 1 .2 6 .
A T M S S N G
sides: circularline.
d:Shahadadouble-struck butfirstline
: •
e L I I I Z .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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E M NT
K S
A -D l NQ A A U N
90A . D.
amahare listedinthecorpus o f theyear679andone
ndly informedmethatalotof 305silvercoinsturned
k etrecently . Themint H amah ispreservedon147speci-
date islegible it is689H. Q a la un slastyear. E ightco ins
Thecompletelegendhasbeenkindlyc ommunicatedby
eld:
nallegend:
op
nal
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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A B A -D I N AH M AD
. .
.
ular line.
agramw ithsmallpe lle tinthee ternalangles.
L I V , A .
specimenofane ceedinglyrarecoin.I tisanonymous
benodoubtabouttheattributiontoal-NasirAhmad.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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AH A -D I N SA I H
4A .D .
H A MAH , D A T M SS NG
des.
r 5U
at eX L I V , B .
similartothatin thecatalogueE rmanNo.17.W hereas
of themint thepresentco inshow sthef irst le tter aof
mustbee itherHa laborH amah.
softhissultanwereknown thepresentcoinisthe fourth.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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K S
A -D I N F A R A
9-14o5A . D.
1 4 o6 - 14 1 2 A. D .
8 o 2 H .
amascusissuewithfleur-de-lischalice belongstoa
8o1 8o3and8o6areknown.Theemissionwascopied from
a r u , F a r a ' s f a th e r.
nearhe a lobe.
e ldfleur-de- lischa lice around
a l og .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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U A - NA SR B A R S B A
38A . D.
des.
l M
a l og P l a te X L I V , C .
a lo gP l a te X L I V , D .
fB arsbaybelongtothereformtypebased onthe
nit ia tedinE gyptbya l-NasirF ara . These uin- typeco insw eigh
ms.Theyalsoshowanew designandarrangementofthe
onthecontrary donotbelongtothe dinar( mith al
dshowthetraditionaldesignand arrangementoflegends
. Theyw erestruck in829and83oH. contemporaryw ith
n-typeemissionsofB arsbay.Theygivetheimpression
undecidedwhethertopromotethenew se uin-type
oldsysteminwhich thegoldplayedtheroleof bullion
disk now nof la teryears only these uin- type andthis
esupposethereforethatthelarge-flanemissionswere
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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U A - NA SR A NA
1A . D.
readyknown thecoinsaremorethan scarceandnew
on.
.. H .
rlegend:
ththree
ardthemargin.
ri onta l
a l og .
ween
abes uek not.
ri onta ll ines
a l og .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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- SA I D K H U S H Q A D AM
67A . D.
N D AT D
nted
arrhomboid con-
l og P l at eX L I V , E .
semayrepresenta heraldicbu j ahor" napkin , or
entalelement.
eadthew ordinthe low errightsegment. I t isparto f theprotocol
dnorSayfa l-Din bothtitlesofKhush adam.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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A - SA A D A TM U H A MM AD
98A . D.
N G 9 02 H .
des.
div idedby threehori ontall ines:
. B al og P l at eX L I V , F .
A T M S S N G
emissing. A sabove.
B a l og P l at eX L I V , G .
blished.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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U - SA I D Q A NS U H
ooA .D .
N G 9 o4 H .
counter-B ordermissing. F ie lddividedby three
hori ontallines:
^ )
. B a lo gP l a te X L I V , H .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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t ica lorderdisregardingthearticlea l- ( J l .
ecataloguenumbersignifieseitherthecurrent number( i.e. 2io.a , or
telyfollowingit.This group" a belongstothevarietydescribed
but genera lly w ithdatemissing.
afteracataloguenumberrefersto thecoin s citedinthereferences
upplementoftheCatalogue.
orundated arenotrecordedinthe I nde o fY ears.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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NTS
ta logueNo. Page
l e a n dr i a
ta logueNo. Page
A - D fN ' A I
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog
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ta logueNo. Page
R R
S A
A - D I N * A I
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K N A - D l NB A B A R S I 6 58 -67 6H .
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K N A - D l NB A B A R S I 6 58 -67 6H .
R A - D l NB A R A A Q A N 67 6- 67 8H .
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A - D lN Q A A U N 6 78 -6 89 H .
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S AM A - D I N L A l N 69 6- 69 8 H .
A - D lN MU H A MM AD ( S C O ND R E I G N 6 9 8- 70 8H .
R U K N A - D lN B A B A R S I I 7 08 -70 9H .
A - D I N M U H A M MA D ( T H I R D R E I G N 7 09 -7 41 H .
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A - D lN MU H A MM AD ( T H I R D R E I G N 7 0 9- 74 1H .
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A - D I N M U H A M MA D ( T H I R D R E I G N 7 09 -7 41 H .
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A - D lN MU H A MM AD ( T H I R D R E I G N 7 0 9- 74 1H .
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S A F A -D l NH A J I 74 7-7 48 H .
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A - D lN H A SA N( S C O ND R E I G N 7 55 -7 62 H .
A H A - D l N MU H A MM AD 7 62 -7 64 H .
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R A - D l NS H A B A N I I 7 64 -7 78 H .
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A A - D lN ' A I 7 7 8- 78 3H .
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AH A -D l NH A J I 1 ( F I R S T R E I G N 783-784 H .
AH A -D I N H A J I I I ( S CO N D R E I G N 791-792 H .
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A -D l NB A R Q L ' Q ( F 1R S TR E I G X ) 7 8 4-7 91 H .
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F A -D 1 NB A R Q U Q ( F I R S TR E I G N 7 84- 791 H .
F A -D l NB A R Q U Q ( S CO N D R E I G N 7 92 -8 01 H .
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F A -D l NB A R Q C Q ( S CO N D R E I GN 7 92- 801 H .
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A - SA A D A T F A R A 8 01 -8 08 8 09 -8 15 H .
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A - SA A D A T l. AR A 8 01 -8 08 8 09 8 15 H .
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A - D lN B A R S B A 8 25 -8 41 H .
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A - D lN B A R S B A 8 2 5- 84 1H .
A A - D lN Y C SU F 8 41 -8 42 H .
A - D l N J A Q . M AQ 8 42 -8 57 H .
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A - D lN A N A 8 57 -8 65 H .
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A - D lN A N A 8 57 -8 65 H
SH I H A B A - D l N AH M AD 86 5H .
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F A - D lN K H U S H Q A D A M8 65 -8 72 H
U S A l D T M R B U GH A 87 28 73 H
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F A -D l NQ A I T B A 87 3-9 01 H .
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F A -D l NQ A I T B A 87 3-9 01 H .
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A . D l N MU H A MM AD 9 0 1. 90 4 H
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U S A l D A -A SH R A A B U A -N ASR
J A N B A A T 9 05 - 90 6 H .
A -D l NTU M ANB A 9 06 H .
NS U H A - GH U R I 9 06 -9 22 H .
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